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by gentlemen and ladies, consisting of a long silk mantle, with a cap and wide sleeves.

DOMITIAN, Titus Flavius Sabinus, son of Vespasian, and brother of Titus, born A. D. 51, made himself odious, even in youth, by his indolence and voluptuousness, by his cruel, malignant and suspicious temper, and Rome trembled when, on his brother's death, he obtained the diadem (A. D. 81). At first, indeed, he deceived the people by acts of kindness, good laws and a show of justice, so that their fears vanished; but he soon returned to his former excesses and cruelty. He first caused his kinsman, Flavius Sabinus, to be put to death, though entirely innocent. No less vain than cruel, while his general, Agricola, was victorious over the Caledonians, in Britain, he made a ridiculous expedition against the Catti, returned speedily to Rome, without having effected any thing, and carried a multitude of slaves, dressed like Germans, in triumph to the city. Agricola's victories exciting his jealousy, he recalled that general to Rome, and kept him in total inactivity. At the same time, he spread terror through Rome by the execution of a great number of the first citizens. He gave himself up to every excess, and to the meanest avarice. He at last conceived the mad idea of arrogating divine honors to himself, assumed the titles of Lord and God, and claimed to be a son of Minerva. His principal amusement consisted in the shows of the circus. In the year 86, the bloody war with the Dacians began, which was carried on with various success, and terminated (A. D. 90) by a peace bought by the promise of paying a certain tribute. Notwithstanding this, Domitian celebrated a grand triumph on the occasion. The misery of the people was, meanwhile, continually increasing; and, after the revival of the law against high treason, no one was secure of his property or his life. The tyrant once made a feast, on purpose to terrify the senators and knights. They were assembled in a dark hall, in which were coffins, with the names of the individuals invited inscribed upon them; suddenly the doors opened, and a troop of naked men, painted black, with drawn swords and blazing torches, rushed in, and danced about the guests, until the emperor had sufficiently enjoyed their terror, when he dismissed the supposed executioners. The fears of the tyrant increased his cruelty. A paper fell into the hands of his wife, the intamous Domitia, in which she found her

own name, and those of the two commanders of the pretorian guards, noted down by the emperor, with many others, to be sacrificed. This discovery induced her to conspire against him, and to murder him in his chamber, A. D. 96. He had reigned 15 years, and was 45 years old. Domitian built the most magnificent temple in Rome.

DOMREMY LA PUCELLE; the birth-place of Joan of Arc (q. v.); a small village in the department of the Vosges, in France, not far from Vaucouleurs, in the department of the Meuse, in a fruitful region. The house is still shown here in which the heroine was born. In the neighborhood is the monument erected to her memory by the prefect of the department of the Vosges, with her marble bust, which was solemnly consecrated, Sept. 10, 1820. A free school is established there, for the instruction of girls. (See the description, in the Hist. abrégée de la Vie et des Exploits de Jeanne d'Arc, par Jollois (with engravings, 1821, folio).

DoN, the Tanais of the ancients, a river of European Russia, rising in the small lake of Ivan Ozero, in the government of Toula, has a course of about 880 miles, generally from north to south, passes Azoph, and falls into the sea, two leagues below this place. Many large rivers empty into the Don, and its valley is one of the most extensive in Europe. A canal, dug by Peter the Great, in 1707, connects the Volga and the Don, by the help of intermediate rivers. It is intended to dig another canal between the Don and Volga, which, in the 49th parallel of latitude, are distant from each other 33 leagues only; and thus a communication would be easy between the sea of Azoph and the Caspian. (For information respecting the Cossacks of the Don, see the article Cossacks.)

DON (Spanish, from the Latin dominus). In Naples, however, the Spanish fashion of giving every gentleman the title of don became common during the time when that country was under the government of Spain. In the north of Italy, it is given only to ecclesiastics.

