Oregon

and spruce, and in the southern half and increasing toward the south also the yellow pine. East of the divide they are chiefly of yellow pine. A recent canvass by the United States Geological Survey showed a total stand of timber of about 225 billion feet, of which 150 billion feet were estimated to consist of red fir, 40 billion feet of yellow pine, and the remainder of cedar, hemlock, and spruce. The annual value of the timber product averaged about $1,000,000 from 1850 to 1870. It reached $2,030,000 in 1880, $6,530,000 in 1890, $10,352,000 in 1900, and $12,484,000 in 1905. Portland the chief lumber centre. (See Manufactures.) The United States has set apart seven forest reserves wholly within the state, and the Wenaha reserve (731,650 acres) lying in both Washington and Oregon. Those wholly within the state aggregate 5,659,300 acres, of which 4,424,440 acres are in the Cascade Range

reserve.

Agriculture. There is a very marked difference in the adaptability to agriculture of that portion of the state east of the Cascade Range and that west of this range. The differences are found in temperature, rainfall, and soil. The only portion east of the Cascades which is suitable for farming is along the Columbia river, where the rainfall is sufficient to support some of the hardier grains. West of the Cascades in the river valleys conditions are unusually favorable, and a great abundance and a great variety of crops are grown. The total area of farm land increased gradually from 4,214,000 acres in 1880 to 10,071,000 acres in 1900, or only 16.6 per cent. of the total area; the proportion of improved farm land fell from 52.2 per cent. in 1880 to 33 per cent. in 1900. The number of farms increased from 16,217 in 1880 to 35,837 in 1900, and at the same time the average size of farms increased from 260 acres to 281 acres. This increase in size of farms was confined to the eastern part, where large ranches are common. A considerable and increasing area of irrigated land is found in the eastern part.

The acreage of principal crops in 1905 was as follows: corn, 17,556; wheat, both winter and spring varieties, 717,565; cats, 281,842; barley, 59,862; rye, 10,690; flaxseed, 2,276; potatoes, 40,488; hay, 390 076. As compared with 1900 these figures show no marked changes. Considerable attention is given to the cultivation of the sugar beet, the yield in 1905-06 being estimated at 2,200 tons of sugar.

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Hops are extensively grown in the valley of the Willamette. Between the Coast and Cascade ranges conditions are very favor able to the cultivation of fruits. Plums, prunes, apples, peaches, pears, and in fact all the temperate zone fruits, are successfully grown.

Stock - Raising. On Jan. 1, 1906, the farm animals numbered as follows: horses, 217,167; mules, 7,077; dairy cows, 144,480; other cattle, 587,316; sheep, 2,597,595; swine, 263,554. The most significant change since 1900 has been a marked increase in the number of sheep. The grazing is carried on chiefly in the eastern part of the state. The wool clip of 1904 amounted to 4,495,000 pounds of scoured wool, valued at $2,472,250.

Manufactures.

a

Though the state has many natural advantages, manufactures have not been extensively developed. Besides the resources of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, there are the advantages of abundant water-power and transportation by sea. The water-falls at The Dalles, Oregon City, and Cascade Locks are especially noteworthy. The manufacturing interests showed marked advancement from 1880 to 1890, but in the last decade of the century there was little progress. The census of 1900 showed 3,088 establishments in the state employing $33,422,393 capital and 17,236 wage earners and manufacturing products valued at $46,000,587. Of these establishments, 1,406, employing $28,359,000 capital and 14,459 wage-earners and manufacturing products valued at $36,592,700, were of the same class as those covered by the census of 1905, when their number was 1,602, the capital invested was $44,023,000, the number of wageearners, 18,523, and the value of products $55,525,000.

