Pennsylvania

Yankee War' was fought over the possession of the Wyoming Valley. Finally the Continental Congress interfered, by virtue of the Articles of Confederation, and for state reasons gave the disputed tract to Pennslyvania. In 1792, by act of Congress, Pennsylvania obtained the triangular strip west of New York and north of the parallel of 42°, on Lake Erie, thus securing a lake frontage.

In 1692 William III. revoked Penn's charter because of the refusal of Pennsylvania to provide for defence against the French. It was, however, restored to Penn in 1694. For a long period the frontiers of Pennsylvania were very peaceful. This was due to the just Indian policy of Penn, together with the fact that the Lenni Lenape who inhabited this region had been thoroughly subjugated by the Iroquois. But after Braddock's defeat (1755) the Indians began to ravage the western part of the state. For a long time the Assembly was unable to offer assistance to the frontiersmen, as it was deadlocked in a struggle with the proprietors over the right of the Assembly to tax the lands reserved by the proprietors as an investment. At fast in 1764 the Assembly petitioned the crown to take over the government of the province, a step foreshadowing in a way the events which were to follow.

Pennsylvania bore a prominent part in the Revolutionary struggle. In 1774 Philadelphia was selected as the meeting-place of the Continental Congress. When hostilities broke out (1775) Pennsylvania voted money to aid Massachusetts. A committee of safety was appointed, which drafted a new constitution, and, without submitting it to the people, ruled as a Council of Safety. Soon after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, which was signed at Philadelphia, a state government was organized (1776). During the greater part of the war Pennsylvania served as a base of operations for Washington. Except for the brief period it was held by Howe (1777-8), Philadelphia served as the scat of Congress. Through the quick action and questionable tactics of the Federalists Pennsylvania ratified the Constitution of the United States on December 12, 1787. The Anti-Federalists were not given an opportunity to organize resistance, and after the ratification they expressed their disapproval through mob violence. Pennsylvania's ratification was of vital importance, as it was one of the largest states and by position was the 'Keystone State." In 1780 Pennsylvania provided for the gradual emancipation of its slaves. In 1790 it adopted a new constitu

VOL. IX. Jan. '10.

307

tion, closely modelled on the Constitution of the United States. In 1838 another constitution was framed, diminishing the governor's patronage. The present constitution was adopted in 1873. It forbids the legislature to pass special laws on certain subjects, and provides for the trial of contested presidential elections by the state.

During the first few years of the Union the large foreign population in western Pennsylvania caused trouble for the Federal Government, through their ignorance of the true nature of the new conditions. The Scotch-Irish resisted the excise tax on liquors, which led to the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. In 1798 the Germans resisted the assessment of a direct tax, and this resulted in 'Fries's Insurrection.' About 1818 the state began a series of internal improvements, and built many miles of roads, canals, and railroads. By 1840 it had expended about $26,500,000 on these improvements. Until 1860 Pennsylvania was strongly Democratic. In 1835 the Anti-Masons carried the state. This was followed by a period of intense political excitement, culminating in the 'Buck Shot War.' The Democrats were again defeated in 1852 by the Know-Nothings. The politics of the state were influenced by the discovery, in 1839, of a method of using anthracite in the iron industry, the building up of which industry had a large share in making Pennsylvania a protectionist state. In 1846 it supported the Democratic tariff.

At the outbreak of the Civil War Pennsylvania was the first to respond to Lincoln's call to arms, and at once sent troops to defend the national capital. During the war it was invaded by the Confederates in 1863 and 1864. At Gettysburg one of the decisive battles of the war was fought (July 1-3, 1863).

Since 1860 Pennsylvania has been a strong Republican state. The Republican machine was controlled by Simon Cameron until 1877, when he was succeeded by his son, James D., who gave place in the later years of the century to Matthew S. Quay. Since the Civil War Pennsylvania has had a remarkable industrial growth, especially in the coal, oil and steel industries. There have been several great strikes: in 1892 the Homestead strike at the Carnegie Steel Works; in 1902 the great coal strike which caused suffering all over the country. Serious strikes of street railway employees occurred in Chester in 1909 and in Philadelphia (q.v.) in 1910. In 1905 extensive frauds in connection with the rebuilding of the state capitol were discovered and some

Pennsylvania

of the participants were imprisoned.