DONATISTS; the followers of Donatus, a Numidian bishop, who, with his friends, refusing, in 311, in a contested election of a bishop, to recognise the Traditors (i. e. the ecclesiastics who had given up the sacred books to the heathen magistrates, during the periods of persecution) as eligible to office in the church, quitted the Roman church, with his friends, and founded a peculiar sect, which refused to

receive Christians of other sects, without a second baptism. These schismatics prevailed in the Christian provinces of northern Africa, and, in 330, numbered 172 bishops of their persuasion. Their strictness was increased by the adoption of the Novatian principle of excommunicating apostates, or gross offenders, and declaring the most perfect blamelessness of life and doctrine essential to the members of the true church-a principle afterwards adopted by the Catholics. The Donatists made themselves formidable, when swarms of fanatical peasants, infamed by their doctrines, in 348, under the name of Circumcelliones, attacked the imperial army, sent to convert them by force, and, in Mauritania and Numidia, for 13 years after, desolated the land with pillage and murder. Martyrdom was eagerly sought by them, and they voluntarily gave themselves up to the Catholics, to be executed. This sect, which flourished in the fourth and fifth centuries, was finally extinguished when the country was conquered by the Saracens.

DONATUS, Ælius; a Roman grammarian and commentator (e. g., on Terence), who lived in the 4th century. He wrote an elementary work on the Latin language (De octo Partibus Orationis), which served as a guide to the learning of Latin in the middle ages. It was not till a recent period that it was superseded by more judicious grammars. It was one of the first books printed by Guttenberg.

DONAU. (See Danube.)

DON GRATUIT; a free gift, bestowed by the subject on the sovereign, in extraordinary cases, especially in countries where the prince can levy no new tax without the consent of the estates. For example, the ancient French provinces, in which the representation of the estates existed, viz., Burgundy, Provence, Languedoc, Brittany, Artois, and the kingdom of Navarre, granted the king a tax as a don gratuit. This used to be the case, formerly, in the Austrian Netherlands, and in the German ecclesiastical principalities having similar representative governments.

DONJON, in fortification, signifies a strong tower or redoubt, in old fortresses, whither the garrison could retreat in case of necessity.

DONNE, John, D. D., a celebrated poet and divine, was the son of a merchant of London, in which city he was born in 1573. He studied both at Oxford and Cambridge, and was then entered at Lincoln's Inn. His parents were Catholics; but, in his 19th year, he abjured the Cath

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olic religion, and became secretary to the lord chancellor Ellesmere. He continued in that capacity five years; but finally lost his office by a clandestine marriage with his patron's niece. The young couple were, in consequence, reduced to great distress. At length, his father-in-law relented so far as to give his daughter a moderate portion; and they were lodged in the house of sir Robert Drury, in London, whom Donne accompanied in his embassy to Paris. On his return, he complied with James's wish, by taking orders, and was soon after made one of his chaplains. He immediately received fourteen offers of benefices from persons of rank, but preferred settling in London, and was made preacher of Lincoln's Inn. In 1619, he accompanied the earl of Doncaster in his embassy to the German princes. He was chosen prolocutor to the convocation in 1623—4; and, in consequence of a dangerous illness, soon after wrote a religious work, entitled Devotions upon emergent Occasions. He died in March, 1631, and was interred in St. Paul's. As a poet, and the precursor of Cowley, Donne may be deemed the founder of what doctor Johnson calls the metaphysical class of poets: abounding in thought, this school generally neglected versification, and that of doctor Donne was peculiarly harsh and unmusical. He wrote Latin verse with much elegance, of which a collection was published in 1633. Of his prose works, one of the most remarkable is that entitled Biathanatos, to prove that suicide is not necessarily sinful, which he never published himself, but which found its way to the press after his death. His style is quaint and pedantic; but he displays sound learning, deep thinking, and originality of manner. Besides the works already mentioned, he wrote the Pseudo Martyr (4to., 1610), Letters, Sermons, Essays on Divinity, and other pieces.

DONNER, George Raphael; a sculptor, born in Lower Austria, 1680. He was, at first, a goldsmith. He received his earliest instructions in art from John Giuliani, a sculptor of the neighborhood, and, from 1726, devoted himself entirely to sculpture. Donner's works, in many Austrian churches and palaces, are masterpieces. The beautiful statues, which form one of the finest ornaments of the fountain in the new market-place at Vienna, and the statue of Charles VI, at Breitenfurt, are particularly admired. He died at Vienna, Feb. 16, 1741.