The leading industries, with the value of the products in 1905, are: lumber and timber products, $12,483,908 (see Forests); flour and grist mill products, $8,467,000; wholesale slaughtering and meat-packing, $2,907,000; printing and publishing, $2,664,000; planing-mill products, $2,653,000; canning and preserving fish, $2,577,000; foundry and machine-shop products, $1,670,675; cheese, butter and

con

densed milk, $1,629,000; and paper and wood pulp, $1,530,000. The lumber industry is by far the most important. If the census of 1905 had been taken on the same basis as that of 1900 the 1905 value would have been increased by $4,525,329. Fir timber was about 78 per cent. of the total and yellow pine about 15 per cent. The value of planing-mill products increased more

Oregon

than 300 per cent. from 1900 to 1905. The value of flour and grist-mill products increased 38 per cent. during the same five years. Of the canned and preserved fish about two-thirds was canned salmon and one-third salted salmon. Portland is the only important centre of manufacturing, it being credited in 1905 with 51.6 per cent. of the total value of the products of the

state.

Transportation and Commerce. -The railway mileage has been as follows: 1870, 159; 1880, 508; 1890, 1,440; 1900, 1,671; Jan. 1, 1906, 1,891. The lines are found along the Columbia river and west of the Cascade Range, the southeastern part of the state being without any railway facilities. The principal lines are the Southern Pacific and the Union Pacific, including the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company. The Pacific Ocean is of great value to the commerce of the state, as are also the Columbia and Snake rivers. The former of these rivers is navigable by ocean-going vessels to Portland and by river steamers to The Dalles. The Columbia above the falls at The Dalles and the Snake to the eastern boundary are navigable for smaller steamers. The coastwise trade is important.

There are four ports of entry in the state, namely, Astoria (district, Oregon), Coos Bay (district, Southern Oregon), Portland (district, Willamette), and Yaquina. Portland is the only one of importance in foreign commerce, its imports for the fiscal year ending June, 1906, being valued at $2,852,600, and exports at $10,066,300.

Banks.-In September, 1906, the national banks numbered 47, and they had in the aggregate $3,485,000 capital; $2,058,000 surplus, $19,908,700 loans; $969,300 cash; and $30,194,900 individual deposits. The state banks (1905) numbered 27, with $1,107,000 capital; $3,450,000 loans; and $4,851,000 deposits; and the private banks numbered 8, with $106,000 capital; $675,000 loans; and $935,000 deposits.

Finances.-The treasury showed a balance Oct. 1, 1902, of $1,137,576; the receipts during the biennial period following were $4,348,223, and the disbursements were $4,917,610, leaving a balance Oct. 1, 1904, of $568,189. The main items of receipts were: general property tax, $1,679,674; organization and license fees of corporations, $191,616; on foreign insurance companies, $76,595. Of the disbursements 41 per cent. were for the general fund, and 49 per cent. for the common-school fund.

tax

An

65,747, of whom 13,292 were born in Germany, 7,345 in Norway and Sweden, 6,634 in Canada, 5,663 in England, and 4,210 in Ireland. As in most of the western states, there is a considerable predominance of males. The population is to be found mainly in the Willamette valley. The urban population in 1900 was included in five towns having at least 4,000 inhabitants each and aggregated 27.6 per cent. of the total population. The population of the largest cities in 1900 was: Portland, 90,426; Astoria, 8,381; Baker City, 6,663. The estimated population of Portland in 1906 was 161,205.

state

Education.-There is a board of education consisting of the governor, secretary of state, and superintendent of public instruction, elected for four years. A county superintendent is elected in each county for a term of four years. School districts are divided into three classes, according to the school population. In first-class districts a board of five directors is elected for five years, and in second and third class districts a board of three directors is elected for three years. Schools must be open at least three months annually for all persons of ages 6 to 21. Attendance is compulsory for all children of ages 8 to 14 during the entire school term and for children of 15 years of age unless employed. Text-books are uniform, being adopted for a period of six years, but they are not free. Kindergartens may be supported as a part of the public schools in first or second class districts. Both district and county high schools may be established. A law of 1903 provides for the consolidation of rural districts.

The proportion of illiterates in the population at least 10 years of age in 1900 was only 3.3 per cent. The school population, ages 4 to 20, in 1904 numbered 148,720, of whom 92,390 were enrolled in public schools and 72,464 were in average daily attendance. The total number of teachers employed was 4,046, of

89

whom 3,199 were females. The total expenditure for all school purposes was $2,046,093, of which $1,161,348 was for teachers' salaries. This fund was provided by district and county school taxes and the state school fund. The permanent school fund amounts to more than $3,500,000 secured from the sale of two sections in each congressional township. The average length of the school year in 1904 was 118 days. The average monthly salary of male teachers was $54.22, of female teachers, $42.05.

