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Among the best sources for the current statistics of Europe, we would mention the Genealogischer Historischer und Statisiischer Almanach, an annual, published at Weimar, and established by the celebrated geographer Hassel. This is a work of much merit in many respects. For English statistics, the Companion to the British Almanac, published annually by the society for the diffusion of useful knowledge, is of great value.

EURYALE; 1. queen of the Amazons.2. A daughter of Minos.-3. A daughter of Prœtus, king of Argos.-4. See Gorgons.

EURYALUS; 1. one of the Greek herocs at the siege of Troy.-2. One of the companions of Æneas, famous for his friendship with Nisus, with whom he was killed, after having forced his way with him into the enemy's camp. VIRGIL, Eneid, IX. 175.

EURYDICE. Among the many women of antiquity who bore this name, the most celebrated is the wife of Orpheus, who died by the bite of a serpent. Her husband, inconsolable for her loss, descended to the lower world, and, by the charms of his lyre, moved the infernal deities to grant him permission to bring her back. This they granted, on condition that he would not look round upon her till he had reached the upper world. Forgetting his promise, he looked back, and lost her forever. This story has often formed a fine subject for poets.

EURYNOME; the daughter of Oceanus; according to Hesiod, the mother of the Graces. (q. v.)

EUSEBIA (Greek); piety; in the modern allegorical sense, the presiding genius of theology.

EUSEBIUS, surnamed Pamphilus, the father of ccclesiastical history, born at Cæsarea, in Palestine, about 270, A. D., died about 340, and was the most learned man of his time. He was a presbyter, and, in 314, was appointed bishop in his native city. He was at first opposed to the Arians, but afterwards became their advocate, and with them condemned the doctrines of Athanasius. His ecclesiastical history, written, like his other works, in Greek, is contained in 10 books, and extends from the birth of Christ to 324 (the best editions are that of Valesius, Paris, 1639, fol, and that of Reading, Canterbury, 1720, fol.). Of his Chronicon, with the exception of some fragments of the original, we have only an Armenian translation, and the Latin version of Jerome. Besides these, there are yet

extant, 15 books of his Præparatio Evangelica, which is particularly valuable for the extracts it contains from lost philosophical works. Of the 20 books of his Demonstratio Evangelica, in which he shows the superiority of Christianity to Judaism, we have only 10 imperfectly preserved; and, finally, a life, or rather eulogium, of Constantine. Notices of his life may be found in the above quoted edition of Valesius. Danz, Möller and Kessner have written briefly on his value and credibility as a historian.

EUSTACHI, Bartolomeo, a physician and anatomist, born at San Severino, in the mark of Ancona, studied Latin, Greek and Arabic at Rome, and devoted himself to the various departments of medical science, more particularly those which relate to the structure of the human body, and was made physician to the cardinals Carlo Borromeo, and Giulio della Rovera; he was also appointed professor in the institution della Sapienza, at Rome. There is hardly any part of anatomical science which he did not enrich by profound researches or important discoveries. Some of the parts discovered by him have received their names from him: thus the canal that unites the internal ear with the back part of the mouth, is called the eustachian tube; so also the eustachian valve of the heart. Among his works are his Tabule anatomica, quas e Tenebris tandem vindicatas, et Pontificis Clementis XI Munificentia Dono acceptas, Præfatione Notisque illustravit Joannes-Maria Lancisi (Rome, 1714, fol.). This work is remarkable as containing excellent drawings of the human body, which were executed in 1552, but not discovered and published till a much later period. The text has never been found. Albinus published an excellent commentary on these tables (Leyden, 1743, fol.). Another of his works, De Anatomicorum Controversüs, is also lost. Besides these, we have many other valuable works by him. Boerhaave published an edition of them at Leyden, 1707, which was reprinted at Delft, 1736. Eustachi died at Rome, 1574.

EUSTATHIUS, a commentator on Homer and the geographer Dionysius, originally a monk, afterwards deacon, and finally, 1155, archbishop of Thessalonia. He died after 1194. Though not very enlightened in his theological views, he was deeply read in the classics, and a man of extensive erudition, as appears from his commentaries compiled from the old scholiasts, of which that on Homer, in particular, is an inexhaustible mine of

philological learning (Rome, 1542-50, 4 vols. fol., and Bale, 1559-60, 3 vols. fol., new edition, Leipsic, by Weigel, commenced in 1825, 4to.).

