Orders The musician of the guard is also sometimes called the musician orderly, his duties being to sound the duty calls. Each barrack room has an orderly detailed for the day to see that the room is kept in order. See U. S. Army Regulations. Orders, ARMY. In the U. S. army orders are classified as General and Special. General orders publish matters of interest to the entire command, and special orders those concerning individuals or matters which need not be made known to the whole command. Information of interest to the army not in form of orders is published as a circular or memorandum. Orders and circulars are published on matters within their several jurisdictions by all headquarters from that of the commander-in-chief down to the commander of a detachment, and each class is numbered in a separate series for each calendar year. An order states the source from which it emanates, its number, date, place of issue, and authority under which issued. Orders and circulars of the War Department are distributed through the military secretary's office, and are issued as circumstances require, there being no specified dates. See U. S. Army Regulations, and Field Service Regulations, U. S. Army. Orders, HOLY, are the various grades of the clerical office. In the Roman Catholic Church they are priest, deacon, and subdeacon (major orders), and acolyte, reader, exorcist, and doorkeeper (minor orders). In the Eastern churches the last four are included in the single office of anagnost or reader. In the Church of England there are three degrees of holy ordersbishops, priests, and deacons. Ordination is by laying on of hands by a bishop, but it is not a sacrament in the English Church as it is in the Church of Rome. Holy orders are indelible, although a clergyman may be deposed or degraded, and thereby fose all the advantages and privíleges of the clerical estate; and in England a priest or deacon may resign his preferments and thus relinquish all rights and privileges belonging to the office, and be discharged and freed from all disabilities, disqualifications, restraints, and prohibitions to which, but for the act, he would have been liable. The Church of England recognizes the orders of the Church of Rome and of the Greek Church as valid, but the Church of Rome does not recognize the validity of Anglican orders. Non-episcopal churches recognize but one order of the ministry, the presbyterate. 82 re Orders of Knighthood. Knight is derived from the Anglo-Saxon cniht, 'a youth'—a term which early became stricted to the attendants of an earl or prince, and, later, limited to a special military class distinguished by descent or special valor, which held lands by tenure of its knighthood. Fitting candidates were admitted to the rank originally by a sword being girded on to the new knight by the superior, or by the latter giving him the accolade by striking him lightly with a sword on the shoulder and dubbing him knight; but later the initiation became surrounded with many religious ceremonies. These religious rites in connection with the ceremony, between the time of Charlemagne and the crusades, caused the idea of knighthood as a semi-ecclesiastical as well as a military institution to spring into existence; and orders of knights were founded, their formation being to some extent modelled upon that of the religious orders. The first chivalrous orders were military, and were instituted in order that certain picked knights, living under a religious rule, wearing a special dress, and obedient to a grand master, should be available to assist Christian pilgrims, to defend or recover the holy cities from the Saracens, and to lead crusades against the Moslems in Spain or the heathen (Slavs) in Eastern Europe. Of these the chief orders (which were very powerful) were the Knights of St. John, Hospitallers, the Templars, the military orders of Spain and Portugal (Alcantara, Calatrava, Order of Christ, etc.), and the Teutonic Knights, all of which were founded during the 12th century. After chivalry as an institution fell with new modes of warfare, which followed the introduction of gunpowder, orders of knighthood still continued to be instituted, but their purpose was changed. They were now founded (most orders were said to be 'revived from an earlier and often mythical order') or continued as a special distinction, so that sovereigns might admit their most trusty courtiers into a chosen body, wearing a ceremonial dress and special insignia, as a mark of favor or reward of merit. The few military orders that still exist are now, in almost all cases, in the same category as those founded later, the sovereign having become their grand master. There is hardly any old kingdom that boasts no order of knighthood, but the United States of America has none. In Asia there are some