Phelps (1815-52), American author, was born at Andover, Mass., and was the daughter of Prof. Moses Stuart of Andover Theological Seminary. In youth she wrote over the name 'H. Trusta' several popular stories of New England life, and she continued writing after her marriage to Austin Phelps (q.v.) in 1842. Her story of life in a New England minister's home, Sunny Side (1851), reached a sale of 100,000 copies and was republished in Great Britain. Phelps, ELIZABETH STUART. See WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS. Phelps, JOHN WOLCOTT (181385), American soldier, born in Guilford, Vt. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1832; served in the second Seminole War, and in the Mexican War under both Gen. Taylor and Gen. Scott; was brevetted captain for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, but declined; was promoted captain in 1850; and served in the Utah expedition against the Mormons. He resigned from the army in 1859 and devoted much of his time to advancing the cause of abolitionism, but when the War of the Rebellion came he re-entered the army as a brigadier-general of volunteers. He took part in the expedition against New Orleans, and while in La. attempted to organize negro troops. He was declared an outlaw by the Rebel government for having 'organized and armed negro slaves for military service against their masters,' and his act was disavowed by the Federal government, which was not yet ready for such a step. He thereupon resigned from the army and returned to Vt. In 1880 he was the candidate of the American party for President. He published Sibylline Leaves, or Thoughts on Visiting a Heathen Temple (1853); Good Behavior (1880); History of Madagascar (1884); Tables of Florian (1888); and translated from the French Hodde's Cradle of Rebellions (1864). See the 'Memoir by Howard (1887). Phelps, OLIVER (1749-1809), American merchant, land speculator, and politician, born at Windsor, Vt. He made a fortune in mercantile pursuits and invested it in land in western New York, buying more than 2,000,000 acres which the state of Mass. owned in that state. In laying out this land for sale he is said to have invented the system of division into townships and ranges afterward adopted by the U.S. for the division of the government land. He sold his land in N. Y. in 1790, and in 1795 with others 370 bought the Western Reserve in Ohio from the state of Connecticut, but almost immediately sold his interest. He spent the last years of his life at Canandaigua, N. Y., and was a member of Congress in 1803-5. Phelps, SAMUEL (1804-78), English actor, born in Devonport. As Shylock he made his début in London (1837). Along with Thomas Greenwood and Mrs. Warner he opened a little theatre at Sadler's Wells (1844), and for nearly twenty years successfully appeared in the 'legitimate' drama. His aim was to produce all Shakespeare's plays, and he actually did represent thirty-four of them. Phelps was a powerful all-round actor, primarily a tragedian, but excellent also in comedy. In the former his chief characters were Othello, Macbeth, and Lear; in the latter, Bottom, Shallow, and Sir Pertinax Macsycophant. See Coleman's Memoirs of Phelps (1886). Phelps, THOMAS STOWELL (1822-1901), American naval officer, born at Buckfield, Me. He graduated at Annapolis in 1846, became a lieutenant in 1855, lieutenant-commander in 1865, captain in 1871, commodore in 1879, and rear - admiral in 1884, retiring in 1885. During the Civil War he served on the Atlantic coast and commanded the Juniata at Fort Fisher, Jan. 13-15, 1865. Phenacetin, CH,(OC2H5) NHCH2CO, the acetamino-derivative of phenetole. It forms sparingly-soluble scaly crystals, and is employed in medicine as an antipyretic and for the relief of pain, being the least likely of this type of drug to have a poisonous effect. Phenacodus, a fossil mammal, whose remains are found in the Eocene beds of both hemispheres. It is believed to be the ultimate parent of the horse. Each foot was furnished with five complete toes. Phenic Acid. See CARBOLIC ACID. Phenix, vil., Kent co., R. I., on the Pawtuxet R., and on the N. Y., N. H. and H. R. R., 13 m. s.w. of Providence. It has manufactures of machinery, bookcloths, and cotton goods. Pop. about 2,500. Phenocryst. The larger crystal grains of the first generation in a porphyry. See PORPHYRY. Phenol. See CARBOLIC ACID. Phenolphthaleïn, a derivative of triphenyl-methane, formed CH4CO (C&H4OH)2 C when phthalic acid is heated with phenol in the presence of a de Phidias hydrating agent. It is a pale yellow solid (m.p. 250° c.) that is soluble in alcohol, and forms bright red compounds with alkalis, that are decomposed by the weaker acids-even carbon dioxide. On this account it is largely used as an indicator in acidimetry. Phenomenalism, the philosophical doctrine derived from Kant, that we can know only phenomena. In Kant himself this agnosticism