Pennsylvania, UNIVERSITY OF. An undenominational institution of higher learning in Philadelphia, founded in 1740 as a charity school, reorganized as an academy in 1751, chartered in 1753 by Thomas and Richard Penn, and again chartered in 1755 as a college through the influence of Benjamin Franklin. In 1761 a considerable endowment was raised in England through the efforts of Provost Smith. In 1791 the col

lege and the university were amalgamated as the University of The university Pennsylvania. comprises a college, consisting of the School of Arts, the Towne Scientific School, the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, courses for teachers, the Evening School of Accounts and Finance, and summer school: the department of philosophy (graduate schools); departments of law, medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, archæology and physical education; the Flower Astronomical Observatory and the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology. A large number of scholarships and fellowships are offered in the undergraduate and graduate courses. The graduate classes and degrees are open to women on the same terms as to men, although women are excluded from the college except in biological courses, and the Law School.

Of the new buildings, besides the dormitories, may be particularly mentioned the Medical Laboratory, Law, Engineering and Veterinary buildings. A new hospital building has been provided for through the gift of Henry Phipps of New York. The Phipps Institute of Philadelphia will be consolidated with it. The buildings and grounds are valued at $13,000,000. The endowment in 1910 was $3,500,000, with an income of $580,000. In 1909 the university had 500 instructors and 5,053 students, of whom 3,287 were in the college, 407 in the graduate school, and the rest in the professional schools. The library has 300,000 bound volumes.

Pennsylvania, WESTERN UNIVERSITY OF (now the UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURG). An unsectarian institution for both sexes at Pittsburg, founded in 1787 as the Pittsburg Academy and reorganized as a university in 1819. It comprises a collegiate department with classical, Latinscientific, scientific, and postgraduate courses, and departments of law, medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry. The Allegheny Observatory, founded in 1859 and transferred to the university in 1867, forms the department of

Pennsylvania College

astronomy. The total registration in 1906 was 911, when the faculty numbered 140 and the library contained 20,000 volumes. The university had in 1905 an endowment of $452,000, buildings and grounds valued at $354,000, and an income of $109,206.

Pennsylvania College, a Lutheran institution for both sexes at Gettysburg, Pa., founded in 1832. The college offers classical, scientific, and graduate courses, a preparatory department, and a teachers' course. It had in 1905 a total registration of 258 students, with 14 instructors. It had a library of 26,500 volumes, an endowment of $200,000, and an income of $26,000.

Pennsylvania College for Women. A school of liberal culture for young women at Pittsburg, established in 1869, under Presbyterian control. It has undergraduate, graduate, and preparatory departments, and schools of art and music. Its students in 1905 numbered 261, with a faculty of 24; the library contained 10,000 volumes, and the income amounted to $35,000.

Pennsylvania Dutch, or PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN, a High German dialect, spoken chiefly in the southeastern counties of Pennsylvania. It first entered the United States in 1683, when emigrants from the Lower Rhine, Alsace, Bavaria, and Saxony, and especially from the Rhenish Palatinate, Würtemberg, and Switzerland, fled before the armies of Louis XIV., or endeavored to escape persecution on account The of certain religious tenets. language is primarily a Franconian dialect of German, although, in the course of time, many English words have been added. The term 'Dutch' is, however, a misnomer, and is due merely to the fact that the immigrants called themselves Deitsch (i.e. Deutsch, German). Owing to their religious isolation, the Pennsylvania Dutch long preserved their language with considerable purity, but its use, particularly in the towns, is steadily becoming more and more fused with foreign elements. The dialect has received comparatively little literary cultivation, although within recent years a number of poems have been printed in it. This neglect is the more noteworthy when it is borne in mind that the printing presses at Ephrata, the centre of the early Pennsylvania Dutch, issued several works, mostly, it is true, in the literary High German dialect, some of which are among the most valuable Americana. See Haldemann's Pennsylvania Dutch (1872); Learned's Pennsylvania German Dialect

in

309

(1889); Sachse's German Sectarians of Provincial Pennsylvania (1895-1900); and Seidensticker's First Century of German Printing in America (1893).