The education and training of teachers are provided in summer county institutes, and in the four state normal schools located at Ashland, Drain, Monmouth, and Weston. The University of Oregon is at Eugene, and the state Agricultural College at Corvallis. Other institutions of higher education are Willamette University (Methodist), at Salem; Pacific University (Congregational), at Forest Grove; McMinnville College (Baptist); Pacific College (Friends), at Newburg; Columbia University (Catholic), at Portland; Albany College (Presbyterian); Philomath College (United Brethren).

at

Charities and Corrections.There is no state board of charities. The state charitable and penal institutions are the Oregon Soldiers' Home at Roseburg, and the following, all located Salem: insane asylum, school for deaf mutes, institute for the blind, reform school, and penitentiary. The legislature of 1905 provided by law for the parole of convicts. Apart from almshouses there are provided by local civil units and private associations and ecclesiastical bodies 7 homes, 6 hospitals, and 5 orphanages.

Government.-The present constitution is that adopted in 1857 preliminary to admission as

a

state. Proposed amendments must be approved by two successive legislatures and subsequently by a majority of the voters at a popular election. Voters must have resided in the state at least six months prior to an election. A primary election law was enacted in 1905.

The legislature consists of a senate of 30 members, elected for four years, one-half being chosen biennially, and a house of representatives of 60 members chosen biennially. Regular sessions convene in January of odd years and are not limited in length. Members receive $3 per diem and mileage during sessions, but the allowance for any session cannot exceed $120. Extra sessions are limited to 20 days. Bills for

Oregon

raising revenue must originate in the house. By an amendment to the constitution adopted in 1902, 8 per cent. of the voters may propose any measure, which is voted on at the polls independently of the legislature. The referendum also is provided for, in that if 5 per cent. of the legal voters so petition, or the legislature so orders, any bill passed by the legislature must be submitted for popular approval. Salem is the capital.

The chief executive officers are the governor, secretary of state, treasurer, attorney-general, and superintendent of public instruction, all elected for four years. The governor's veto does not extend to acts passed by a popular referendum vote.

The judicial authority is vested in a supreme court, consisting of 3 justices elected for 6 years; in circuit courts, with judges chosen for 6 years; in county courts each with one judge chosen for 4 years; and in justices of the peace, one or more in each township. The legislature of 1905 provided by law for the creation of juvenile courts for delinquents and incorrigibles. The state sends two representatives to Congress.

History. The earliest explorations along the coast of Oregon were those of the Spaniard Ferrelo in 1543, who probably reached a point as far north as latitude 42, and of Sir Francis Drake in 1579, who touched the coast at a point one degree farther north. In 1603 Aguilar and Vizcaino skirted the coast as far north as the forty-third parallel. In 1774 Perez probably reached latitude 54° on his northern voyage, and on his return anchored in what has been identified by some as Nootka Sound. On the voyages of Heceta and Bodega, the following year, the coast was explored as far north as latitude 580, and the mouth of the Columbia river was observed. The opposition to the Spanish title so far was based solely on the explorations of Drake, but in 1778 Captain Cook touched the coast at Nootka Sound and confirmed the English title to the Oregon territory. After the Nootka Treaty of October, 1790, Spain allowed her claim to lapse in favor of Great Britain. The French title was based on the explorations of La Pérouse, who in 1786 had sailed along the coast from latitude 58° 37' southward. Not much was known of the coast line, however, until the visit of J. Kendrick and Robert Gray, who were sent on a furtrading expedition by Boston merchants. The winter of 178889 was spent in Nootka Sound,