DON QUIXOTE. (See Cervantes.)
DOPPELMAYR, John Gabriel; a mathe-

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matician, born in 1671, at Nuremberg. He travelled through Holland and England, and received a mathematical professorship at Nuremberg, which he held 46 years. He published mathematical, geographical and astronomical works, among which his celestial atlas has spread his name the farthest (Atlas cœlestis, with 30 astronomical tables, Nuremberg, 1743, folio). He gained the esteem of Leibnitz, was received into several learned societies, and died in 1759; or, according to some accounts, in 1750. In Will's Nuremberg Literary Lexicon, there is a catalogue of his works on dialling, experimental physics, astronomy, &c. Doppelmayr's Account of the Nuremberg Mathematicians and Artists (Nuremberg, 1730, folio), is an important work in respect to literary history. It contains interesting notices of the geographical discoveries of Martin Behaim. (See Behaim.)

DORAT, Claude Joseph; a poet, born in 1734, at Paris. He renounced the study of law, and afterwards the military service, into which he had entered as a musketeer, and devoted himself entirely to poetry. Among his earlier works are his tragedies and heroides. Though the latter were received with much applause, he was little fitted for this sort of poetry. His dramatical works were unsuccessful. He has succeeded better in songs, tales and poetical epistles, and in these departments he is still in high estimation. Owing to his vanity in causing his works to be published with the greatest splendor, he wasted a considerable part of his property. He died at Paris, April 24, 1780. His works appeared at Paris complete in 20 vols. His Œuvres choisies were published in 1786, 3 vols., 12mo. For several years he was editor of the Journal des Dames.

DOREE. (See Dory.)

DORF; a very common syllable at the end of German names, signifying village; as, Altdorf, Düsseldorf.

DORIA; one of the oldest and most powerful families of Genoa. The annals of this republic do not reach further back than the year 1100; but, even at this period, we find the Doria family in the highest offices of the state. Four of them were distinguished admirals before the 14th century. The most celebrated of the whole family was Andrew Doria, born at Oneglia, in 1468. He gained renown when but a youth, by his heroic conduct against the pirates and Corsicans, and, in 1524, was made admiral of the French galleys by Francis I. Receiving some

offence from the French, he went over to the Spanish-Austrian party, and thereby prevented the progress of the French arms in Italy. This great naval hero was the deliverer of his country. Since 1339, Genoa had been governed by a chief magstrate, called the doge, whose office lasted for life; but the constitution was so disordered, and party spirit so violent, that sometimes the state, sometimes one of the parties in it, was compelled to seek protection from a foreign power, which usually became the oppressor of the whole. Thus Genoa was, at one time, under the yoke of Milan or Austria; at another time, of France. In 1528, France had possession of Genoa, when Doria surprised the city, drove out the French without bloodshed, received the title of father and deliverer of his country, and established an improved constitution. Only 28 noble families were allowed to be eligible to the highest offices, which were annually filled anew. The doge and his council presided over the affairs of state, and were chosen at the end of every two years. The great Doria, however, failed in remedying the oppressions and evils of aristocracy; and many of his institutions were changed by a statute, in 1576, on which the future constitution was based. Notwithstanding Doria held the office of doge for life, he again entered the naval service of Charles V, contended with brilliant success against the Turks and Corsairs, and died in 1560, at the age of 93. Noble as was the character of this great man, and honored as he was by the Genoese, several conspiracies were yet formed against him, of which that of Fiesco (q. v.) was the most dangerous; but they were suppressed by his address and decision.