Pennsylvania Military College. A non-sectarian institution at Chester, Pa., developed from a school founded in 1821 at Wilmington, Del. A military department was organized at the school in 1856, and it was called the Delaware Military Academy. The Civil War necessitated increased facilities, and the school was transferred to West Chester, Pa., and chartered in 1862. In 1865 it removed to its present location, and in 1892 assumed its present title. It has a collegiate department with academic, chemical and civil engineering courses; a military and a preparatory department, with a total registration in 1906 of 145 and 15 instructors.

Pennsylvania State College. An unsectarian institution for both sexes at State College, 10 m. from Bellefonte, Pa., founded in 1855 as the Farmers' High School, organized in 1862 as the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania, and reorganized under its present title in 1874, with an enlarged scope, the legislature having appropriated to it the income from the proceeds of the national land grant. Its grounds of 400 acres are occupied by a campus of 60 acres, a model farm, and 100 acres for the use of the Experiment Station. It offers general courses in science, classics, modern languages, and philosophy, and technical courses in agriculture, biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics, mining, and civil, mechanical, electrical, and industrial engineering. It had, in 1906, 800 students, 65 instructors, a library of 23,312 volumes, buildings and grounds valued at $1,312,500. Its income in 1905 was $249,829.

Pennsylvanian Period, a term used for the Upper Carboniferous in America. Rocks of this period contain most of the coal measures of the Appalachian and Mississippi valley areas. See CARBONIFEROUS AND COAL FOR

MATIONS.

as

Penny, an Anglo-Saxon silver coin, thinner and broader than the sceat, which it supplanted in the middle or end of the 8th century. It superseded Roman and Merovingian coinage, and easterling, or denarius, reigned alone for centuries, good both in weight and tale. The artistic pennies of Offa, the gold penny of Henry III. (1257), weighing two sterlings and worth twenty pence, the sovereign penny of Henry VII. (Nothing superior has appeared since,' Lane-Poole in Coins and Medals, 1885), should be noted. Copper was introduced

Pennypacker

for halfpence and farthings in 1672, for pennies in 1786 (Isle of Man) and 1797 (Great Britain), and, through scarcity of the metal, pennies (1805) appreciated

Penny -Offa.

Penny Henry III.

by Bronze (95 parts copper, 4 tin, 1 zinc) was substituted (1860), forty-eight pennies weighing 1 lb. avoirdupois. The term penny is often applied to a cent in the U. S. See Grueber's Handbook of Coins of Great Britain and Ireland (1899).

Penn Yan, vil., N. Y., co. seat of Yates co., 46 m. s.E. of Rochester, on Keuka Lake, and on the N. Y. C. and H. R. and the N. Cent. R. Rs. The district is famous for its vineyards and apple orchards. The scenery 1S picturesque, especially the long, winding lake. The chief institutions of the village are the the Penn Yan Academy and public library. Water power is derived from the lake and utilized in the manufacture of flour, paper, hubs and spokes, crates, carriages, children's shoes, baskets, and foundry products. The water works and electric-lighting plant are owned and operated by the municipality. The place was settled about 1800 by people from New England and Pennsylvania, and was first incorporated in 1810. Pop. (1905) 4,504.

Pennypacker,

GALUSHA (1844), American soldier, born in Chester co., Pa. After serving as quartermaster-sergeant in the three months' volunteers called out at the outbreak of the Civil War, he became captain in a Pa. volunteer regiment and served throughout the war, reaching the grade of brigadier-general of volunteers. He is said to have been the youngest man who attained that rank in the war. His service was mainly on the Atlantic coast, and with the Army of the James in the campaign against Richmond and Petersburg. He was three times wounded at Drewry's Bluff and again at Fort Harrison

Pennypacker

and at Fort Fisher, and received the Congressional medal of honor for bravery on the field of battle. After the war he was appointed colonel in the regular army and was retired in 1883.

