Orange

growers, which is nearly seedless. The tangerine is a variety of the mandarin which is grown in Florida; the Oriental kumquat is another frequently planted. Oranges grown in California are not so easily injured by frosts as are those in Florida, where the winters are warmer, and the trees do not become dormant. Orange trees reach a great age, often a hundred and fifty years or more; and a tree in full bearing often yields from ten to twelve thousand fruits in a year. The leaves of the orange tree are glossy and ever

74

It is a residential city, a suburb of New York and Newark, and a flourishing manufacturing centre. The manufacture of hats is extensively carried on. Other manufactures are boxes, planingmill products, electrical supplies, and Edison phonographs. Among the buildings and institutions are the Masonic Temple, the Orange Memorial Hospital, and, in connection with it, a nurses' trainingschool and the Shepard Pavilion, a large private academy, the Strickler Memorial Library, Orphan Home, public library, Music Hall,

Orange

those living in it, Eagle Rock, commanding a magnificent view, and Orange Park, a part of the Essex County Park system. Orange was settled probably about 1666. Originally a part of Newark, under the name of Newark Mountain, it was incorporated in 1806 as a separate town and given the name it now bears. East, West, and South Orange were separated in 1863, 1862, and 1861 respectively. Pop. (1905) 26,101. See Wickes, History of the Oranges from 1666 to 1806 (Newark, 1892); Whitte

green, and the tree bears beautiful, fragrant white flowers, from which oil of neroli is obtained. As decorative plants, orange trees may be grown in tubs or borders in the cool-house; but if good fruit is desired, heat is required. The Otaheite orange is a dwarfed pot-plant which is cultivated in window gardens, more for its fragrant flowers than for the fruit. It should be rested in summer.

Orange. (1.) City, Essex co., N. J., 4 m. N.W. of Newark and 11 m. w. of New York, adjoining East Orange and South Orange, on the Lackawanna and Erie R. Rs.

Orange Orchard, California.

the First Presbyterian Church, built in 1719 and remodeled several times since, and the House of the Good Shepherd. The city has a New England Society, a Mendelssohn Union, and a bureau of associated charities. Orange is located near the base of Orange Mountain (a basaltic ridge rising more than 600 ft. above the sea) at an elevation of 150 to 200 ft. Some of the places of scenic interest in the vicinity are Hemlock Falls (South Orange), Llewellyn Park, a beautiful residential tract of about 750 acres, held in common, under certain restrictions, by

more, The Founders and Builders of the Oranges (Newark, 1896). (2.) Tn., Franklin co., Mass., 35 m. N.w. of Worcester, on Miller's R., and on the Bost. and Me. R. R. It is chiefly a manufacturing centre, producing machinery, sewing machines, boots and shoes, boxes, automobiles, cereals, etc. It is in a farming district, potatoes and corn being the most important agricultural products. The town has a public library. Two picturesque places in the neighborhood are Mt. Tully and Brookside Park. Orange was first settled in 1783, and incorporated as a town in

Orangeburg

1810. Pop. (1905) 5,578. (3.) City, Tex., co. seat of Orange co., 87 m. N.E. of Galveston, on the Sabine R., at the head of tidewater, and on the Orange and N. W., and the Tex. and New Orl. R. Rs. It is most important as a commercial and manufacturing centre. The lumber interests are of great importance, statistics showing an annual production of 130,000,000 feet. The agricultural products of the region include cotton, tobacco, figs, sugar, oranges, melons, and rice. The last-named is produced in immense quantities by means of irrigation canals, and shipped from this point. A canal is to be constructed connecting Orange with the Gulf of Mexico, via the Sabine R. and Lake Sabine, in order to facilitate foreign and coastwise trade. The city was first settled in 1836, and incorporated_in 1886. Pop. (1900) 3,835. (4.) Roman Arausio; tn., dep. Vaucluse, France, 13 m. N. of Avignon. It contains numerous and beautiful Roman remains. Pop. (1901) 9,700. The town was the capital of the tiny principality of Orange (independent from the 11th to the 16th century). The fief passed by marriage into the hands of the house of Nassau in 1531, and the first Nassau Prince of Orange was the father of William the Silent. The principality was annexed by France in 1713.

