Pinerolo

Lord Quex (1899), Iris (1901), Letty (1903), A Wife without a Smile (1904), and His House in Order (1906). Nearly all of these have been produced in the U. S. These plays have a distinct literary value, and their author's dramatic sense is as keen as is his appreciation of character or his skill in incisive or witty dialogue. See A. W. Pinero, by H. H. Fyfe (1903).

Pinerolo (Fr. Pignerol), tn., prov. Turin, Italy, 29 m. by rail s.w. of Turin; is the seat of a bishop. Among its fourteen churches is an 11th-century cathedral. The prison is famous for having held the Man in the Iron Mask from 1679 to 1681, and also Fouquet. The town manufactures silk, cotton and woollen goods, leather, paper, and spirits. Pop. (1901) 18,039.

Pines, ISLE OF, an isl. 35 m. s. of Cuba, to which it belongs. Area, 1,214 sq. m. Its surface is diversified with mountains and plains, and there are numerous bays and streams. The Sierra de los Cabellos and Monte Casas have deposits of beautiful marble. The scenery is picturesque, the climate mild and healthful, the soil light. The chief products are cattle, tobacco, pine and fine woods, sulphur, turpentine, pitch, tar, and marble. The island was discovered by Columbus in 1494, and was long a resort for pirates. Pop. (1899) 3,199, chiefly concentrated in the town of Santa Fe and the capital, Nueva Gerona.

Pine Snake, or BULL SNAKE. A large, variegated, harmless serpent (Pityophis melanoleucus) common in the pine-covered country of the southern coastregion of the United States, noted for the loud blowing noise it makes when angered. It feeds on mice, young birds, insects, and the like.

Pine-tree Shilling.

from the figure of a pine tree stamped on one side. There were also 'pine-tree' threepence and sixpence pieces.

Pineville, city, Ky., co. seat of Bell co., on the Cumberland R., and on the Louisv. and Nashv. R. R., 13 m. N. of Cumberland Gap. The chief industries are coal and iron mining and lumbering. The place was first settled in 1876, and its present charter was granted about 1894. Pop. (1900) 2,072.

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Ping-pong, or TABLE TENNIS, a game that suddenly became popular in 1901, and died just as suddenly in a couple of years, tennis players claiming that it spoiled their game, is for two or four players, and is practically lawn tennis on a table with specially prepared balls and rackets (or battledores) of a much smaller size. The table should be from 7 ft. to 9 ft. by 3 ft. to 4 ft., and have a polished top. The height of the net should be from 5 in. to 7 in., according to the length of the table. One service only is allowed, and when four are playing only two rackets may be used. Each player must pass the racket to his partner directly he has made his stroke.

Pingree, HAZEN SENTER (18421901), American public man, was born at Denmark, Me., and worked as a factory hand until the outbreak of the Civil War, in which he served throughout in the Mass. volunteers, taking part in many important battles. He was confined in Andersonville prison for five months in 1864. After the war he removed to Detroit, Mich., and established there the shoe firm of Pingree and Smith. He served as mayor of Detroit from 1890 to 1898 as a Republican, and developed his plan of assigning the fands of the city to the poor for cultivating potatoes, thus earning the sobriquet of 'Potato Pingree.' He was Republican governor of Michigan from 1896 to his resignation in 1900.

vacant

Pinguicula, a genus of small marsh-plants belonging to the order Lentibulariaceæ. They usually bear a rosette of greasyfeeling radial leaves and violet, spurred flowers borne singly on erect flower-stalk. Each leaf of P. vulgaris, the butterwort, has slightly upturned margins, and is glandular, many glands secreting a mucilaginous substance, which captures various insects, spores, pollen, and the like, which alight upon the foliage. The presence of these nitrogenous substances stimulates the glands to excreting an acid juice, which resembles gastric juice in its action, dissolving, and absorbing the insect, so that practically digestion for the benefit of the plant takes place. The leaves act like rennet, in curdling fresh milk.

Ping-yang (Kor. Phyöng yang), cap. of prov. Phyöng-ando, Korea, 30 m. N.E. of its port, Chin-nam-po. Scene of battles between Japan and China in 1592 and 1894, China winning the former, Japan the latter. Pop. 40,000.