Pennypacker, SAMUEL WHITAker (1843), American jurist and politician, born at Phoenixville, Pa. He served with the troops called out to resist the invasion of Pa. in 1863, in 1866 graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, and was admitted to the bar. He was appointed a judge of the court of common pleas in 1889 to fill a vacancy and was elected for the full term in 1890. In 1902 he was elected governor of Pa. H's administration was marked by the libel act passed, in the face of much opposition and ridicule, to prevent political cartoons, and by the wave of reform which swept over the state in 1905 and which led him to call a special session of the legislature to enact various measures called for by the people. He collected a large library of the literature and history of early Pennsylvania, which was sold in 1905. He has published many volumes of legal reports.

Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), the popular name of a European mint. It is of low habit, its stems peing prostrate, and has smooth ovate leaves and whorls of purplish labiate flowers. The whole plant has a characteristic fragrance. It is sometimes cultivated in gardens, preferring a somewhat moist soil. In Italy pennyroyal is a protection against the evil eye, and in Sicily the people tie it to the branches of the fig tree, to prevent the figs from falling before they are ripe. The American pennyroyals, supposed to be obnoxious to mosquitoes, are small aromatic mints in the genus Hedeoma.

Pennywort, or PENNYLEAF, a popular name given to Cotyledon umbilicus, a common European succulent wall - plant (Crassulacea). This plant bears thick, shining green leaves, which are peltate, The southern Obolaria Virginica is also known by this

name.

Penobscot Indians, a tribe that in colonial times occupied territory along the river now bearing their name in the state of Maine. There is very little in the way of accurate information as to their ethnology, but they are known in history by their wars. It is generally agreed that their chief village was in the vicinity of Bangor, but they seem to have been a powerful and influential people, dominating all New England tribes. In language they were Algonquin, and at one time were a part of what is sometimes spoken of as the Abenaki league, or confederacy,

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including the Passamaquoddy, Norridgewocks, Abenaki, and other almost forgotten tribes. Like all other Indians on the colonial frontier, the Penobscots were drawn into the wars between the French and English. As the French founded a mission among them as early as 1688, they gave their support to them and were active allies against the English until 1749, when they seceded from their confederacy and made peace with the English. Owing to their subsequent good behavior they were permitted to reside on the Penobscot, and later the government gave them a title to a tract of land above the city of Bangor. This confirmation was chiefly due to valuable frontier services rendered the colonies during the Revolution. The greater part of their survivors (625) now live at Old Town. They are quite civilized and have dropped most of their ancient beliefs and customs. See ALGONQUIN, ABENAKIS, and PEN

NACOOK.

Penobscot River, largest river in Maine, formed in the N. part of Somerset co. The w. branch rises across the w. border of the state in Quebec. The stream flows first in an E. direction, passing the N. end of Moosehead Lake, and

enters Lake Chesuncook, from which it issues to follow a S.E. course. It flows through Pamedumcook Lake and continues in the same direction until joined by the Mattawamkeag R., when it turns toward the s.w. and then follows a general s. course to Penobscot Bay. Its length is about 350 m. It is navigable for sea-going vessels to Bangor, 60 m. from its mouth, the largest city on its banks.

Penology. See PRISONS. Penrhyn, or TONGAREVA, isl., famous pearl atoll, in S. Pacific, 720 m. N. of Rarotonga. Discovered in 1788, it was included in New Zealand in 1901.

Penrhyn, Carnarvonshire, Wales. The castle, about a mile E. of Bangor, is modern, and is the seat of Lord Penrhyn. On the coast is Port Penrhyn, where slates are shipped from the Penrhyn quarries, 5 m. s.s.w. at Bethesda, where from December, 1900, to November, 1903, a notable strike of quarry workers was in progress.

Penrith, tn., Cumberland, England, tourist station for Ullswater, 6 m. s. w. The tower of the ancient church was completed by Warwick the 'king-maker.' Its grammar school dates from the 14th century. Near the town are ruins of Brougham Castle (14th century). Pop. (1900) 9,182. Penrose, BOIES (1860), American politician, born at Philadelphia. He graduated at Harvard

Pensacola

in 1881 and was admitted to the bar in 1883. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1885-86 and of the Senate in 1887-1895. In 1897 he was elected United States senator and re-elected in 1903. After the death of M. S. Quay he was recognized as the leader of the Republican organization in the state.