Orangeburg, city, S. C., co. seat of Orangeburg co., 73 m. N.W. of Charleston, on the Edisto R., and on the Atl. Coast L., and the S. R. Rs. Two eduIcational institutions for colored students and one for whites are situated here. They are the Claflin University, the Colored Normal, Industrial, Agricultural, and Mechanical College (state institution), and the Orangeburg Collegiate Institute (private). The city is the trade centre of a farming district. It has rice, cotton, and lumbering industries. The manufactures are cotton goods, wagons, cotton-seed oil, lumber, bricks, furniture, and foundry and machine shop products. The water-works and electric-lighting plant are owned and operated by the city. The first settlement was made here about 1730, and the present charter granted in 1903. Pop. (1900) 4,455.

Orange Free State, province of the South African Union (q.v.), S. Africa, bounded on the s. by the Orange R. On the E. the Drakenberg and the hills of Basutoland form a very distinctive line. The area is estimated at over 50,000 sq. m., and the population in 1905 was 142,679 whites and 244,636 natives. Bloemfontein is the capital. The mean elevation is about 5,000 ft., which VOL. IX.-Jan. '10.

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makes the climate in general dry and healthful, though cold in winter and subject to long drouths, broken by violent thunderstorms in summer. The country is better suited for grazing than agriculture, but where irrigation is practised the land is fertile. Raising ostriches is also a valuable industry. The mineral wealth is considerable. Coal of fair quality is abundant in the N. around Kroonstadt, while diamonds are mined in the Fauresmith district. Gold was discovered in 1887.

The colony has had a separate governor, appointed by the crown, and a legislature since 1907, but they will be superseded May 31, 1910, by the plan elaborated in the constitution of the South African Union. Dutch law has prevailed, and the Dutch Reformed Church is the principal religious body, though Anglicans, Wesleyans, Lutherans, and Jews are represented. Education has been free since 1904, but is not compulsory, and both English and Dutch are used in the schools and in the courts. The exports (chiefly wool, diamonds, plumes, and hides) for the year ending June 30, 1907, amounted to $18,220,000; the imports (cloth, clothing, hardware, and food) to $17,849,000. The government expenditures for 1908-9 were $4,630,000.

History.-When the Boers made the great trek in 1835-6, a considerable number stopped between the Orange and the Vaal Rs. The territory was annexed by Great Britain in 1848 because of native complaints of Boer cruelty, but independence was restored in 1854, and the Orange Free State was established. The dispute with Great Britain in 1871 over the ownership of the Kimberley district settled by arbitration. The state in 1899 joined the Transvaal in the South African War (q.v.), was annexed by Lord Roberts in 1900, placed under military rule and called the Orange River Colony. Responsible government finally granted in 1907, but on May 31, 1910, it will become one of the provinces of the South African Union (q.v.), under the old name.

was

was

Orangeism. From the days of the Plantation a feud of race and faith raged in Ulster between the Presbyterian_ and the Catholic peasantry. Towards the close of the 18th century the Presbyterian 'Peep-of-Day Boys' and the 'Defender' Catholics kept whole districts in discord. The events of the French Revolution, the treachery experienced by the Protestants at the 'Battle of the Diamond' (1795), and the revival of extreme Protestant ascendancy, in 1794-5, gave a fresh impetus to this savage strife. The 'Peep