EUSTATIA, ST., one of the Leeward islands, fifteen miles south-east of Saba, and eight north-west of St. Christopher's, is a huge rock, rising out of the waves, in the form of a pyramid, 29 miles in circumference. Sugar, cotton and maize are raised here; but the principal production is tobacco, which is cultivated on the sides of the pyramid, to its very top. There is but one landing place, and that, though difficult of access, is strongly fortified. The number of inhabitants is 18,000, of whom 4000 are whites, chiefly Dutch, and 14,000 negroes. The Dutch made the first settlement on this island about the year 1600. In the year 1665, it was captured by an English expedition. The French, however, soon afterwards expelled the British, and restored it to the Dutch in 1667. The English retook it in 1689, and restored it on the termination of the war in 1697. In 1781, a large naval and military force, under admiral Rodney, compelled the inhabitants, who were incapable of defence, to submit at discretion. The English commanders, under the pretence that the people of the island had supplied the U. States with naval stores, confiscated all private property, and, at one blow, reduced the unfortunate inhabitants to poverty. In the same year, however, the island was retaken by a small body of French troops, under the cominand of the marquis de Bouille. St. Eustatia was again attacked by the English in 1809, and compelled to submit; but, in 1814, the Dutch government was restored.

EUTERPE; one of the muses, considered as presiding over music, because the invention of the flute is ascribed to her. She is usually represented as a virgin crowned with flowers, having a flute in her hand, or with various instruments about her. As her name denotes, she is the inspirer of pleasure. (See Muses.)

EUTHANASIA; a gentle, easy, happy death. Wieland gave this name to one of his works.

EUTROPIUS, Flavius; a Latin historian, who, as he himself informs us, bore arms under the emperor Julian. The place of his birth and his history are unknown to us. He flourished about 360 A. D. His abridgment of the history of Rome (Breviarium Historia Romana) reaches from the foundation of the city to the time of the emperor Valens, to whom

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it is dedicated. The style, though not finished, is perspicuous. The most esteemed editions are those of Havercamp (Leyden, 1729), Verseik (Leyden, 1762, 2 vols.), and Tzschucke (Leipsic, 1804).

EUXINE (Pontus Euxinus); the ancient name for the Black sea.

EVAN; a surname of Bacchus. (See Bacchus.)

EVANGELICAL. The king of Prussia has endeavored, for some time past, to unite his Lutheran and Calvinist subjects. There was, in fact, little difference in the faith of many of the two denominations; many of the Calvinists, or the Reformed, as they are called in Germany, not holding to predestination and several other Calvinistic points; and many of the Lutherans having not adhered to the doctrine of consubstantiation. Not a few, however, still adhere strictly to the tenets of their different sects. To assist the union, as it was styled, the Lord's supper is now adminis tered uniformly, in all Protestant churches, throughout the kingdom, viz.: unleayened bread is used in the rite. If any Lutheran, however, wishes to receive the host in the old way, he may have it, because the sacrament in all Lutheran churches is administered in this form likewise. Calvinist preachers, or rather such as were formerly Calvinists, are now often appointed in Lutheran churches, and vice versa. This union has had some salutary influences; but the question may be reasonably asked, What is the character of the two sects in their present state? Have they given up or become indifferent to the important points of distinction which formerly existed between them? Nothing, in this respect, has been settled. In the public documents, the words Lutheran or Calvinist are never used at present, evangelical being substituted in the room of both. The king even went so far, a few years ago, as to prohibit the use of the word Protestant, in any publication, and ordered the term evangelical to be employed, on occasion of a theological controversy which had attracted his majesty's attention.

EVAPORATION is the conversion of liquid and solid bodies into elastic fluids, by the influence of caloric. Expose, for instance, water to heat, bubbles at first adhere to the sides of the vessel, which, by degrees, ascend to the surface, and burst. These bubbles rise the more rapidly in proportion to the heat. Water is evaporated by the heat of the sun merely, and even without this in the open air, and the vapor, rising into the air, is condensed