Penrose, ELIZABETH, or 'MRS. MARKHAM' (1780 1837), writer of children's books, was born at Goadby-Marwood, Leicestershire. In 1823 she published the first of her school histories, under the pseudonym of Mrs. Markham, A History of England. It was at first a failure, but when republished in 1826 met with great success. Other works are Amusements of Westernheath (1824), A History of France (1828), A Visit to the Zoological Gardens (1829), Historical Conversations for Young People-Malta and Poland (1836).

Penrose, FRANCIS CRANMER (1817-1903), English architect, was born at Bracebridge, near Lincoln. In 1851 he published The Principles of Athenian Architecture for the Society of Dilettanti, and the next year was made surveyor of St. Paul's Cathedral, an appointment he held till 1897. Another work, A Method of Predicting Occultations of Stars and Solar Eclipses by Graphical Construction, appeared in 1869. In 1886 he was appointed director of the British Archæological School at Athens.

Penry, JOHN (1559-93), Welsh Puritan, and chief author of the Marprelate Tracts (c. 1586), was born in Brecknockshire. For heretical opinions expressed in a Treatise Addressed to the Queen he was imprisoned (1587), and for circulating the Marprelate Tracts he was hanged.

Pensacola, city, Fla., co. seat of Escambia co., and second city of the state in population, 53 m. E.S.E. of Mobile, on Pensacola Bay, and on the Louisv. and Nash. and the Pen., Ala. and Tenn. R. Rs. It has a splendid landlocked harbor and is an important port, with steamship lines to distant parts of the world. Among the features of general interest are the navy yard, forts Barrancas, Pickens, and McRae, the old Spanish forts San Carlos and San Bernardino, and the ruins of the English Fort George. It is the seat of a naval hospital and a U. S. tuberculosis camp. The handsome federal building, court house, state armory, opera house, St. Anthony's Hospital, and the public library are noteworthy. The chief items of shipment are timber, fish, naval stores, tallow, hides, wool, cotton, corn, and fertilizers. In the fiscal year

Pensionary

1905 the value of the exports to foreign countries alone amounted to $15,340,265. The city has large paper and cottonseed oil mills.

was

Al

Pensacola was founded in 1696 by the Spaniards under Luna. It fell before the French arms in 1718, and again in the following year, when the buildings were destroyed. By the Treaty of Paris in 1763 it passed with West Florida into the hands of the English. Gov. Bernardo Galvez attacked and took it in 1781, and the territory restored to Spain by treaty in 1783. though the United States claimed Pensacola by the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, Spain disputed the title and consented to its Occupation by the English in the War of 1812. It was taken by Gen. Jackson in 1814 from the English, and in 1818 from the Spaniards, who ceded Florida in a formal treaty the following year. At the outbreak of the Civil War the navy yard was seized by the Confederates, but they were forced to evacuate the city in 1862. Pop. (1880) 6,845; (1900) 17,747; est. (1903) 19,547.

Pensionary, formerly the chief magistrate (who received a salary or pension) in the larger towns of Holland. During the republic of the United Netherlands the president of the Statesgeneral was grand pensionary. Oldenbarneveldt, Jan de Witt, and Heinsius were among the notable holders of this post. The office was abolished in 1795.

Pensions, Military. In America the granting of military pensions dates from colonial times, the earliest recorded pension act being that of Plymouth colony of 1636, which provided that any man maimed in the military service of the colony should be comfortably maintained for life at public expense. In the same century several colonies followed the example of Plymouth, and in the 18th century pensions were generally granted for disabilities arising from military service. The Continental Congress on Aug. 26, 1776, enacted a law giving half pay for life to any officer, soldier, or sailor who had lost a limb in an engagement or had been otherwise incapacitated for earning a living. In 1778 a law was passed giving half pay for life to officers who should serve to the end of the war. This and other pension laws enacted during the Revolution and under the Articles of Confederation were defective in that the central government, having no independent revenues, was forced to rely upon the states to pay the pensions granted and to attend to the practical administration of the laws-an obligation which