DORIC; belonging to the Dorian race, or of a quality or style common in that race. The Dorians, one of the four great branches of the Greek nation, derive their name from Dorus, the son of Hellen. They dwelt first in Estiæotis, were then driven by the Perrhæbi into Macedonia, forced their way into Crete, where the lawgiver Minos sprang from them, built the four Dorian towns (Dorica Tetrapolis) at the foot of mount Œta, between Thessaly, Ætolia, Locris and Phocis, and subsequently, together with the Heraclidæ, made a settlement in the Peloponnesus, where they ruled in Sparta. Colonies emigrated from them to Italy, Sicily and Asia Minor. The four chief cities of the Greek race were distinguished from each other by marked peculiarities of dialect, manners and government; and the Dori

ans were the reverse of the Ionians. The Doric manner always retained the antique style, and with it something solid and grave, but, at the same time, hard and rough. The Doric dialect was broad and rough; the Ionic, delicate and smooth; yet there was something venerable and dignified in the antique style of the former; for which reason it was often made use of in soleinn odes, e. g., in hymns and in choruses, which belonged to the liturgy of the Greeks. The Cretan and Spartan legislative codes of Minos and Lycurgus were much more rigid than the mild Athenian institutions of Solon. The Spartan women wore the light, tucked up hunting dress, while the Ionian females arrayed themselves in long, sweeping garments. Both have been idealized by artists; the one in Diana and her nymphs, the other in Pallas Athene and the Canephora. The same contrast appears no less strikingly in their architecture, in the strong, unadorned Doric, and the slender, elegant Ionian columns. (See Orders of Architecture.) In the music of the ancients there was also a Dorian mode. (See Music.)

DORIGNY; the name of several celebrated engravers and painters:-1. Michael Dorigny, born at St. Quentin, in 1618, a scholar of Simon Vouet, whose works he etched, and whose faults in drawing he copied. His style of execution is bold, and his management of light and shade good. He died while professor of the academy at Paris, in 1665.—2. His son Louis, born in 1654, entered the school of Lebrun, and made a journey to Italy, where he copied the great masters. From Venice he went to Verona, where he settled, and died in 1742.-3. Nicholas, the brother of the latter, born in 1657, at Paris, is the most celebrated engraver of the three here noticed. He spent 28 years in Italy, in studying the most illustrious masters, and 8 in engraving the famous cartoons of Raphael, at Hampton court, for which he received the honor of knighthood from king George I. In 1725, he became a member of the academy at Paris, and died in 1746. One of his best engravings, besides his cartoons, is the Transfiguration, from Raphael, and the Apotheosis of St. Petronilla, after Guercino. His engraving is easy and strong, and the work of the needle and the graver happily united.

DORIS. (See Nereus.)

DORMANT state of animals. We are all accustomed to see a large part of creation, during summer, in great activity, and in

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winter returning to an apparently inanimate state: we mean the plants; but this phenomenon is not common in the case of animals. There is, however, a small number of animals, which, besides the daily rest that they have in common with most other animals, remain, during some months in the year, in an apparently lifeless state; at least, in utter inactivity. Except the hedgehog and the bat, all the mammalia subject to this dormant state, belong to the class of digitated animals. They are found not only in cold climates, but in very warm ones; for instance, the jerboa in Arabia, and the taurick in Madagascar. The period of long sleep generally begins when the food of the animal begins to become scarce, and inactivity spreads over the vegetable kingdom. Instinct, at this time, impels the animals to seek a safe place for their period of rest. The bat hides itself in dark caves, or in walls of decayed buildings. The hedgehog envelopes himself in leaves, and generally conceals himself in fern-brakes. Hamsters and marmots bury themselves in the ground, and the jumping-mouse of Canada and the U. States encloses itself in a ball of clay. At the same time, these singular animals roll themselves together in such a way that the extremities are protected against cold, and the abdominal intestines, and even the windpipe, are compressed, so that the circulation of the blood is checked. Many of them, especially the gnawers, as the hamster and Norway rat, collect, previously to their period of sleep, considerable stores of food, on which they probably live until sleep overpowers them. In this period we observe in the animals, first, a decrease of animal heat, which, in the case of some, is diminished 20°, with others, 40° to 50° Fahrenheit; yet it is always higher than the temperature of the atmosphere in the winter months. If these animals are waked during winter, they soon recover their natural warmth, and this artificial awaking does not injure them. Secondly, animals in the dormant state breathe much slower and more interruptedly than at other times. Some will remain even a quarter of an hour without any respiration; and animals in this state seldom breathe more than once in a minute. Hence they corrupt the surrounding air much less than if their respiration was free. Of course, the heart moves proportionally slow. With the hamster, it only beats 15 times a minute, whilst, in a waking state, it beats 115 times a minute. The irritability of the animals is very low; and