Pink, a name applied to the plant genus Dianthus, but more

Pinkerton

especially to the descendants of D. plumarius of Eastern Europe, and to the Oriental D. chinensis. D. plumarius, of Eastern Europe, and to the Oriental D. Climensis. Modern garden pinks are divided into two main classes-border pinks and show or laced pinks. Border pinks are very easy of cultivation in ordinary garden soil, and are almost perennial in nature. They are easily propagated by means of pipings, layers, cuttings, or division. The cultivation of the laced pink requires a little more care; it is best to plant it where it is to flower, and in September, if the lacing is to come true, or even to show at all. For exhibition purposes from one to five stems are left to each

Pink (Dianthus plumarius).

plant, and these are disbudded in due time, never more than three buds being left to expand.

Pinkerton, ALLAN (1819-84), American detective, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, and was the son of a sergeant of police of that city. He learned the trade of a cooper, but for joining the Chartist movement was in danger of arrest, and emigrated to Chicago in 1842. The following year he established a cooperage business at Dundee, Ill., captured a gang of counterfeiters, and became deputy sheriff of Kane co. in 1846. He filled a similar position in Cook co., became the first detective of Chicago, and in 1850 organized Pinkerton's National Detective Agency. The recovery of $40,000 for the Adams Express Company in 1859-60 gave Mr. Pinkerton his first reputation in the East, and, discovering a plot to murder Abraham Lincoln on his inaugural journey to Washington, he was authorized to

Pinkerton

or

make arrangements to insure the safe arrival of the President-elect in that city. Soon afterwards he was commissioned to ganize the U. S. Bureau of Secret Service, which he conducted until the close of the Civil War. After the war he expanded his business, opening offices in New York and Philadelphia, the recovery of $700,000 for the Adams Express Company and the arrest of some noted Bank of England forgers, adding greatly to the prestige of his agency. His armed employees took part in many labor contests. They effected the arrest and conviction of numerous 'Mollie Maguire' murderers in the Pennsylvania coal district and the scattering of a band of outlaws at Seymour, Ind. Mr. Pinkerton was the author of several books relating to his occupation, among which are The Mollie Maguires and the Detectives (1877), Thirty Years a Detective (1884), and a description of the Lincoln episode, published posthumously in 1891. See PINKERTON, WILLIAM ALLAN.

Pinkerton, JOHN (1758-1826), Scottish antiquary and miscellaneous writer, was born in Edinburgh, but afterwards settled in London. There he edited (with several forgeries afterwards admitted) Select Scottish Ballads (2 vols. 1783); Ancient Scottish Poems (1786); Scottish Poems, from scarce editions (3 vols. 1792). His Enquiry into the History of Scotland preceding the Reign of Malcolm III. appeared in 1789, and his meritorious History of Scotland from the Accession of the House of Stuart to that of Mary in 1797. The second edition of his Essay on Medals (2 vols.; first ed. 1784) is valuable. The Medallic History of England to the Revolution appeared in 1790. Letters

of Literature (1785) introduced Pinkerton to Walpole, and he is responsible for Walpoliana (1799). Pinkerton's Literary Correspondence appeared in two vols. (1830).

Pinkerton, WILLIAM ALLAN (1846), American detective, was born at Dundee, Ill., and while studying at Notre Dame College, Ind., was called to serve under his father, Allan Pinkerton (q.v.), in the U. S. Secret Service during the Civil War. With his brother, Robert A. Pinkerton, he became chief assistant in the Pinkerton Agency, the business coming into their control on the death of their father in 1884, William taking charge of the western division, and Robert of the eastern. They were called upon to guard the mills at Homestead, Pa., during the labor riots of 1892, but were ultimately obliged to withdraw, having no state authority. They

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established numerous new offices in eastern and western cities, and formed connections in foreign countries. Robert A. Pinkerton, head of the eastern branch of the business, died in 1907.

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Pinkney, EDWARD COATE (1802-28), American poet, son of William Pinkney, was born in London, England, during his father's commissionership in that country. He served in the U. S. navy from 1816 to 1822, resigning on account of a quarrel with superior officer. He then studied law, and was admitted to the Maryland bar in 1824, but did not practise long. Subsequently he was appointed professor of belles-lettres at the University of Maryland in recognition of the merit shown in his volume of Poems (1825), containing A Health' and other songs of great delicacy and beauty.