311

some of the states refused to fulfil. In 1792 the first general pension law under the Constitution was enacted, but this law was also defective and was replaced by Act of Feb. 28, 1793. By this law a pension of $5 monthly was granted to any private or non-commissioned officer disabled in service in the

Continental army. Succeeding laws extended like provisions to those who had served in the militia, state levies, volunteers, or navy, thus giving great opportunities for fraud, since in most of the states the muster rolls had been destroyed, and evidence of service could be obtained only through affidavits, often of interested parties. In 1816 the full pension of a private was raised to $8 monthly. The principle of pension for service, without regard to disabilities incurred in line of duty, was introduced in 1818. All who had served to the end of the Revolutionary War, or for at least nine months during the war, were, if living in poverty, entitled pension ranging from $8 monthly for privates and noncommissioned officers to $20 for officers. In 1820, in consequence of frequent charges that pensions had been secured by those not in actual need, a law was passed requiring pensioners under the law of 1818 to submit a sworn statement of their whole estate and income. Pensioners having as much as $150 of property were dropped from the rolls. A more liberal pension law enacted in 1832. Full pay for life was granted to all survivors of the Revolution who had served two years; and pensions proportioned to length of service were granted to those who had served more than six months but less

to

was

than two years. By act of July 4, 1836, widows of Revolutionary soldiers were pensioned, provided that their marriage with the soldier deceased had taken place before the close of his term of service. By later acts pensions were granted to all widows of Revolutionary soldiers, without regard to time of marriage. Soldiers who suffered disabilities in the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the various Indian wars were pensioned under the general laws applicable to Revolutionary soldiers. Service pensions were granted to survivors of the War of 1812, in 1871; to survivors of the Mexican War who had attained the age of 62, in 1887.

The first important legislation relating to Civil War pensions was the act of July 14, 1862. This act granted pensions ranging from $8 to $30 per month for disabilities arising from service in the Union army or navy after March 4, 1861. Widows of sol

Pentacle

diers dying by reason of wounds received or disease contracted in service were granted pensions at the full disability rate. Provision

was also made for pensioning children under 16, left by such soldiers, if the widow was not living; and for pensioning dependent parents or orphan sisters. The law of July 4, 1864, introduced the principle of fixed rates for specific disabilities, fixing the pension for loss of both hands, both feet, or sight of both eyes at $25 monthly. By later acts this principle was developed in great detail, fixed rates being established for about twenty specific disabilities. These rates range at present from $8 for loss of a thumb to $100 for loss of both hands. Since the Civil War the tendency of pension legislation has been in the direction of greater liberality. In 1890 it was enacted that any soldier who had served ninety days in the Union army, or any sailor who had served for an equal time in the navy, if suffering from a disability of a permanent character not due to his own vicious habits, might be granted pensions from $6 to $12 per month, according to degree of disability, provided that such soldier or sailor was dependent upon his own manual labor for support, or upon those not legally bound to support him. Widows of soldiers whose marriage had taken place before 1890, if without other means of support than their manual labor, were entitled to the full disability rate. By executive order of 1903, any soldier who has reached the age of 62 years is entitled to pension under the act of 1890, and in Jan., 1907, a new general pension law was enacted, granting pensions of $12 per month to survivors of the Mexican and Civil Wars, 62 years of age and over, $15 per month to those 70 years of age and $20 to those 75 years and

over.

The aggregate of pensions paid to survivors of the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, and the Mexican War, from the formation of the government to the present time, does not exceed $150,000,000. Civil War pensions have been an immensely greater burden upon the treasury, owing to the large number of soldiers who served in that war. The aggregate amounted in 1906 to over $3,250,000,000. In the fiscal year 1905-6, $139,000,288 was paid in pensions.

Pentacle, or PENTAGRAM, a figure composed of five straight lines, forming a five-pointed star. It appears in early ornamental art, especially on Greek coins, and was utilized by the Pythagoreans as a symbol of perfection