orders: Persia has the Sun and Lion (1808); Siam, the White Elephant (1861); China, the Double Orders of Knighthood Dragon (1862; remodelled 1882); and Japan, the Eastern Sun (1875) and the Chrysanthemum (1876). In Great Britain alone simple knighthood still exists, and one knighted by the sovereign without being attached to any specific order is styled Knight Bachelor; he, like all other British knights, receives the title of 'Sir' as a prefix to his Christian name, and his wife is styled Dame' or 'Lady.' The orders of knighthood in Great Britain are:-(1.) The Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III. of England between 1344 and 1351. (2.) The Order of the Thistle, founded by James VII. of Scotland in 1687, and revived by Queen Anne in 1703. (3.) The Order of St. Patrick, founded, for Ireland, by George III. in 1783 (revised 1905). (4.) The Order of the Bath, founded by George I. in 1725, and enlarged in 1815. (5.) The Order of the Star of India, founded by Queen Victoria in 1861, for subjects who have distinguished themselves in India. (6.) The Order of St. Michael and St. George, founded in 1818, originally for natives of the Ionian Is. and Malta; the scope was changed in later times, to decorate those who distinguished themselves in the colonial service. (7.) The Order of the Crown of India, founded for ladies in 1878. The Order of the Indian Empire, instituted 1878-86. (9.) The Order of Victoria and Albert, founded for ladies between 1862-4. (10.) The Royal Victorian Order, founded in 1896. In addition there are several military orders not conferring knighthood, though constituting a chivalrous order-for instance, the Distinguished Service Order (1886); and there are civil orders of a similar kind also, such as the Imperial Service Order (1902) and the distinguished Order of Merit (1902). A military decoration but not an order is the valued Victoria Cross (1856), whereas the Order of St. John of Jerusalem exists for charitable work, but gives no title or rank. (8.) The older and most important European orders are as follows:Austria and Spain; the Golden Fleece, a highly-esteemed order, founded by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (1429). Austria also, inter alia, has St. Stephen, instituted by Maria-Theresa for Hunga y (1764), Elizabeth-Theresa (1750), Maria-Theresa (1757), and many other noble orders, down to Francis Joseph, founded in 1849. Spain, besides the Golden Fleece, has the Order of Calatrava (1158), St. James of Compostella (1175), Alcantara (1174), Our Lady of Montesa (1319), military orders of which the king. is now grand master, and many more modern. Portugal has the Order of St. Ordnance Department in 1701), the Red Eagle (1705), and the Order of the Crown (1861). Russia has no very old order either. The highest is the Order of St. Andrew, founded by Peter I. (1698); others are St. Catherine, Alexander Nevski, St. George, St. Vladimir, etc., and the Polish Order of the White Eagle. Sweden has the Order of Seraphim (an old order revived in 1748), Vasa (1772), and the Order of Charles XIII. (1811), which is singular as being limited to Freemasons. Turkey, as chief order, has the Medjidieh, founded by Abdul-Medjid in 1850. See Adrian Schoonebeek's Historie van alle Riddevlyke en Krygs Orders (1697), Clark's Concise History of Knighthood (2 vols. 1784), F. C. Woodhouse's Military Orders of the Middle Ages (1879), Major J. H. Laurence-Archer's Orders of Chivalry (1887), P. L. Simmonds's British Roll of Honor (1887), and Gritzer's Handbuch der Ritter- und Verdienstorden aller Kulturstaaten der Welt (1893). Ordinaries. See HERALDRY. Ordinance of 1787. See NORTHWEST TERRITORY. more Ordinate is the name originally given to what is now usually called the y co-ordinate in the Cartesian system of coordinates, the x co-ordinate being named the abscissa. Ordination, the ecclesiastical act by which one is set apart for the ministry of the church. The letter of Dionysius of Alexandria, known as the Hippolytean Canons, contains directions and formulas for ordination, among other rites. The Testament of our Lord contains 'the essential parts of the liturgy, the baptismal and ordination services of an even earlier date (250-380).' The Apostolic Constitutions and the Sacramentary of Serapion also contain forms. The English Book of Common Prayer contains offices for the ordination of deacons and priests, and the consecration of bishops, in which a valid succession is insisted upon. The Anglican Church recognizes only such ordinations as have been effected by bishops who have been themselves duly consecrated. In the Presbyterian churches the power of ordination rests with the presbytery, which appoints one or more of its number to perform the service, which includes the laying on of hands. Some of the Protestant denominations have no ordination ceremony. Ordnance. See GUNS, ARTIL LERY. Ordnance Department, that division of the United States army which 'is charged with the duty of procuring by purchase or manufacture, and distributing the necessary ordnance and ord Ordnance Department nance stores' for the regular army and the organized militia. 