of Augustus Cæsar, and the Roman liberties perished 27 years before Christ. 2. Did the empire remain?

A. Until the year 476, of our era, when Augustulus, the last emperor, was defeated by Odoacer; and from that period the Roman empire became the prey of the Goths, Lombards, and Franks, until the establishment of the various petty governments, some of which yet exist, and others are undergoing changes; which belong to the history of modern Europe.2. What effects followed the inroads of the barbarians?

A. The temporary destruction of the fine arts and the suspension of literature, which occasioned the intervening period from thence to the tenth century to be called the dark age.

2. What was the effect upon nations?

A. Petty governments were formed in Italy, and other parts of Europe, but the whole power was vested in some particular families, whose chiefs assumed the titles of counts, marquises, dukes, princes, kings, or emperors.

2. Which was the most distinguished of these nations?

A. That of the Franks....from whom and the Gauls have sprung the modern French.

CLASS IV....LESSON IV.

2. WHAT families first assumed the crown of France?

A. After the declension of the Roman empire, the Franks broke in upon the Gauls, and conquered the country: their first king was Pharamond, A. D. 419: of this family were twenty-one kings; the second race began under Pepin, A. D. 751. This line was followed by the Capetian race, so called from Hugh Capet, A. D. 988. This family was succeeded by the house of Valois, in the person of Philip VI. A. D. 1328. Upon the extinction of this family the succession fell upon that of Bourbon, A. D. 1589; which terminated with Louis XVI. in 1793; when a revolution took place that is not yet closed; but which has converted France into an empire, under a new dynasty established in 1804.

2. What races of kings have succeeded to the Spanish crown?

A. After the expulsion of the Romans, Spain had been governed by five families: the first from the Goths; the second, after the invasion of the Moors of Africa, from Don Pelagio ; the third from Don Sancho, king of Navarre; the fourth from the house of Austria, by the marriage of Joanna, daughter and heiress of Ferdinand, sirnamed the Catholic, to Philip, archduke of Austria, eldest son of the emperor Maximilian; and the fifth from the house of Anjou, grandson to Louis the XIV. whose de-.. scendants also reigned in Spain and the two Sicilies until they were deposed by the emperor of the French in 1806.

2. Of what family is the emperor of Austria? A. Descended from Rodolph I. Count of Hapsburg and Landgrave of Alsace, who was the first of his family that obtained the empire of Germany. He was elected, A. D. 1273.

2. Of what family is the emperor of Turkey? 4. Of the Ottoman family, so called from the warlike Sultan Othman or Osman, who, A. D. 1300, carried his conquests to a prodigious

extent.

2. Who were the kings of Portugal?

A. Portugal became a kingdom about the middle of the twelfth century. Count Henry receiving some territories bordering upon it from Alonzo king of Leon, as a marriage dowry with his daughter, he expelled the Saracens, and his son Alonzo conquered Lisbon, and assumed the title of king of Portugal in 1146. In 1580 Philip II. of Spain seized upon this country; but in 1640 the duke of Braganza recovered it, and in his family it remained independent of Spain until the family was obliged to emigrate to Brazil by the French in 1806.

2. How is Holland governed?

A. Formerly it was governed by a stadtholder or captain general, who was expelled in 1795; it was afterwards erected into a monarchy under a brother of the French emperor, but it was, in 1810, annexed to and incorporated with France and divided into departments conformable to the French system.

Q. What is the present government of Italy? A. It was divided into little principalities, and dukedoms, and the government of the Pope, but it has been constituted a kingdom attached to the French empire, and governed by a vice-roy.

The pope no longer reigns as a temporal prince, and the son of the French emperor, upon his birth, 20th March, 1811, was styled king of Rome.

2. What is the established government in England?

A. It is called an hereditary monarchy, and females are capable of succession. The title of the present chief of the government is King of the United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.

2. How was England anciently governed?

A. England was first under the Britons; 2dly, made tributary to the Romans, under Julius Cæsar; 3dly, under the Saxons; 4thly, under the Danes; and 5thly, under the Normans; whose conquest of that island, by William of Normandy, is the epoch from whence the historians of that country principally compute.

2. Name the succession of the English monarchs from the conquest, with the several families.

A. 1st. Four Norman kings....1. William of Normandy; 2. William Rufus, his second son; 3. Henry I. a younger brother; 4. Stephen, a younger son of Henry's first sister.

2d. Fourteen kings of the family of Plantagenet, who governed 331 years....1, Henry II.; 2, Richard I.; 3, John; 4, Henry III.; 5, Edward I.; 6, Edward II. ; 7, Edward III.; 8, Richard II., 9, Henry IV.; 10, Henry V.; 11, Henry VI.; 12, Edward IV.; 13, Edward V.; 14, Richard III.

3d. Five of the house of Tudor, who sat upon the throne 118 years....1, Henry VII. ; 2, Henry VIII.; 3, Edward VI.; 4, Mary; 5, Elizabeth.

4th. Six of the house of Stuart: 1, James I.; 2, Charles I.; 3, Charles II.; 4, James II.; 5, Mary II. queen of William III.; 6, Anne.

5th. One Englishman under the name of Protector, Oliver Cromwell.

6th. One king a Dutchman....William III. 7th. Three from Brunswick, in Germany, which family succeeded upon the death of Anne: 1, George I.; 2, George II.; 3, George III. 2. Was England always governed as a monarchy?

A. The name of monarchy has been always used, but the government has really been a government of several and not of one, as the word monarchy implies.

9. Has there not been a republic in England?

A. After Charles I. had been beheaded for his tyranny, England was called a commonwealth; but the people were too ignorant, and their leaders too wicked to maintain a free.com monwealth: Oliver Cromwell, who was called protector, was the most arbitrary of all their monarchs; and contributed more to their political power and grandeur, than all the kings who have succeeded him.

2. How are the Swiss now governed?

A. The old form of the Swiss confederation is abolished, and a new confederation formed, and the number of territories or states augmented.

2. Are there no other governments in Europe?

A. I only noticed those comprehended within the ancient Roman Empire. There are others ; as Sweden, Denmark, Russia, and Prussia ; these shall be noticed in the geographical lessons.