into clouds. The general cause of evaporation is caloric; but different substances require different degrees of it. Water is particularly subject to evaporation. It evaporates at a very low temperature, and, from the immense quantity which is spread over the earth, it may be inferred, with great probability, that the most important changes in our atmosphere are occasioned by it. Instruments have been invented to measure the evaporation of water (see Atmometer), but the results are uncertain. If we assume, as experiments justify, that the annual evaporation averages 30 inches (i. e. that the vapor, if reconverted into water, would cover the surface from which the evaporation took place, to a height of 30 inches), then, the surface of all the waters on our earth being assumed at 128,000,000 of geographical miles, 60,000 cubic miles of water would be annually changed into vapor; and the amount will be still greater, if we add to it the evaporation from moist earth and from the watery parts of the vegetable and animal kingdoms. In summer, evaporation is generally much greater than in winter; yet it is not so inconsiderable in cold weather as we might suppose from the small quantity of caloric then sensible. Even in the polar circles, it does not entirely cease; for ice evaporates in the open air. To account for the phenomenon of evaporation, two hypotheses have been formed; that it is a conversion of fluids into elastic vapor by their union with caloric, or that it is a real solution of the fluids in the air. The latter theory has been opposed, particularly by De Luc. He maintains that, in evaporation, water combines with caloric, without being dissolved in the air. The principal argument in support of this theory is, that cold is generated by the evaporation of a liquid. Cold is only the absence or consumption of caloric. If now, in evaporation, caloric is consumed, i. e., is combined with the evaporated water, this consumption must

generate a sensible cold. De Luc further maintains, that the air, so far from contributing to evaporation, prevents it by its pressure. If this pressure is removed, the same quantity of water requires far less caloric to evaporate it; for experiments show that water evaporates more rapidly in a vacuum than in the air, and Saussure says, that at the same degree of the thermometer and hygrometer. the evaporation on mountains, where the air is of three times less density, is more than double that in the valleys. Later experiments render it still more evident, that a dissolving power of air is not necessary to change water into an elastic vapor, since, otherwise, it could not be produced in a vacuum. Such a dissolving power in the air, however, is absolutely required to effect a uniform mixture of this vapor with air; otherwise, from the difference of the specific gravities of the two fluids, a separation must ensue, of which we have no experience; and we find ourselves compelled to regard the union of the expansive vapor with the air as a true solution of the one in the other. De Luc developed the first view in the Nouvelles Idées sur la Météorologie (London, 1786, 2 vols.), while the solvent power was maintained to be the cause of evaporation by Hube, in his treatise On Evaporation (Leipsic, 1790). (See Perspiration.)

Artificial Evaporation is a chemical process, usually performed by applying heat to any compound substance, in order to separate the volatile parts. It differs from distillation, its object being chiefly to preserve the more fixed matters, while the volatile substances are allowed to escape. Accordingly, the vessels in which these two operations are performed, are different; evaporation being commonly made to take place in open, shallow vessels, and distillation in an apparatus nearly closed from the external air.

EVE. (See Adum.)

DOMICIL, in law. By the term domicil, in its ordinary acceptation, is meant the place where a person lives, or has his home. In this sense, the place where a person has his actual residence, inhabitancy or commorancy is sometimes called his domicil. In a strict and legal sense, that is properly the domicil of a person, where he has fixed his true, permanent home, and principal establishment, and to which, whenever he is absent, he has the intention of returning (animus revertendi). The Roman law stated it thus: In eodem loco singulos habere domicilium non ambigitur, ubi quis larem rerumque ac fortunarum suarum summam constituit, unde cursus non sit discessurus si nihil avocet; unde, cum profectus est, peregrinari videtur; quod si rediit, peregrinari jam destitit. (Cod. Lib. 10, tit. 39, l. 7.) In the French law, some of its best writers define it thus: Le domicile est le lieu ou une personne jouissant de ses droits, établit sa demesne et le siége de sa fortune (Denizart, article Domicile); or, as the Encyclopédie Moderne (article Domicile) expresses it, C'est, à proprement parler, l'endroit ou l'on a placé le centre de ses affaires. Vattel (B. Î, ch. xix, § 22) seems to define it to be a fixed residence in any place, with an intention of always staying there. This is not quite accurate. It would be more correct to say, that that place is the home or domicil of a person, in which his habitation is fixed, without any present intention of removing therefrom (10 Mass. R. 488). The question of domicil is often one of great difficalty and nicety, and so dependent upon circumstances, that, as it has been observed by lord Stowell (2 Rob. 322), it is hardly capable of being defined by any general, precise rules. It is compounded partly of matter of fact and partly of law. It is often a mere question of intention;