'Ordnance and ordnance stores include cannon and artillery carriages, vehicles and equipment, apparatus and machines for the service and manœuvres of artillery; small arms ammunition and accoutrements; horse equipments and harness for the field artillery, and horse equipments for cavalry' and mounted men; 'tools, machinery and materials for the ordnance service, and all property supplied to the military establishment by the Ordnance Department.' The department maintains arsenals for the manufacture, and depots for the safe keeping of the above classes of supplies, as well as proving grounds for testing articles manufactured or purchased, new inventions pertaining to the department, armor, etc. The head of the department holds the rank of brigadier-general while serving as such, and since the reorganization act of 1901 (February 3), no new officers are appointed to permanent commissions in the department, but all vacancies are filled by detail for four years from the line of the army, candidates being required to pass a rigorous technical examination before being detailed. Officers of the department are required to have a thorough knowledge of mechanical engineering, especially as applied to gun construction, in addition to a thorough scientific military training. Many important inventions and improvements are credited to the officers of the Ordnance Department, which bears an international reputation for efficiency. The department in 1906 consisted of one brigadier-general, chief of ordnance, four colonels, six lieutenantcolonels, twelve majors, twentyfour captains, twenty-four first lieutenants, three of the captains and all the first lieutenants being officers of the line detailed to the department, the others being permanent appointments. The enlisted personnel consisted (1906) of 138 ordnance sergeants, 58 sergeants, 85 corporals, 427 privates; a total of 71 officers and 700 enlisted men. The principal ordnance establishments maintained by the U. S. government are the gun factory at Watervliet, N.Y., for the army, and the one at the Navy Yard, Washington, D. C., for the navy. The arsenals at Watertown, Mass., and Rock Island, Ill., make gun carriages for the army, those for the navy being made at the Washington yard. Small arms for both branches of the service are made at Springfield, Mass., and the ammunition for small arms at Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, which also makes all fuses, sights, 85 primers, etc. Harness and other equipment are made at Rock Island. War material for the army is tested at the Sandy Hook proving ground; that for the navy at Indian Head, Md. Some private firms manufacture ordnance for the government, especially forgings for guns and armor plate. All explosives are made by private firms. See Arsenal, Guns, Explosives and Ordnance. Ordnance Sergeants are appointed, in the U. S. army, from sergeants of the line who have eight years' service, four of which as non-commissioned officers, and who are less than 45 years of age, after competitive examinations. Their duties may be described in a general way as that of assistant to the post ordnance officer in taking care of ordnance property in army posts and supplying the same to the troops. The pay of an ordnance sergeant varies from $34 to $44, monthly depending length upon of service. Ordnance Survey, a topographical and geodetic survey originated by officers of the Royal British Engineers under the Board of Ordnance, and still carried on by officers and men of that corps, but now organized as a semi-military institution. The survey was begun, for military purposes, in 1747; but it was not until 1783 that the great base was measured and the trigonometrical survey commenced. The original map of Great Britain, ordered in 1797, was published on a scale of 1 inch to the mile. In 1855 the surveys were ordered to be on the following scales: (or 1 inch to the mile), rote (or 6 inches to the mile) for the whole United Kingdom; (or 25.344 inches to the mile) for all cultivated districts; (or 126.72 inches to the mile) for all towns of over 4,000 inhabitants. The department has also the duty of preparing maps for all military purposes, and of copying those prepared by the intelligence division of the War Office. Ordovices, the Latin name of an ancient British tribe who dwelt in the N. W. of modern Wales. Ordovician. After a long controversy between Murchison and Sedgwick as to whether certain beds in Wales belonged to the Cambrian or to