Oregon

and in 1791 Gray returned, and on May 11, 1792, entered the mouth of the Columbia river, to which he gave the name of his ship. The American claim, based on the explorations of Gray, was further strengthened by the acquisition of Louisiana, and, with it, the French title to the Oregon territory. In 1804-06 Lewis and Clark, sent out by the United States government, explored the from St. country Louis to the mouth of the Columbia (reached in Nov., 1805). Fur traders had followed Kendrick and Gray, and in 1811 the Pacific Fur Company founded a post at the mouth of the Columbia, which was named Astoria, after John Jacob Astor, president of the concern. In October, 1813, Astoria, with several interior establishments, was sold to the Northwest Company. In 1821 the Northwest Company was absorbed by the Hudson's Bay Company, which abandoned the post at the mouth of the Columbia and founded Fort Vancouver on the north side of the river. By the convention of 1818 between the United States and Great Britain the territory west of the Rocky Mountains was to be left open to traders and settlers of both countries for ten years, and in 1827 the agreement for joint occupancy was indefinitely conitnued, with the provision that it might be terminated on twelve months' notice by either party. The Hudson's Bay Company soon obtained a complete monopoly of the fur trade, and through its chief factor, John McLaughlin, exercised a quasi political and judicial authority over the whole region.

The first agricultural settlement was founded by retired trappers and servants of the British company about 1829, and in 1834 Jason Lee founded the Methodist Mission in the Willamette Valley. After 1840 immigration, mainly from the border states along the Missouri, increased very rapidly, and in 1843 the American settlers formed a provisional government for the protection of property rights and the administration of justice. Powers were vested in an executive committee of three, and later in a governor, a supreme judge with probate powers, and a unicameral legislature of nine members. The conflicting interests of the British traders and the American settlers, who were now clamoring for the protection of the national government, aggravated the Oregon question, which threatened to involve the United States and Great Britain in serious difficulties. The dispute was, however, settled by a joint com

90

mission, June 15, 1846, and a treaty stipulated that the fortyninth parallel from the Rocky Mountains to Fuca Strait should constitute the boundary between the British and American possessions in the Northwest. (See NORTHWEST BOUNDARY DISPUTE.) Oregon was made a territory on August 12, 1848, and Joseph Lane, the first territorial governor, arrived in March, 1849. During the years 1848-49 Oregon lost a large part of its adult male population. on account of the gold discoveries in California, but the majority of the emigrants afterward returned to improve their farms and to take up new lands. A convention met at Salem in August and September, 1857, and framed a state constitution, which prohibited slavery, denied free negroes the right to hold property or execute contracts, and limited the state indebtedness to $50,000. Oregon was admitted into the Union on February 14, 1859. The state has been troubled with several Indian wars, the most serious being those with the Shoshones and the Modocs. Oregon has given its electoral vote for the Republican ticket except in 1868 and one vote in 1892. The Lewis and Clark Exposition (q.v.), was held in Portland from June 1 to October 1, 1905.

Oregon Agricultural College, a co-educational institution founded in 1868 under the provisions of the Land Grant of 1862 at Corvallis, Ore. As there was no state college in Oregon the proceeds of the 90,000 acres received for a college were given to Corvallis College, which in 1885 voluntarily relinquished its claim on the funds of the Agricultural College. It is supported by the income from the land grant and the Morrill and Hatch Acts. The college has preparatory, literary, scientific, agricultural, engineering, music and commercial courses, with an attendance in 1905 of 680 students and a faculty of 35. The library conThe tains about 5,000 volumes. productive funds amount to $193,000, the income to $80,000. Tuition is free.

Oregon City, city, Ore., co. seat of Clackamas co., 13 m. s.s.E. of Portland, on the falls of the Willamette R., and on the Ore. Water Power and Ry. Co. line, and the S. Pac. R. R. It is a manufacturing centre, producing woollen goods, soap, flour, paper, and pulp, and lumber. The tremendous waterpower of the Willamette Falls is utilized in the various industries. The agricultural produce consists of wheat, hay, oats, hops, and fruit and vegetables. Iron is found in the vicinity. The city was first settled in 1843 and incorporated in 1859. Pop. (1900) 3,494.

Oregon River, name of what is now known as the Columbia R. (q.v.).