sometimes of express intention, and some times of presumptive intention, from acts and conduct. The mere dwelling or residence in a place is not, of itself, sufficient to make it the domicil of the party. He must be there with the intention of remaining (animo manendi). The act of residence must be coupled with the intention of making it the real, substantial home of the party, excluding all others. If, therefore, a person, having his home in one place, go to another for temporary purposes, but with an intention to return, his domicil is not changed by such absence; nor does he acquire a new domicil in the place of such temporary residence. If a person go on a voyage to sea, or to a foreign country for health or pleasure, or business of a temporary nature, with an intention to return, no one spposes his domicil to be changed thereby. But, sometimes, where there has been a removal for temporary purposes at first, there may be engrafted on it, subsequently, an intention of permanent residence. And, in many instances, therefore, where we are called upon to decide upon questions of domicil, the length of time of the residence becomes a material ingredient. Lord Stowell has observed, that it is not unfrequently said, that if a person comes to a place for a special purpose, that shall not fix a domicil. "This," he adds, "is not to be taken in an unqualified latitude, and without some respect had to the time which such a purpose may occupy; for if the purpose be of a nature that may probably, or does actually, detain the person for a great length of time, a general residence might grow upon the special purpose. A special purpose may lead a man to a country, where it shall detain him the whole of his life." (2 Rob. Rep.

322, 324.) These remarks, again, require some qualification; for time is not absolutely decisive in such cases, if it is clear, from other circumstances, that the purpose was wholly temporary and positive. Suppose a man should go to a country in ill health, and remain there a number of years, and, during that whole period, were incapable of being removed, or of returning home, without danger to his life; if such residence were so constrained, it would not change his former domicil. The question of domicil is of very great importance, for it often regulates political and civil rights, and founds or destroys jurisdiction over the person or property. Thus, for instance, there is what is called a political domicil, which is that place where a party must exercise his political rights, duties and privileges, as his right to vote, his duty to pay taxes, &c. Then there is what is called a civil domicil, or that where he has fixed his habitual home or residence, which decides upon his civil rights, and power to acquire, alienate and dispose of property, to contract marriage, &c. Then, again, there is, or may be, a forensic domicil (forum domicilii, or place where he is to sue or be sued, and to be subjected to the exercise of the jurisdiction of judicial courts. It may, and it often does happen, that the political, civil and forensic domicil is the same; but this is a matter, not so much of general principle, as of positive legislation in different countries; and, therefore, it is often regulated, in different countries, by very different rules, sometimes by opposite rules. Some general principles, however, may assist to guide us, in cases where there is no positive legislation to govern the case. 1. The place of birth of a person is considered as his domicil, if it be at the time the home of his parents. Patris originem unusquisque sequitur. This is generally called domicilium originis (the domicil of nativity). But, if the parents were then on a visit or journey (in itinere), the home of the parents (at least if it were in the same country) would be deemed the domicil of nativity. A person born in a foreign country, while his parents are there under the allegiance of the government of the country, though they are there for temporary purposes only, is generally deemed a subject of such country, and owing allegiance to its sovereign. 2. The domicil of birth continues until a new domicil has been obtained. Infants are generally deemed incapable of changing their domicil during their minority, and, there

fore, they always retain the domicil of their parents; and if their parents change their domicil, that of the infant follows; and if the father dies, his last domicil is that of the infant. A person who is of age to choose a domicil for himself, still retains the paternal domicil, while he continues to remain with his parents. But when he is emancipated, or has acquired a domicil of his own, he no longer follows the paternal domicil. 3. The domicil of birth, also, easily reverts; and it requires fewer circumstances to establish in proof, that a party has reverted to the domicil of his nativity, or family domicil, than to establish his foreign domicil. The reason is obvious. A residence in the place of one's birth, unexplained, gives rise to a general presumption, that it is of permanent choice; because an affection for such a place, and a desire to abide there, are so commonly found among all classes of persons. 4. The domicil of a married woman follows that of her husband. This results from the general principle, that a person who is under the authority and power of another, possesses no right to choose a domicil. 5. By the civil law, minors retain, as we have seen, the domicil of their parents; and the same principle is said to apply, in that law, to the case of persons insane, or non compos mentis, whether they are under guardianship or not; for the guardian has no power to change their domicil, as it may change the order of succession to their estates. But it has been said that our law is different, and that a guardian may change the domicil of his ward, if he chooses. (9 Mass. R. 543; 5 Pick. R. 20.) But this is a point which deserves very grave consideration, and does not seem universally settled, as a part of the common law. (See Guier v. O'Daniel, 1 Binney, 352, note; Somerville v. Somerville, 5 Vesey jr., 787; Pottinger v. Wightman, 3 Meriv. R. 67.) 6. Primá facie, the place where a person lives is taken to be the place of his domicil, until other facts establish the contrary. 7. Every person of full age having a right to change his domicil, it follows, that if he removes to another place, with the intention to remain (animo manendi), the latter instantaneously becomes his place of domicil. It is of no consequence, in such a case, how short his residence may have been; for it is the fact, coupled with the intention, that settles his domicil, and here both are unequivocal. 8. If a person has actually removed to another place, with an intention of remaining