Pinkney, WILLIAM (17641822), American statesman, born at Annapolis, Md. Although the son of a Tory, he sided with the patriot party during the Revolution. In the year that the war closed he was admitted to the bar; practised in Harford county; in 1788 was a member of the convention which ratified the Federal Constitution; and in 1792-95 was a member of the state executive council. In 1796 he was appointed a member of the commission which, under the terms of the Jay Treaty, was to determine the amount of damage inflicted on American merchants and ship-owners by the British. In 1805 he became state attorney-general; in 1806 was sent with James Monroe on a mission to England; and during 1807-11 was U. S. Minister to England. He fought in the battle of Bladensburg in 1814 and was wounded. In the following year he became U. S. Minister to Russia and special envoy to Naples; returned home in 1818; and in 1820 was elected to the U. S. Senate.

Pink Root, a name given to the worm-grass or Indian pink of America (Spigelia marilandica). The root is sometimes used as an anthelmintic.

Pinna, a genus of bivalve molluscs, whose members are allied to the mussels. The shell is wedge shaped, and consists of two equal valves. In some species it reaches a length of two feet. The animal lives embedded in the sand, with the narrow end of the shell downwards, and is attached by a very large byssus, consisting of silky threads, which can be spun like silk. A large brown species is common on the beaches of the

Gulf of Mexico, and others occur in various parts of the tropical world.

Pinochle

Pinnace. A boat used in the British navy, which very nearly corresponds to the U. S. navy sailing launch. In build it resembles a cutter, but is larger and relatively broader of beam and shallower of draught. It is fitted with masts and sails and pulls twelve to sixteen oars. Steam pinnaces are carried by nearly all large British men-of-war.

Pinnipedia. See CARNIVORA. Pinochle is played with two packs of cards, all below the nines being discarded, making a pack of 48 cards. It may be played by two, three, or four players, and the limit of points is 1,000. Ace is high and counts 11; ten is next, and counts 10; then come king, 4; queen, 3, and jack, 2. The nine counts 10 when it is turned up for trumps, and the last trick taken counts ten for the winner of it. The only technical term in the game is 'melding,' which means to declare. In the two-handed game twelve cards are dealt to each player, four at a time, and the 25th is turned up for trumps and placed beside the rest of the deck, which is placed in a pile on the table, as the stock, to be drawn from after each trick. If a nine is turned up the dealer scores ten, and if not the card which is turned may be taken by either player who takes a trick when he has the nine of trumps, which he puts in the place of the turned trump. In playing no one is obliged to follow suit or play to win the trick, and after each trick a card is drawn from the top of the stock. Before drawing, however, the winner may "meld" any one combination in his hand by laying it down on the board in front of him and leaving it there. The cards are drawn from the stock with each trick until it is exhausted and then the method of play changes. The second player to a trick is obliged to take the trick if he can, following suit when possible and trumping if unable. The combinations which may be melded and may be played at any time thereafter are as follows: Eight aces on the table at one time 1,000; eight kings, 800; eight queens, 600; eight jacks, 400; two queens of spades and two jacks of diamonds (double pinochle), 300; the five highest trumps, 150; four aces, each of a different suit, 100; four kings, 80; four queens, 60; four jacks, 40; queen of spades and jack of diamonds (pinochle), 40; king and queen of trumps (royal marriage), 40; king and queen of any other suit (marriage), 20. For details of play and the complete rules of the game, Spalding's Home Library Pinochle.

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Pinsk

Pinsk, tn., Minsk gov., W. Russia, 133 m. s.s.w. of Minsk city. It has potteries, tanneries, breweries, oil and soap works, and leather manufactories. Pop. (1897) 27,938.

Pinsuti, CIRO (1829-88), Italian musical composer, born at Sinalunga, near Siena; from 1848 was a teacher of singing in England, from 1858 to 1885 at the Royal Academy of Music in London. He wrote two successful operas, Il Mercante di Venezia (1873) and Mattia Corvino (1877); a Te Deum (1859); nearly three hundred songs, English and Italian, and composed innumerable pianoforte pieces.