Orangeville

a

of-Day Boys' became merged in the 'Orange Society,' the members of which were backed in their violence by the men of the Castle. They formed, too, considerable part of the irregular yeomanry' employed to put down the rebellion of 1798. Ribbon' societies, akin to the 'Whiteboy' leagues, were formed by the Irish Catholics to resist them; but they were discountenanced and severely repressed. Orangeism continued powerful until the beginning of the reign of Queen Victoria. The Orange societies were then accused of a conspiracy to put the Duke of Cumberland, their grand master, on the throne; and though this charge had no solid foundation, from that time forward the Orange societies were largely broken up, and Orangeism is now almost confined within a nook of Ulster. But the anniversaries of the days of the Boyne and of Aughrim are still often occasions of fierce rioting. In the United States the Orange Order has never attained great political prominence, and though there are still many lodges, the racial and religious feeling which marked the history of the order in Ireland has not, with few exceptions, been noticeable. In Canada Orangemen are numerous and they are still politically important, though becoming less SO on account of the growth of Canadian national sentiment Much of the bitterness and dis-. turbances formerly accompanying Orange walks' and meetings in Canada has also disappeared.

Orange River, GARIEP, or GROOTE RIVER, the longest river of S. Africa, but practically useless for navigation, because of the bar at its mouth and rapids some 20 m. farther up. It rises in the Drakenberg, and flows almost 1,300 m. in a general westerly direction across the continent to the Atlantic. Its drainage area is between 300,000 and 400,000 sq. m. It divides Basutoland and Natal, and Basutoland and Cape Colony. Then it forms the s. boundary of the Orange River Colony, receiving the Caledon (Mogokare), over 200 m. long, on the r. bk. A little w. of 24° E. it is joined on the r. bk. by the Vaal. Before reaching 20° E. it descends the Falls of Aughrabies (Great Falls), 400 ft. Beyond 20° the Orange forms the boundary between Cape Colony and German S.W. Africa.

Orange River Colony. See ORANGE FREE STATE.

Orangeville, tn., Ont., Canada, co. seat of Dufferin co., 40 m. W.N.W. of Toronto, on a branch of the Credit R., and on the Can. Pac. R. R. It is chiefly a residential and commercial place.

Oratorio

The leading manufactures are furniture, cement, wool, flour, leather, cabinets, coffins, caskets. carding, planing-mill and foundry products. The vicinity is beautiful, especially Church's Falls on the Credit river. First settled about 1840, it was incorporated as a village in 1863, and as a town in 1873. Pop. (1901) 2,511.

Oratorio, a musical drama of a sacred or semi-sacred nature, requiring for its adequate performance a large body of singers, with a full orchestral accompaniment, which is also frequently supplemented by a part for the organ. The term oratorio came into existence during the latter part of the 16th century, and was

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founded upon the monodic system of harmony. During the 18th century, the most prolific and in some respects the greatest of all composers of oratorio was Handel, who settled in England early in life. His most famous oratorio, the Messiah (1741), was written in twenty-four days. The oratorios which perhaps most seriously rival those of Handel as regards frequency of performance and degree of popularity are Haydn's Creation (1798) and Seasons (1801), and Mendelssohn's St. Paul (1836) and Elijah (1846). The term oratorio is also applied to almost any choral-orchestral work in which the music is in the style of an oratorio, and the sub

Oratory

St. Peter, Sullivan's The Prodigal Son, Costa's Eli, Brahms's German Requiem, Song of Destiny, and Triumphlied, Gounod's The Redemption and Mors et Vita, Massenet's Marie Magdeleine, Verdi's Requiem, Saint-Saëns's Samson et Dalila, Franck's The Beatitudes, Elgar's Dream of Gerontius and The Apostles.