is only one element or aspect of a comprehensive philosophical system (see KANT). But in more popular usage it means simply an assertion of the limitation of human knowledge to the objects of natural science, and is thus interchanged with such terms as naturalism, agnosticism, and positivism. Phenomenon signifies strictly that which appears, as distinguished from, or opposed to, that which really exists, and was a term long used in philosophy to denote the world of sense as contrasted with the higher or more real world known by reason. But this contrast was radically transformed in the modern period by Kant, who maintained that phenomena in space and time, as perceived by the external or internal sense, are the only objects of scientific knowledge, and that, strictly speaking, we can know nothing of any higher or noumenal realities, although we may have moral grounds for belief in their existence. Phenomenon is now freely used to mean simply any fact of observation. Phi Beta Kappa. The oldest of the American Greek letter societies, founded at William and Mary College in 1776 as a secret fraternity. Chapters were established at Yale în 1780, at Harvard in 1781, and now exist in more than 50 institutions. Membership in the fraternity is given at graduation to honor men of the class and is sometimes conferred in after years upon scholars of distinction. The symbol of the fraternity is a gold panel with the initials B K representing Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης, Philosophy the Guide of Life. Phidias (c. 490-432 B.C.), sculptor of ancient Greece. He is said to have studied painting before he devoted himself to statuary. He became famous probably about 460 B.C., when he produced the bronze statue of Athena Promachos, the Lemnian Athena, and other works. From 444 to 438 he was engaged in the superintendence of the building of the Parthenon at Athens, and the production of the statue of Athena for that temple From about 437 to 433 he was in Elis, working on the statue of Zeus for the temple at Olympia. On his return to Phigalia Athens in 432 he was charged with embezzling money entrusted to him in connection with the building of the Parthenon, or, as other stories say, for impiety in introducing his own likeness and that of Pericles in the battle of the Amazons on the shield of Athena. In any case, it was as a friend of Pericles that he was attacked; he was condemned, and died in prison. By the general consent of antiquity Phidias was the greatest of Greek sculptors. His chief characteristics were largeness, dignity, and magnificence; all his work was marked by a certain repose; he realized that violent action cannot be represented in sculpture. His principal works were what are called chryselephantine statues - that is, there was an inner core of wood or stone, which was covered with plates of polished ivory for the parts while the gold was for the drapery. The Emperor Theodosius I. took the statue of Zeus to Constantinople about 390 A.D., and it perished there in a fire in 475. It is only the remains of the external sculptures of the Parthenon, especially the frieze (of which the Elgin marbles are a part), that survive to give us an idea of Phidias's skill; but it is not certain that they are actually his own work. See Waldstein's Essays on the Art of Pheidias (1885), Collignon's Phidias (1886), Mitchell's History of Ancient Sculpture, vol i. (1888), and Phidias, in Masters in Art series (1902). represent flesh, Phigalia, tn. in S.W. Arcadia, ancient Greece; was celebrated for its temple of Apollo (at Bassa), probably built about 430 B.C. Its architect was Ictinus, the architect of the Parthenon at Athens (finished in 438). Of its thirty-eight columns_all are standing except three. The sculptures of the frieze were discovered in 1811, and were bought by the British government for £15,000, and placed in the British Museum in 1814. See Cockerell's Temples of Egina and Bassa (1860). Philadelphia, the metropolis of Pennsylvania, third city of the United States in population and ninth among the great cities of the world, is situated in the S.E. corner of the state at the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill rivs. It is about 60 m. from the sea in a straight line, but 103 m. measured by the channel of the Delaware river and bay. Ninety m. by rail from New York, 96 from Baltimore, and 132 from Washington, it occupies a central position on the North Atlantic seaboard, and its proximity to the coal and iron deposits of the state and its unexcelled rail and water communicaVOL. IX.-Jan. '10. 