Pint. See WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Pintail or Sprigtail Duck, or SEA-PHEASANT (Dafila acuta), a duck readily recognized by the elongation of the central tail feathers in the male. It is widely distributed over the northern

hemisphere, and winters as far south as Panama and Ceylon. It is a frequent winter visitor to all parts of the United States, and breeds on inland waters from Maine and the Great Lakes northward. It is occasionally domesticated, and has been known to pair with the widgeon as well as with the domestic duck. The drake has a brown head and neck, the latter with a white stripe at each side; the under surface is white, the back mottled gray, the wing coverts have a cinnamon-colored bar, the wing spot is bronze green, and the tail black. The female is grayish, with brown markings. Pintle, a vertical projecting pin like that often placed at the tops of crane posts, and over which the holding rings at the tops of the wooden guys fit; also a pin such as is used for the hinges of rudders or of window shutters to turn round on.

Pinto, FERNÃO MENDEZ (c. 1510-83), Portuguese traveller, born at Montemor, near Coimbra: sailed for India (1537), and as captain-general of Malacca did (by his own account) marvellous deeds in the East Indies, China, Japan, and Siam. At any rate, he was engaged on missions to Japan, entered the Jesuit College at Malacca, and attended Francis Xavier in his last hours. He returned to Portugal in 1558, and wrote his Voyages and Adventures (Eng. trans. 1663; new abridged ed. 1891).

Pinto, SERPA. See SERPA PINTO.

Pintsch Gas. See GAS.

Pinturicchio, BERNARDINO (1454-1513), the name commonly applied to Bernardo di Betto, Italian artist, born at Perugia; painted chiefly historical

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and grotesque subjects, though he also excelled in portraits. His chief work is a series of frescoes representing the History of Pope Pius II., for the library at Siena. He was also engaged to paint a Nativity for the monastery of St. Francis at Siena, and executed frescoes in the palaces of the Roman nobility, and later, under Popes Innocent VIII. and Alexander v., in the Belvedere and in the Torre Borgia. See Life, by E. Phillipps (1901).

Pinx., or PXT., abbreviation for pinxit, 'he painted it.'

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Pinzon, MARTIN ALONSO (c. 1441-93), Spanish navigator and explorer, brother of Vicente Y. Pinzon, born at Palos, Spain. He was a member of a wealthy family of ship-builders, and is said to have gone on various important voyages before 1492, in one of these being driven by a storm to the coast of South America, but little is known about his life up to the time when he became associated with Columbus. When at the convent of La Rabida, Columbus, in a conference with Pinzon, gained his support, and Pinzon and his brothers took an active part in equipping Columbus's three caravels the Pinta, the Niña, and the Santa Maria. Columbus's first voyage Martin Pinzon commanded the Pinta, and on Nov. 20, 1492, deserted him for the purpose, it is alleged, of finding gold and of carrying the first news of the discovery to Spain and claiming the principal share of credit for it. reaching La Navidad, Haiti, however, Columbus found the Pinta and Pinzon (Jan. 6); but the Pinta again became separated from the Niña, owing to a storm, during the return voyage, and on Feb. 14, 1493, reached Bayona, Galicia, whence Pinzon sent account of the voyage to Ferdinand and Isabella. He then proceeded to Palos. See Asensio, Martin Alonso Pinzón (1892).

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Pinzon, VICENTE YAÑEZ (c. 1460-c. 1524), Spanish navigator and explorer, brother of Martin Pinzon (q.v.), born at Palos. During Columbus's first voyage of discovery (1492-3) he commanded the Niña, and subsequently he is supposed to have had an influential part in inducing Ferdinand and Isabella to issue the edict of April 10, 1495, authorizing any native Spaniard to make, at his own expense, voyages for discovery and trade to the lands discovered by Columbus, though Columbus claimed that a monopoly in this respect had previously been given to him. Either in 1497 or in 1506-the date has been a subject of much controversy-Pinzon, in association with Juan Diaz de Solis and accompanied by Amerigo Vespucius,

Piotrkow

made an important voyage, during which he visited the coast of Honduras and parts of the coasts of Mexico and Florida and circumnavigated Cuba, some writers asserting that he was the first to prove Cuba to be an island. In another voyage (1499-1500) he discovered the mouth of the Amazon river, and in still another (1508-9), again with Solis, he followed the Brazilian coast probably as far as lat. 40° s. Soon afterward, worn out by the hardships of the voyage, and deeply chagrined, it is said, because Ferdinand and Isabella did not recognize his claims, Pinzon died at Palos. inPiombino, formerly an dependent principality, with an area of 138 sq. m.; now part of Italian province of Pisa. It was held by the Appiani family from 1399 to 1603, and was ceded to France in 1801. Napoleon 1. bestowed it on his sister Elisa, wife of Prince Bacciocchi, in 1805. She retained it for ten years, when it was joined to Tuscany.