Oratory, the art of speaking with elevated thought, sentiment, and corresponding expression so as to appeal persuasively to an audience. The art was highly cultivated among the Greeks and Romans-the greatest among the former being Demosthenes, and among the latter Cicero. The harangues of Peter the Hermit,

first applied to musical settings of scenes from sacred history, performances of which were instituted by St. Philip Neri. The first sacred play set entirely to music was composed by Emilio del Cavaliere, and produced in Rome in 1600; but the earliest composer of oratorio most nearly approaching the present form was Carissimi (160474), some of whose works are still performed. In Germany, oratorios in the form of Passion music date from an early part of the 17th century, but the style retained many of the characteristics of the old polyphonic school of composition, while Italian oratorio, like opera, was

VOL. IX.-Jan. '10.

ject treated is of a serious nature. Certain forms are designated secular oratorios-e.g. Haydn's Seasons and Bruch's Odysseus. The modern requiem mass may be regarded as a form of oratorio. In all choral-orchestral compositions instrumental music is now an important feature, and in the productions of certain composers the orchestration is almost symphonic in treatment. Amongst well-known works more or less in the nature of oratorios, and which have been produced during the 19th century, may be mentioned Beethoven's Mount of Olives, Spohr's Last Judgment, Bennett's Woman of Samaria, Macfarren's St. John the Baptist, Benedict's

Upsonkulu Michael's

Clydesdale Scottsburg

Bartholomew Edan

the eccentricities of mediæval preaching, the earnestness of Reformation preachers, and the stormy speeches of the French revolution are but different forms of the art which, in some of its greatest phases, was exemplified in the parliamentary eloquence of, among others, Pitt, Burke, Fox, Henry Clay, Webster, Wendell Phillips, Bright, and Gladstone. See ELOCUTION.

Oratory, CONGREGATION OF THE, arose in the 16th century. Philip Neri, a native of Florence, founded a small society at Rome in 1548, called the Confraternity of the Holy Trinity. He also held conferences for the deepening of the spiritual life,

Orbigny

in which Baronius was associated with him. They met in a hall in the form of an oratory, and out of these conferences arose the society of the Priests of the Oratory. In 1574 a larger hall was built under the patronage of Pope Gregory XIII., who formally constituted St. Philip as the first general of the new society. Soon the movement extended to Milan, Naples, Palermo, and elsewhere. Branches were established in England in 1848. To one of these John Henry Newman attached himself, at Birmingham. The priests of the Oratory are not bound by special vows, but devote themselves to the more spiritual work of the church. The Rev. F. W. Faber and others established themselves first in King William Street, Strand, in 1848, and afterwards at Brompton. There is also a Congregation of the Oratory in France, which was founded by Cardinal Bérulle in 1611. After his death in 1629, the order extended considerably. See Heimbucher's

Orden und Kongregationen (1896-7) and, for the English Oratorians, Bowden's Life of Faber (1869).

Orbigny, ALCIDE DESSALINES D' (1802-57), French naturalist, undertook a scientific mission to S. America (1826-34), the results of which appeared in his Voyage dans l'Amérique Méridionale (1834-47), which included an ethnological study of American races. His chief work was, however, his unfinished Paléontol ogie Française (14 vols. 184054), still authoritative. He also published a Galerie Ornithologique des Oiseaux d'Europe (183638), Mollusques Vivants et Fossiles (1845), and Prodrome de Paléontologie Stratigraphique Universelle (1850).

Orbilius, PUPILLUS, a Roman grammarian and schoolmaster, famous as the teacher of the poet Horace, who named him Plagosus, 'fond of thrashing.' He was a native of Beneventum, and settled at Rome (63 B.C.) when he was about fifty. See Horace's Satires.

Orbit, the path pursued by one heavenly body about another under the influence of its attraction. The orbits traced by the planets and satellites of the solar system are ellipses, one focus of which is occupied by the governing mass. A planetary orbit is determined by the assignment of numerical values to the following seven elements the semi-major axis, eccentricity, inclination to the ecliptic, longtitude of the ascending node, longitude of perihelion, period, and epoch. The orbits of comets are usually very eccentric ellipses scarcely distinguishable from parabolas.