O'Reilly, JOHN BOYLE (184490), Irish-American poet and journalist, was born at Dowth Castle, near Drogheda, Co. Meath, Ireland. He became a compositor, and worked as a reporter for English papers, at the same time doing secret agency work for the Fenian Society. Later he joined the British army in order to create discontent among the Irish soldiery. Convicted in 1866 of Fenianism, he was sentenced to be shot, a sentence commuted to twenty years' penal servitude. He was sent to West Australia; but escaping (1869), he settled in Boston, Mass., as editor of the Pilot, an Irish-American newspaper, of which he became part proprietor in 1876. He reported the Fenian raid on Canada (1870), and in 1876 managed the clandestine transference of his convict associates from West Australia to the United States. In 1872 he founded the Papyrus Club at Boston, and in 1889 he was selected to deliver the poem on the occasion of the dedication of the monument to the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth, Mass. A statue of O'Reilly by Daniel Chester French was unveiled at Boston in 1896. A rough but fluent and vigorous writer, O'Reilly produced Songs from the Southern Seas (1873), Songs, Legends, and Ballads (1878), The Statues in the Block, and other Poems (1881), In Bohemia (1886); while Moondyne, his novel of Australian convict life, appeared in 1879, and soon ran through twelve editions. O'Reilly collaborated with three other writers on the satirical novel The King's Men (1884); and he published Ethics of Boxing and Manly Sport (1888), also editing The Poetry and Songs of Ireland (1889). In 1891 appeared his Songs and Speeches. See Life, by J. J. Roche (1891).

Orel

Orel.

(1.) Government, Central Russia, bounded on the N. by Smolensk, Kaluga, and Tula. Area, 18,000 sq. m. Surface and hilly; agriculture stockraising are the main industries; there are also manufactures of iron rails, glass, oil, flour, and hemp products. The chief rivers are the Don, Sosna, Oka, and Desna. Pop. (1897) 2,054,749. (2.) Town, cap. of above gov., on the Oka, 240 m. s. of Moscow. Chief products are candles, ropes, oil, and flour; there are also distilleries, breweries, brick works, and tobacco factories. Here Turgeniev was born. Pop. (1897) 70,075.

O'Rell, MAX. See MAX O'RELL.

was

Orellana, FRANCISCO DE (c. 1490-c. 1546), Spanish explorer, born at Trujillo, Spain. A boyhood friend of Francisco Pizarro, he followed him to Peru about 1535, rebuilt Guayaquil in 1537, and in 1540 accompanied Gonzalo Pizarro in his expedition from Quito across the Eastern Andes in search of treasure. Arriving at the Napo, Orellana sent down that river with sixty men to search for provisions, but abandoning his commander he did not return and continued down the Marañon and Amazon to the Atlantic, after a heroic struggle against the climate and the native tribes. He reached Spain in 1542, and in 1544 received a grant of the country discovered by him; but his attempt to colonize it was a failure, and he died of fever, probably in Venezuela. An account of his expedition, written for the king by the friar Gaspar de Carvahal, in which was described a race of female warriors, led to the name Amazon being given to the river.

Orelli, KASPAR VON (17871849), Swiss critic and scholar, born at Zürich, where in 1819 he became professor of eloquence and hermeneutics. He published excellent editions of Cicero (182631), Horace (1837-8), and Tacitus (1846-8). In conjunction with Baiter and Winckelmann, he edited Plato (1839-42), and also wrote Onomasticon Tullianum (1836-8), a valuable treatise on Cicero's works.

Orenburg. (1.) Government, E. Russia, at the s. extremity of the Ural Mts. Its area is 73,816 sq. m., of which 44,000 sq. m. lie E. of the Urals. On the N. it mounts gradually into the Ural hill country, but falls away on the w., S., and E. The principal streams belong to the basins of the Ural, the Ob (Tobol), and the Volga. Orenburg, contains some 500 sq m. of lakes, almost all in the E., where steppe