Piombo. See SEBASTIANO DEL PIOMBO.

Pioneers, one sergeant and ten men in each regiment of British infantry, who in time of peace are employed in repairing barracks, in the field in removing obstacles, and on the line of march in clearing a way, rendering posts defensible, repairing camps, and directing working parties. Each man carries a sword with a saw back, while picks, shovels; felling-axes, saws, their crowbars, are slung on shoulders or strapped to their backs. In the U. S. armies these duties are performed by the corps of engineers. See ENGINEERS, CORPS OF.

Piotrkow, or PETROKOV. (1.) Government, Russian Poland, between Warsaw gov. and Prussian Silesia. The surface is mostly flat, not very fertile, wooded in the N., and in the s. possessing low hills, which form a water-parting between the Oder and Vistula basins. The Warthe is the principal stream. Coal (one-fourth of all Russia's output), iron and zinc are mined; lignite and limonite are found. The manufactures, chiefly concentrated around Lodz, give Piotrkow the third place among all Russian governments. The chief industries are cotton, wool, and silk spinning and weaving; the manufacture of metal objects, especially in iron and zinc; stone masonry and carving. Area, 4,729 sq. m. Pop. (1897) 1,409,044, of whom 970,205 were Poles, 189,033 Jews, and 162,447 Germans. Piotrkow is the most densely peopled province of the Russian empire. (2.) Town, cap. of above, 80 m. s.w. of Warsaw,

Piozzi

It has remains of a royal castle. Piotrkow is one of Poland's oldest towns. In 1769 the Russians gained a victory here over the Poles. Pop. (1897) 32,173.

Piozzi, HESTER LYNCH (17411821), Welsh author, was born at Bodvel, Carnarvonshire. She is better known as Mrs. Thrale, the friend of Dr. Johnson, who for eighteen years from 1764 was domesticated at the Thrales house at Streatham. On Thrale's death (1781) his widow married Piozzi (1784), who died in 1809. Her Anecdotes give a lively description of Dr. Johnson. Piozzi was charming and feminine in manner, if somewhat masculine in character. See her Autobiography, Letters, and Literary Remains, by A. Hayward (1861), and Seeley's Mrs. Thrale (1891).

Pipal. See Bo TREE.

Mrs.

Pipe, an artificial channel for the conveyance of watery fluids, aeriform fluids, or sound. For the purpose of removing rain water from buildings, galvanized iron, tin, zinc, copper and lead pipes are used. Copper pipes are commonly employed for pumps; but the distribution of gas and of water is almost always effected through cast or wrought iron, lead, or tin pipes. The waste waters from modern houses are carried off by glazed stoneware drains; while land-drainage waters are removed by means of terra-cotta pipes. Smoke, hot air, and hot water are conducted through pipes or flues formed of ordinary bricks, of moulded bricks, of glazed brick or stoneware pipes, or of cast or wrought iron, or of copper, zinc, lead, or tin, and, in the construction of boiler furnaces, of drawn brass. Sound is conveyed through metal pipes, and through india-rubber or gutta-percha tubes. Pipe joints, apart from the soldering together of small pipes, may be classed as riveted, flanged, and bolted, screwed, jointed, or merely caulked-i.e. well packed with cement or, in the case of iron pipes, with lead between the end of one pipe and the socket of the next. Lead pipes are made with a hydraulic press, while iron pipes are either welded or drawn.

Pipeclay, a variety of fine white plastic clay, used in the manufacture of tobacco pipes and certain classes of pottery. It resembles kaolin, but contains a large percentage of silica. Pipe

clay is found in Devonshire, Dorsetshire, and Cornwall, England. It serves also for whitening stairs and doorsteps, and especially for cleaning soldiers' belts. In America clays used for the manufacture of sewer pipe, and other hydraulic wares are sometimes referred to as pipe clays. This clay occurs in several of the states,

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among which are N. J., Pa., Ind., Ga, O., Minn., N. D., Ky., Tenn.