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Hyperbolic tracks are uncommon, and probably result from perturbation. The elliptical orbits of binary stars are, on an average, twelve times more eccentric than those of the planets. Spectroscopic binaries travel along paths more nearly circular than those visually pursued. The periodical variations of their radial velocities supply data for computing their orbital elements.

Orcagna and ARCAGNOLO, the common designations of ANDREA DI CIONE (c. 1316-c. 1376), Florentine painter and sculptor, who for some time after the death of Giotto was the leading artist in Florence. In painting, his chief works are frescoes in the chapel of Santa Maria Novella, Florence. His St. Zenobius Enthroned is also at Florence, and an altarpiece of the Crowning of the Virgin is now in the National Gallery, London. His painting combines in a remarkable degree strength and delicacy, with singular purity of color. The chapel of Or San Michele, Florence, of which he was architect, contains an exquisite marble tabernacle from his hand.

Orchards. The total value of the orchard fruit products of the United States in 1900 was $83,423,517. There were 367,164,694 trees giving a total fruit yield of 175,397,626 bushels. About 55 per cent. of all the orchard trees were apple, 27 per cent. peach, 8 per cent. plums and prunes, 4.8 per cent. pears, 3.2 per cent. cherries, and

1.4 per cent. apricots. The specific management of each of these fruits will be found under the different headings, apple, peach, pear, etc. (q.v.). Only the general fundamental principles of orcharding will be considered here.

Uplands which furnish good air drainage should be chosen for orchards, and soils rich enough to produce a fair crop of corn. After planting, the trees should be cultivated like any other cultivated farm crop up to the middle of July or August, when the ground should be sown to some cover crop, like rye, oats, clover, crimson clover, etc. The legumes are used as cover crops only when the soil is poor in nitrogen. The object of the cover crop is to utilize the soil moisture of fall and thus induce early and thorough ripening of the year's wood growth before winter comes on. The cover crop also catches and holds the snow on the ground over winter, preventing root killing. It also prevents the soil from washing and retains plant food that otherwise might be washed out. In the spring it hastens the drying out

Orchards

of the soil, thus permitting of early spring cultivation, and when ploughed under supplies humus and plant food to the soil. Another method of culture common in the United States and practised especially on rough hill lands is to keep the orchard constantly in grass. The grass is mowed each year and left under the trees as a mulch. Sod - grown fruit usually has a higher color and better shipping and keeping qualities than cultivated fruit, but the weight of experimental evidence is in favor of cultivated orchards. The trees are vigorous and productive and longer lived. They produce fruit practically every year and withstand trying winters better.

more

All orchard fruits, practically everywhere in the United States, require spraying for the control of insect pests and fungous diseases if perfect fruit is to be produced. In harvesting orchard fruit recent investigations have shown conclusively that the best commercial and keeping quality of fruits, particularly of apples and peaches, is secured if before harvesting the fruit is allowed to remain on the tree until it has attained full size and a high color but is still firm. Pears, however, must be picked as soon as they show the first signs of coloring. After picking, all fruits ripen more rapidly at the same temperature than when on the tree. For long keeping, orchard fruits must be handled without bruising and stored in a cool place as soon as picked. Any delay in storing the fruit greatly shortens its life and hastens the development of rot. The best storage temperature for apples, peaches and pears is 31° to 32° F. At this temperature the fruit keeps longest and scalds least. Wrapping fruits with paper or other material tends to prevent bruising in shipping, lessens decay, and lengthens the life of the fruit considerably, and is especially desirable with high-grade dessert fruit. Common unprinted newspaper is as good as anything for wrapping material.

Orchard problems for each of the different fruits have been studied more or less extensively by all of the experiment stations in the different states and territories of the United States and Canada. The results of these investigations have been published in the form of bulletins and reports, which may be obtained free for the asking. Besides, the national departments of agriculture of both countries have done a large amount of investigational work with these fruits and have many publications for free distribution covering their results. Consult also The Amer