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hamsters in this state have been dissected, which only now and then gasped for air, or, at least, opened the mouth; and on which sulphuric acid, put on their intestines, had little or no effect. Marmots can be awakened only by powerful electric shocks. The digestion is also diminished; the stomach and intestines are usually empty; and, even if the animals are awakened, they do not manifest symptoms of appetite, except in heated rooms. The causes of the dormant state of animals have generally been sought in a peculiar construction of the organs. It is true, that the veins in such animals are usually much wider and larger than in others; hence the arteries can exert comparatively little activity. The great vena cava also not merely opens into the right auricle of the heart, but divides itself into two considerable branches; and the thymus gland, which, in the foetus, is so large, is also very extensive in this species of animals. The immediate cause, however, producing this torpidity, is mostly, if not entirely, the cold. The animals of this species fall into this sleep in the middle of summer, if they are exposed to a cold temperature; on the other hand, they remain awake during winter, if they are brought, towards autumn, into a warm room. Yet they fall asleep if the heating of the room is discontinued for some time. In the case of some of them, confined air produces the sleep; thus a hamster may be made to sleep very easily if it is put into a vessel which is buried deep under ground. Among the birds, some of the swallows are subject to a similar sleep. The swift (hirundo apus) is not only found in the crevices of walls, but also in morasses, in a dormant state, during winter; and many have concluded from this that all swallows pass the winter in this state, which is incorrect, as they are known to be birds of passage. Most probably those swallows which have been found in a dormant state, were prevented from emigrating by accident, and became torpid in their retreat, through cold. In a similar way, young cuckoos have been found torpid in the water, though this state is by no means natural to them. With frogs and other amphibious reptiles, the dormant state is very common. As soon as the temperature of the atmosphere sinks under 50° Fahrenheit, the number of pulsations of the heart is diminished from 30 to 12 in a minute. If, in this state, food is put into the stomach by force, it remains undigested for a long time. Frogs, serpents and lizards, kept in artificial cold, may remain for years in this

state: hence they have been sometimes found enclosed in stones, in which they have been, perhaps, for centuries. The other lower animals, as snails, insects, &c., are also subject to a similar torpidity. A state of partial torpor takes place in the case of the common bear and the raccoon. The bear begins to be drowsy in November, when he is particularly fat, and retires into his den, which he has lined with moss, and where he but rarely awakes in winter. When he does awake, he is accustomed to lick his paws, which are without hair, and full of small glands; hence the belief that he draws his nourishment only from them. The badger also sleeps the greater part of the winter.

DORMOUSE (myoxus, Gm. Cuv.); a genus of mammiferous quadrupeds, of the order glires (L.). These little animals, which appear to be intermediate between the squirrels and the mice, inhabit temperate and warm countries, and subsist entirely on vegetable food. They have not the activity and sprightliness of the squirrel, but, like that animal, can ascend trees in search of their food, which they carefully store up for their winter consumption. This, however, is not great, as, during the rigor of winter, they retire to their retreats, and, rolling themselves up, fall into a torpid or lethargic state, which lasts, with little interruption, throughout that gloomy season.

Tota mihi dormitur hyems, et pinguior illo
Tempore sum, quo me nil nisi somnus alit.
Mart. Lib. xiii. Ep. 39.

Sometimes they experience a short revival, in a warm, sunny day, when they take a little food, and then relapse into their former condition. During this torpidity, their natural heat is considerably diminished. They make their nests of grass, moss and dried leaves, about six inches in diameter, and open only from above. The number of young is generally three or four.

Their pace is a kind of leap, in which, it is said, they are assisted by their tails. Like the jerboa, whilst feeding, they sit upright, and carry the food to their mouth with their paws. When they are thirsty, they do not lap, like most other quadrupeds, but dip their fore feet, with the toes bent, into the water, and thus carry it to their mouths. They are distinguished from all the rest of the gnawers, by the want of the cæcum, and large intestines. They were esteemed a great delicacy by the Romans, who had their gliraria, or places in which they were kept and fattened for the table.