371 tions have combined to give it its commercial and industrial impor tance. The city covers 129 sq. m. and measures about 22 m. from N. to S., and from 6 to 10 E. and W. Its boundaries are the Delaware River on the E. and s., and the lines of Delaware, Montgomery, and Bucks counties envelop it on the other sides, the Poquessing creek forming a natural boundary in the N.E. and Cobbs and Darby creeks in the s.w. Streets. The gridiron style of streets selected for the city by its founder has dominated the street system ever since. With the exceptions of Ridge, Germantown, Kensington, and five other avenues in the w. and s. of the city, there are no diagonal thoroughfares. In the centre of the city proper, that is, for several blocks N, and s. of Market street and w. of the Delaware will be found the wholesale and shipping trade of the community. West of this is the fashionable retail shopping Chestnut, section, centring on Market, and Arch streets and the connecting numbered thoroughfares. Third street, because of the situation of the Stock Exchange at Third and Walnut streets, is the nominal centre of the financial interests, but in fact the larger banks and trust companies are chiefly on Chestnut street, some of them as far west as Broad street. In the N.W. are found the textile and shipbuilding centres, while further to the w. but still in the N. are great rolling and steel mills, locomotive and machine shops, and the like. Nearly all the, diagonal avenues are also centres of local retail trade, and many, manufacturing plants are placed wherever rail and water communications justify the location. These allotments of commercial and industrial activity also determine to a large extent the distribution of the residential quarters. Topography.-The city does not occupy a level plain, although the levelling processes of municipal engineering have done much to eliminate the original topography. The streets in the old city proper rise with a steep grade from the river to Front street, and recall the bluff which the founders of the city noted when selecting the site. Many other elevations are to be found, a moderate one running E. and w. about a mile to the N. of Market street (the 'High' of old days) and culminating in Cherry Hill. Really high ground in the N.W. suburbs of Germantown, Chestnut Hill, and Roxborough shows an elevation of 440 ft. above mean high-water mark in the Delaware. To the s. of the old city, between the rivers and Philadelphia near their confluence, the level is actually lower than the rivers, and extensive dyking and reclamation has been necessary. In consequence this ptar of the city has been the last to be developed. To-day the city and county limits are coterminous in certain directions, open areas awaiting the builder chiefly in the N.E. and in the extreme western portions of West Philadelphia. With these exceptions the street system is regulated by Market street, a 100 ft. wide thoroughfare which intersects the city from E. and w. for its entire width, and divides the intersecting streetsnamed numerically westward from the Delaware-into 'North' and South.' The vast majority of the streets are either parallel to or at right angles to this dominating thoroughfare, the exceptions being in the suburbs and in the N.E. section where the Delaware bends away to the E. and where the streets conform to the line of the stream while preserving their regularity. The street numbering system is based on the principle of allotting 100 numbers to the block. The E. and w. streets are named after trees and plants, old city districts, and distinguished men in the history of city, state, and nation. Market street, one of the most important of the city's thoroughfares, is devoted to business for almost its entire length. The Market street subway was opened on Aug. 3, 1908, from City Hall to Front street. About midway between the rivers it is intersected by Broad street, which traverses the entire city from N. to S. Broad street is 111 ft. wide, and as it is the only important street unoccupied by street rwy. tracks it has much of the character of a boulevard. On Dec. 31, 1908, there were 1,343 miles of streets (of which 431 were asphalted, 388 granite blocked, 289 macadamized and 159 vitrified bricked); 37 miles of new streets were opened during the year. The total expenditures Beneath (1908) were $5,312,584. these streets there were (1908) 1,143 m. of sewers, 150,835 ft. (1908) of water mains, and as much more of gas pipes. At a cost of $5,400,000, subways and tunnels were constructed on the Reading's main line for the elimination of 17 grade crossings over the most densely travelled N. and S. streets in the heart of the city. The city has just authorized a lean which will defray half the total cost of elevation of the tracks of the Reading system on Ninth street. The intersection of Broad and Market streets is the centre of municipal activities. Transportation.