the Silurian system, Lapworth suggested that a new system, the Ordovician, Ordovician should be erected to receive them. The lowest subdivision in the original area is the Arenig, the middle the Llandeilo, and the uppermost the Bala or Caradoc. They consist of grits or greywackes, with some conglomerates, shales, and two well-marked limestones, of which the best known is that of Bala. Volcanic activity prevailed, especially in Arenig and Bala times, and great sheets of ashes and masses of lava are intercalated with the sedimentary rocks. The North American Ordovician is extensively developed, the type section being found in New York State. Its subdivisions for the Eastern United States are: Richmond beds. Trenton limestone. Black river limestone. Beekmantown limestone (calciferous). In the Mississippi valley the Magnesian limestones, St. Peter Sandstone, Trenton and Galena limestone, and Cincinnati shale are prominent representatives of the Ordovician. The rocks of this period are prevailingly limestones, sandstones and shales. Almost everywhere, the transition from Cambrian to Ordovician is gradual, marking a time of tranquillity, but at the close of this period came a time of widespread disturbance. Ordovician rocks are known in Scotland and in the Lake district and in Cornwall, England, and in several parts of Ireland, in Scandinavia, Russia, Germany, Bohemia, France, Spain, and the Alps. The most interesting and most completely studied are those of Bohemia and of Sweden. In Australia, India, S. America, China, and Siberia the presence of Ordovician strata has been recorded, but as yet they are not known to occur in Africa. In the fauna of Ordovician times, while the trilobites, cephalopods, brachiopods, and mollusca are in most respects similar to those of the underlying Cambrian system, the graptolites have greatly increased in numbers and in variety. Each subdivision of the strata is marked by its characteristic species. In the type locality, in the Arenig, Bryograptus, Tetragraptus, and various species of Didymograptus prevail; the Llandeilo is marked by Canograptus and Didymograptus Murchisoni; while in the Caradoc the zonal forms are Pleurograptus, Dicellograptus, and Dicranograptus. The presence of curious fossil fishes in the Ordovician beds of N. America has been reported. Ore The American Ordovician cɔntains iron ores, the lead of the upper Mississippi valley, and from the Trenton limestone and associated strata supplies of natural oil and gas have been obtained in remarkable abundance. Building-stone is obtained from several of the limestone members, and sand for glassmaking comes from the St. Peter sandstone. See Chamberlin and Salisbury's Geology II. (1906), and Geikie's Text-book of Geology. Ore. See ORES. Orebro, tn. in co. of same name, Sweden; has trade in mining products. At Orebro in 1529 Lutheranism was established as the state religion. Pop. (1900) 22,013. Oregon (probably from the Spanish Oregones, meaning 'bigeared men,' applied by Jesuits to native Indians). One of the Western states of the United States, lying between the parallels of 42° and 46° 18′ N. lat. and the meridians of 116° 33' and 124° 25' w. long. It is bounded on the N. by Washington, on the E. by Idaho, on the s. by California and Nevada, and on the w. by the Pacific Ocean. With extreme dimensions of 375 m. (east to' west) and 290 m., it has a total area of 96,699 sq. m., of which 1,092 sq. m. are water. Only six states exceed it in size. Topography.- Oregon is divided into two dissimilar sections by the Cascade Mountains, which cross the state from north to south at a distance of 120 miles from the coast. The elevation of this range is from 4,000 to 10,000 ft., several peaks rising to the level of perpetual snow. Mount Hood, an extinct volcano, in the north, reaching an altitude of 11,225 ft. West of the Cascade Mountains, and parallel with the seashore, is the Coast Range, with an average elevation of 3,500 ft. These two ranges are joined by projections of the Cascades, the most important being the Calapooya Mountains, near the centre of the state, and the Rogue river and Siskiyou Mountains in the south. Between the Cascade and Coast ranges lie the three important valleys of the state, the Willamette, the Umpqua, and the Rogue river valleys. The eastern two thirds of the state is an undulating table land, seamed in sections by deep canyons and having general elevation of from 2,000 to 5,000 ft. In the northeast the plateau is crossed by the Blue Mountains, trending southwestward and reaching a general elevation of 7,000 ft. From the main system spurs radiate in various directions, inclosing several deep, fertile valleys, chief among which are those of the Burnt, Powder, and Grande 86 Ronde rivers. The southern half of the table-land falls within the Great