Pipefish, a small marine fish belonging to the same family (Syngnathidae) as the sea-horse (see HIPPOCAMPUS), from which it differs in having a non-prehensile tail furnished with a caudal fin. The body is 6 to 10 inches long and slender, and the fish is a feeble swimmer. Like the sea-horses, it is a littoral form, especially haunting shores fringed by weed. There are several North American forms found dwelling amid the eelgrass, where they stand in an upright position, head downward, and are well concealed from enemies by their resemblance to the waving grass.

Pipe Lines are used to convey crude oil or natural gas from the source of supply to more central points of distribution and utilization. They are made from iron or steel pipe, and may attain a length of 600 m. Pipe lines are useful for conducting oil and gas through wooded or mountainous districts, where transportation by any other means would be difficult or impossible. If any considerable distance is to be traversed, pumping must be resorted to in order to force the fluids through the pipes. The diameter of the pipe employed ranges from 4 to 8 in. for oil, and from 16 to 24 in. for gas. When rivers have to be crossed, the pipes are carried across on bridges, or else anchored to the bottom of the stream. present, pipe lines are employed to a great extent in the U. S., the Standard Oil Co. alone controlling over 35,000 m. Lines run from the oil and gas centres to Chicago, Cleveland, Buffalo, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York.

At

Piperaceæ, a natural order of herbs and shrubs of wide geographical distribution. They bear small flowers, usually without perianth, followed by small capsular or baccate fruit. Pepper and betel are among the products of members of this order. Among the genera are Piper and Peperomia.

Piperidine, C5H1N, a secondary amine occurring in combination with piperic acid in pepper. It may be prepared synthetically, from which appears to be a hexa-hydro-pyridine, and is a colorless liquid (b.p. 106° c.), with pungent, peppery odor and basic properties.

Piperine, C5H1CNC12H9O3, an alkaloid occurring in pepper; from its synthetical preparation from piperyl chloride and piperidine, it is a piperyl-piperidine. It is a feeble base that crystallizes in prisms (sp. gr. 1.19; m.p. 128° c.) and colors sulphuric acid red.

Pipe-rolls. See RECORD

OFFICE.

Pipestone

Pipes, TOBACCO. The earliest pipes, made of clay and known as elfins,' were very similar to those of the present time, only much smaller; and the smoke was expelled, not from the mouth, but by the nostrils, so as to obtain the full narcotic benefit of the then expensive herb. Modern clay pipes are formed of pipeclay. When purified and well kneaded it is cut into pieces, which are laid aside to dry. As soon as these are dry the workman perforates the stem with a long iron needle, previously oiled. The bulb is then bent for the bowl, and the clay, with the needle, is pressed into the mould to complete its form. A lever is next depressed, by which a tool enters the bulb at the end, and compresses it into the form of a bowl. After drying for a time the pipes are scraped, smoothed, or polished with a piece of hard wood, and the stems having been bent into the form desired, they are taken to the baking-kiln.

The earliest forms of pipes were those of the North American Indians. The best known was the calumet, or pipe of peace, which was passed round among the warriors in order of rank and age. The bowl is generally of red pipestone. The Indians have a great variety of pipes, with bowls of curious and elaborate designs. The Laplanders use thin iron and walrus teeth; the west coast tribes of Africa use red clay, wood, and bone; the natives of S. Africa employ soapstone. Red clay is largely used in Persia and India for hookahs (or water pipes), and cocoanut for their feeble imitation, the nargileh. In Turkey they have two kinds of pipe -the hookah, or hubble-bubble, on the Persian and Indian principle; and the chibouque, which is an open pipe-the bowl, wide at the top, usually of red clay, and shaped so that it will rest on the ground. In Germany huge pipes are smoked with long painted china bowls, metal covers, and long flexible stems. In Holland they are more addicted to clays, and Dutch clays' are highly prized by many English smokers. The briar-root' is a popular form, and the expensive meerschaum is frequently seen; clay pipes are still very extensively used, especially in Ireland, where the 'dudeen' is a prime favorite. See 'A Chapter on Pipes,' by James Cas sidy, in the Gentleman's Magazine (July, 1895); Prichett's Smokiana (1890), which contains colored illustrations of the pipes of all nations; Cope's Pipes and Meerschaum (1893-4); Cope's Tobacco Plant (1870-81).

Pipestone, city, Minn., co. seat