-The Pennsylvania R.R. and the Reading R.R. Philadelphia reach the centre of the city by substantial viaducts. The Baltimore and Ohio R.R. has a fully equipped station on the E. bank of the Schuylkill at Chestnut street, also connected by tunnel and subway with the Reading terminal. About 1,000 trains a day enter and depart from these three terminals. At the freight terminals in different parts of the city millions of tons of freight are handled annually. The Schuylkill River is unobstructed for the passage of large vessels to a point within two blocks of Market street, and for a considerable further distance for barges. North of the Fairmount dam the river is navigable by the boats of the Schuylkill Navigation Co., owners of the canal rights, and theoretically the river and canal form the natural avenue for the coal shipments of one of the largest divisions of the anthracite field; in point of fact, .all these shipments come by rail and the canal is maintained solely for the preservation of the valuable corporate rights of the company to its present owners, the Reading Railway. At the lower end of the Schuylkill one of the largest of the Standard Oil refineries is situated, and large shipments of oil, as well as of grain, for the foreign trade are made by way of the Schuylkill and Delaware. Along the 20 m. of the Delaware front are the principal facilities for the foreign and coast wise commerce of the port. Here are grouped also various great industrial establishments which have made the city famous, the sugar refineries and warehouses to the S., the shipbuilding plants of the Cramps in the N.E. in the section known as Kensington; beyond, at Port Richmond, the Reading's greatest coal shipping wharves with a capacity for many hundreds of cars a day; while further to the north at Tacony are the world-famous saw works of the Disstons. Connecting these and other manufacturing establishments along the river with the railways is the Belt Line Railroad. Immediately to the s. of the city and on an island formed by the two rivers at their confluence and by a back channel from both streams is the League Island Navy Yard, one of the show places of Philadelphia, and a gift from the city to the Federal Government. Its situation in fresh water, accessible alike to the sea and to the railways, makes it one of the most important of the country's naval stations. Bridges. -The Schuylkill is crossed by no less than 25 bridges, 10 of them municipal structures, one of them costing $1,500,000. In the record of public works VOL, IX.-Jan. '10. 372 must also be mentioned the city's new filtration system, costing $20,000,000. Dwellings. Many characteristics of the Quaker founders of Philadelphia still survive. One of them is the simplicity and uniformity of the street plans. Another is the uniformity in the style of dwellings. This was due to the circumstance that originally the material for the manufacture of the best of bricks was found within the city. For many years block after block of dwellings was built in one design-red brick and white marble trimmings. The custom has been broken, and in the newer sections many varieties in design of architecture are to be found. Of the 320,500 buildings of all sorts in the city no less than 290,000 are dwellings, and 90 per cent. of these are brick, the number growing at the rate of 10,000 a year; 240,000 of these dwellings are two and three story structures, and the average number of Occupants to a dwelling is five. Elaborate and architecturally ornate residences are found especially in the suburbs and along the main line of the Pennsylvania R.R. In the section of the city in which is found the centre of its social life-a section between the rivers, 'south of Market street' and strictly defined as boundaries -the majority of the residences are still of the plainest brick and give little external evidence of the luxury within. Buildings.-The city's modern steel frame and stone office buildings, clustered mainly around City Hall, its 797 churches, its 484 public and private schools, and its public institutions, represent every style of architectural adornment and design. The $25,000,000 City Hall, a white marble structure in the modern French Renaissance style, with a 548 ft. tower, is the landmark for the centre of the city, the largest building in the world devoted exclusively to municipal purposes. Nearby are the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad terminals, both modern structures, housing the main offices of the corporations as well as accommodating the passenger traffic of the systems. Adjoining it on the N. is the Masonic Temple, a notable example of pure Norman architecture. The original building of Girard College is one of the finest specimens of pure Greek architecture in the country, and has for years been one of the show places of the city. Independence Hall, at Sixth and Chestnut streets, is a stately and dignified relic of the revolutionary days. This and Carpenters' Hall, wherein sat the first Continental Congress; Christ Church, built in 1727; the Betsy Philadelphia Ross house, in which the first American flag was made; Franklin's tomb at Fifth and Arch streets, and the many