Basin, and consists of level tracts covered with volcanic soil and lava beds, alkaline lakes and mud plains. The Columbia river forms the northern boundary of the state for 300 miles, and, with the exception of the obstruction at The Dalles in Wasco county, is navigable for the whole distance. The chief tributary of the Columbia west of the Cascade Mountains is the Willamette. East of the range it receives the Des Chutes, John Day, and Umatilla rivers. Of the streams emptying into the Pacific, the Umpqua and Rogue rivers are the most important. In the south central portion of the state are a number of lakes, the most important being Upper and Lower Klamath, Goose, Harney, and Malheur lakes. Besides the wide mouth of the Columbia on the north, there are several small bays and harbors, such as Tillamook, Winchester, and Coos bays, all of which are land-locked. Climate and Soil.-Owing to the influence of the Japan current and the prevailing southwest winds, the climate of western Oregon is much milder than that of eastern states in the same latitude. During the wet season, which lasts from October to May, rain falls copiously in the region west of the Cascade Mountains. East of the divide, on account of the elevation, the climate is much drier and colder. The mean temperature at Portland, in the northwestern part of the state, is 39° F. for January and 67° for July, with extremes of - 2° and 102°, at Umatilla, in the northeastern part, the mean is 32° F. for January and 73° for July, with extremes of - 24° and 110°. The mean annual precipitation is 46.8 inches at Portland, and at some places near the coast it is more than double, while it is only 9.7 inches at Umatilla, an amount quite inadequate for the purposes of agriculture. The soil of the Willamette and coast valleys consists of a rich, dark loam of extreme fertility. On the mountain slopes the soil is heavier and adapted only to the production of natural grasses. The soil of eastern Oregon is either sandy or volcanic, and contains much alkali, but under irrigation it produces abundant crops. Considerable areas of naturally fertile wheat lands occur in the northeast. Geology. The Cascade Mountains are largely composed of lava and basaltic rock, and a lava sheet covers the whole eastern section of the state to a depth of 1,000 ft. The underlying rock formations appear only where streams have worn through the lava sheet. The Snake river Oregon cañon in the northeast presents formations of ancient metamorphic granites, gneisses, and micaslate, while the Cascade Mountains are underlaid with Cretaceous rocks with occasional coverings of Eocene and Miocene strata. In the southwest valleys there is a belt of slates and serpentines, while the Coast Range is mainly anticlinal, with surface layers of sandstone. Mineral Resources. - Oregon has a great variety of mineral deposits, but has none of very great extent or abundance. Gold is the most valuable, the annual value since 1900 being about $1,500,000. In 1904 the value of brick and tile was $425,544, and of granite, $235,213. The same year the output of coal was 111,540 short tons. Other minerals, produced in small quantities, are silver, copper, iron, lead, quicksilver, platinum, nickel, cobalt, limestone, sandstone, borax, gypsum, opal, and chalcedony. Fisheries.-The state is one of the foremost in the value of salmon fisheries. The number of persons employed is about 6,000, and the amount of capital invested exceeds $4,000,000. Vessel fishing is not at all extensive, the work being accomplished mainly by boats and nets and salmon wheels. The annual value of the catch of all fishes is somewhat more than $3,500,000, more than 70 per cent. of which is represented by canned and preserved fish. Besides the salmon considerable returns are secured from oysters, cod, halibut, clams, and crabs. A number of hatcheries are maintained both by the United States government and by the state along the coast streams and along the Columbia river. A fishway was constructed in 1904 past the falls of the Willamette river at Oregon City. The state maintains a department of fisheries with a master fish warden as chief officer. Forests. - Oregon has very great lumber resources. The entire wooded area was in 1900 estimated at 54,300 sq. m. or 57 per cent. of the area of the state. The greater part of the timber is found west of the crest of the Cascade Mountains, where the growth is very heavy, especially in the northern part. Here whole townships are reported where the stand is 100,000 feet per acre. East of the Cascade range the forests are not so heavy, the better portions being found on the eastern slope of the Cascades and on the Blue Mountains in the northeast. The forests west of the Cascade divide are principally of the red fir, with some mixture of hemlock, cedar, |