91

Mineral lands predominate. wealth consists mainly in copper, gold, iron, and argentiferous lead. Some gems (e.g. topaz and aquamarine) have been discovered in the Ilmen hills. Salt deposits are worked near Iletsk. Large seams of coal have recently been found. Pop. (1897) 1,609,388, of whom 68 per cent. are Russians and 25 per cent. Bashkirs and Meshcheriaks. About 30 per cent. are Mohammedans. (2.) Town of E. Russia, cap. of Orenburg gov., on r. bk. of Ural R. Three m. S. of the town, on 1. bk. of Ural, is the exchange, built like a citadel, where traders from European Russia meet with native merchants of the steppes and other regions. In the middle of the town is the square, fortress-like bazaar. Between June and November caravans arrive from all parts of Russian Central Asia and W. Siberia. The principal articles of commerce are carpets, silks, wool, lambskins, and dried fruits, on one side, and corn, sugar, and metal goods on the other. Orenburg also contains military schools, girls' colleges, an Orthodox seminary, an and arsenal. Since 1900 the Moscow-Samara Railway has been continued towards Tashkend. In 1773-4 Orenburg was besieged for six months by the rebel Cossacks under Pugachev. Pop. (1897) 72,740.

Örense. (1.) Province, N.W. Spain, forming s. portion of ancient kingdom of Galicia; an entirely mountainous district, well watered by the Minho; climate humid. The rich pastures feed black cattle and other stock. Area, 2,694 sq. m. Pop. (1900) 404,311. (2.) City, cap. of prov. of same name, Spain, 45 m. N.E. of Vigo, and on riv. Minho, with famous ancient bridge and a cathedral. It has textile industries. Pop. (1900) 15,194.

Oreodaphne, a genus of tropical trees and shrubs (Laurine), mostly natives of tropical America and África. The trees bear generally coriaceous leaves and pedunculate panicles of small flowers. O. bullata, the stinkwood of South Africa, has curious, blister-like marks on its olive-green leaves. Its beautiful wood, evil-smelling, like that of 'til-wood' (O. fætens) is used in shipbuilding, as it is hard, durable, and takes a good polish. A volatile oil, used as a liniment, is obtained from the bark of the Amazonian, O. opifera, and contains camphor. The cinnamon' of Mauritius is the bark of O. cupularis.

Oreodonts, a family of primitive mammals of the Upper Eocene and Lower Miocene strata of the western United States, which may claim to be

Ores

the direct ancestors of the existing ruminants. They are small, slender animals, about the size of a goat, with long tails, and with four toes on each foot. A striking feature of the group is the resemblance of the lower canine both in size and shape to the incisors, while the foremost premolar functions as a canine. Nearly complete skeletons, of several species are known, among them being Oreodon and Agriochorus, from the White R. beds of Dakota.

Oreodoxa, a genus of tropical American palms, with slender stems, bearing large terminal, pinnatisect leaves, and spikes of small, white, monoecious flowers. They are easily cultivated under glass. Among the species are O. oleracea, the cabbage palm, from the W. Indies, and the magnificent royal palm (O. regia) found in southern Florida and the West Indies.

more

or

Ores, those naturally occurring compounds from which it is practicable to extract metals commercially. They are rarely found pure, but are usually mixed with less earthy matter, 'matrix' or 'gangue,' in or with which they have been deposited. They include (1) oxides, carbonates, and silicates, such as hæmatite, Fe2O3; cassiterite, SnO2; chalybite, FeCO3; and garnierite, NiMg(SiO3)23H2O: (2) sulphides, arsenides, and antimonides, such as galena, PbS; blende, ZnS; smaltite, CoAs2; and antimonial nickel, NiSb: and (3) halides, such as horn silver, AgCI. With the exception of the iron ores, the greater proportion of metalliferous deposits, including galena, pyrites, blende, tinstone, and the cobalt and zinc ores, are of the nature of veins, though in some cases they may have been formed between the layers of stratified rocks instead of in true fissures, as in the case of the gold quartz of Nova Scotia, the Bendigo reefs, and the native copper of Lake Superior. With regard to the formation of ores in veins, many theories have been put forward; of these the most probable is that the metallic compound has been brought to the place of deposit in aqueous solution, and then precipitated there either by chemical action or by fall of temperature or pres

sure.

In addition to mineral 'lodes' or veins, the metalliferous materials may be disseminated more or less regularly through the whole body of the rock, as in the celebrated banket reefs of the Transvaal. These are really beds of quartz conglomerate with a chloritic matrix, and the weight of scientific opinion at the present day inclines to the theory that the