beautiful Colonial residences which are still preserved in Germantown, are among the city's most cherished historic treasures. Un The oldest church in the city is the Old Swedes, a Protestant Episcopal church at the corner of Front and Christian streets. til 1843 it belonged to the communion of the Swedish Lutheran Church. The edifice now standing was begun May 28, 1698, and dedicated July 2, 1700. Among those buried in the churchyard is Alexander Wilson, the celebrated naturalist. Other old churches are Christ Church, the present building occupying the site of one erected in 1695. Presidents Washington and Adams worshipped here, and Benjamin Franklin had a pew. St. Peter's was commenced in 1758. The remains of Commodore Decatur lie in its churchyard. St. Paul's is within a few months as old as St. Peter's, and the edifice now standing is the original one. The oldest Roman Catholic Church building now standing is that of St. Mary's, consecrated in 1763. The creed of Swedenborgianism originated in Philadelphia through the preaching of Rev. M. B. Roche. There are at present two churches of this denomination in the city. Among the more modern structures are the Federal building, of granite, on Ninth street, containing the main post office, the Federal courts and other offices, and the mint, at Seventeenth and Spring Garden streets, a handsome building of granite erected in 1901 at a cost of $2,500,000. In West Philadelphia is the notable group of buildings composing the University of Pennsylvania (q.v.). Parks.-The ideal of William Penn to make of his newly founded settlement 'a green country town,' has never been wholly departed from. Trees are in the streets, and the small parks movement has in Philadelphia its most strenuous advocates. Penn's five open 'squares' at the corners and the centre (where the city hall now stands) have been multiplied in all directions until to-day there are upwards of 45, besides the city's chief pride, Fairmount Park. The latter owes its origin to the necessity of protecting the water supply the Schuylkill river-from the contamination of encroaching population. It has grown until its present area of 3,341.3 acres, including water surface of 373 acres, makes it one of the largest public pleasure grounds in the world. The park has preserved the river banks in their Philadelphia natural state for several miles above the ancient waterworks at Fairmount. It has also absorbed a number of large estates which lined the river in the early days of the last century, and has preserved intact the valley of the Wissahickon, a tributary stream which flows through 6 m. of deep and narrow wooded gorge, a most picturesque bit of natural scenery. Within easy reach of a population of a million and a half, and possessing the beauty of untouched nature, this valley is a unique possession in Philadelphia's park system. Fairmount Park has long been the approved site for various public memorials and monuments, chief among which is the Washington Monument; it is at the Green street entrance and forms the focus of the Parkway in course of construction. This large equestrian statue was erected in 1897 by the Society of the Cincinnati at a cost of $250,000. Memorials in the park also perpetuate the memory of Grant, Meade, Lincoln, and other worthies. There are also preserved on the site of the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 two buildings used in that national celebration. The Memorial Hall shelters the collection of the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art, which comprises many fine specimens of art craftsmanship, and the Wilstach collection, which contains notable examples of modern and Renaissance paintings. Horticultural Hall contains a fine large display of exotic plants. Clubs and Theatres.-The Union League, the Rittenhouse, the Manufacturers', the Mercantile, the Columbia, the Penn (literary), and the Art Club will compare favorably with any in the country. The Union League had its origin in war times and preserves a political complexion, which, however, is only noticeable in national elections. It occupies almost an entire block on South Broad street. The Philadelphia is one of the most exclusive of institutions and contents itself with quarters the exterior of which gives no hint of the comforts within. The New Century and the Acorn are women's clubs, each having its own house. The city is well supplied with places of amusement. The Walnut, the oldest theatre in the country, is still in service, and the Garrick, the Lyric, and Keith's are among the more modern structures of this class. Music lovers have for their especial needs the Academy of Music, a large auditorium which is the home of grand opera, and is employed for the weekly symphony concerts of the Philadelphia Orchestra and for the occasions which call for accomVOL. IX.-Jan. '10. 373 modations for some 3,000 auditors. In 1908 Hammerstein's new Philadelphia Opera House was opened, representing an investment of $1,500,000. Educational and Charitable Institutions. The University of Pennsylvania (q.v.) is Philadelphia's chief educational institution. The public school system cares for 170,000 pupils in 330 or more buildings. The Boys' Central High School (1838) is at Broad and Green streets, and the Girls' Normal School is at Seventeenth and Spring Garden streets. There are also several modern manual training schools. The city is trustee of Girard College, founded by the will of Stephen Girard, for the support and education of poor white male orphans between the ages of 6 and 10 yrs. The fine and applied arts are represented in the schools of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (the oldest art institution in the country) (founded 1805), in the School of Design for Women, in the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art (1876), the Drexel Institute of Art and Industry (endowed by the late Anthony J. Drexel in 1892), and by the Williamson School of the Mechanical Trades. The Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning was founded and generously endowed by Moses A. Dropsie in 1907. Closely allied with these are the Franklin Institute (1824), the Academy of Natural Sciences (1812, and the oldest of its kind in the country), the American Philosophical Society (1743, oldest learned society in U. S., and founded by Franklin), the Zoōlogical Society (1859, which maintains in its Gardens, with some assistance from the municipality, a fine zoological collection), and the Pennsylvania Historical Society (1824). The library company of Phila. was founded by Franklin in 1731. The Free Library was founded in 1891, and now has 11 branches, some through Carnegie endowment. It has a collection of 329,922 volumes. Philadelphia is known for the excellence of its medical schools. These include the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, the Jefferson Medical College (1826), Woman's Medical College (1850), etc., and these institutions have grouped around themselves well-equipped hospitals. The Henry Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment, etc., of Tuberculosis, was founded in 1903. The Penn. College of Dental Surgery was merged in 1909 with the Dental Dept. of the Univ. of Penn. its present number of 60 hospitals and dispensaries, Philadel With Philadelphia phia, in proportion to population, has greater provision for the care of the sick and suffering than any other city in the country. The large institutions for the care of the blind, deaf and dumb, the group of charities connected with the German Hospital, the Widener Industrial Home for Crippled Children, are notable types in a long list. Of orphanages, homes, and nurseries alone, there are 70. Several large reformatories and prisons are located in Philadelphia. The Eastern Penitentiary, à state institution occupies nearly 11 acres on Fairmount Ave. near the entrance to Fairmount Park. Charles Dickens in his 'American Notes' criticised the solitary confinement principle of this prison. Moyamensing, the county prison, is in the southern part of the city. It has been used as a model for many institutions in this and other countries. The City Almshouse, founded in 1732, occupies a large establishment south of the University of Pennsylvania. It has a daily population of 4,000. Government. Before the passage of the Bullitt bill by the Pennsylvania legislature in June, 1895, the mayor was practically a nullity. All city administrative power was vested in the councils and self-perpetuating commissions. This system led to abuses, scandals, and irresponsibility. The Bullitt bill, amended by an act in 1903, provided for the concentration of authority in the mayor, and the separation of the administrative and legislative functions of the city government. The mayor's term was fixed at four years and he was prohibited from succeeding himself. He was made directly responsible for the conduct of a large part of the city administration by his being given almost absolute power of appointment and removal of the directors of the great city departments. These were the Department of Public Safety, which includes the bureaus of police, fire, electricity, building and boiler. inspection, and city property; the Department of Public Works, which embraces the bureaus of water, highways, lighting, streetcleaning, and surveys; and the Department of Public Health and Charities. A civil-service department was also created. Over the other two executive departments, Law and Education, the mayor has had no direct control. The city solicitor was to be elected, and the members of the Department of Education appointed by the judges of the Court of Common Pleas. The two branches of the councils, the Select and the Common Councils, were confined to legislative functions. The selectmen serve three, and |