of which displays an inscription of that period. Nevertheless it probably points out what was the original outwork as designed by Pericles. There are traces which indicate that there was a carriage approach from the S., immediately westward of the tower, on which the temple of Victory without Wings is placed, at which point the southern wall of the acropolis in ancient times would seem to have ended. Such is the opinion of Mr. Rousopoulos. Here has been the sole entrance in modern times until the excavations above mentioned opened anew the western gate. There was also the foot entrance and stair to the N., which has been already described, and which opened upon the principal staircase just behind the great pedestal. The outer walls of the Propylæa being thrown so far in front of it, and therefore on a much lower level, were enabled to be carried to a sufficient height for defence, without obscuring the building; so that the whole front and a considerable portion, if not the whole, of the staircase could be seen from places at a moderate distance, especially from the adjacent eminences. From the Pnyx the Athenian orators more than once pointed to it, and alluded to its imposing effect. As a visitor drew near to the Acropolis from the W., he would have around him the many interesting objects which filled the eastern extremity of the Agora. At this point the temple of Æsculapius, and the statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, very near to the entrance to the Acropolis, would especially claim his attention. Or if he approached by the carriage way from the S., before he reached the Propylæa, he would leave on his right hand what has generally been considered to be the temple of Tellus and Ceres; of which the two niches under the tower, surmounted by the small Ionic temple, have been supposed to have formed the adytum. If the visitor approached from the N., he would have gained the narrow and steep footway near the cave sacred to Apollo and Pan, as we have seen, and passing immediately under the northern wing of the Propylæa, would have emerged at the foot of the great staircase, behind the outworks, and the great pedestal. In any case, coming upon the Propylæa, he would have been overwhelmed with the magnificence of the scene before him. Other buildings may have exceeded this in size, but none in beauty and in the "artificial infinite" obtained by harmony of proportion, which, in this instance, is especially remarkable in the relation of the architecture of the wings to that of the central portico. He would have stood at the bottom of the flight of marble steps 70 ft. across, with the main portico, or Propylæa, in front; the Pinacotheca, or painted chamber on the 1.; the exquisite small Ionic temple of the Wingless Victory standing a little in advance of the rt. wing, which, being less complete than the Pinacotheca, but for this addition would not quite have balanced it in effect. All was adorned with painting on the walls and ceilings, with groups of sculpture between the columns, but there was no sculpture on the architecture itself, with the exception of the temple of Victory. The passage between the great central stairs and the walls of this temple was protected by a balustrade-still complete-a portion of which is the marble known by the name of the celebrated headless statue of Victory which is now in the temple. This admirable scene would have produced an effect which it must vainly tax the imagination to reproduce. It is hard, even with the help of the N. wing-fortunately tolerably perfect,-to reconstruct mentally the columns on their shattered frusta, and to crown them with the entablature and pediment which they bore so late as two hundred years ago. The following description may aid the imagination in restoring this scene. (Athens and Attica,' p. 111):— "There is something of peculiar interest attached to that single door of St. Peter's Church at Rome which is opened by the hand of the Pope to admit into the church the crowds of the periodic jubilee, and at all other times remains shut. No one can look on that entrance without reflecting what a deep and strong tide of feeling has flowed through it. Here we now stand before the Propylæa of the Athenian Acropolis. Through that door in the centre of this building moved the periodic processions of the Panathenaic jubilee. The marks of their chariot wheels are still visible on the stone floor of its entrance. In the narrow space between those two ruts in the pavement, the feet of the noblest Athenians since the age of Pericles have trod. "Here, above all places at Athens, the mind of the traveller enjoys an exquisite pleasure. It seems as if this portal had been spared, in order that our imagination might see through it, as through a triumphal arch, all the glories of Athenian antiquity in visible parade. In our visions of that spectacle we would unroll the long Panathenaic frieze of Phidias, representing that spectacle, from its place in the marble walls of the cella of the Parthenon, in order that, indued with ideal life, it might move through this splendid avenue, as its originals did of old. The five gates in the transverse wall of the Propylæa formed the only public entrance into the Acropolis (there was, however, as we have seen a postern on the N. side, through the Aglaurium, and perhaps another at the extreme E.). Pausanias was told that the great pedestal on the 1. was built for "Even national enemies paid ho- equestrian statues of Gryllus and mage to the magnificence of the fabric; Diodorus, sons of Xenophon: the infor when, in the Theban assembly, scription it bears, now partly obliterEpaminondas intended to convey to ated, was perhaps afterwards substihis audience that they must struggle tuted for the original one, so as to to transfer the glory of Athens to attribute these statues to Agrippa and Thebes, he thus expressed that senti- Augustus, a mode of flattery not unment by a vivid image: 'Oh, men of common in Greece, under the Romans. Thebes, you must uproot the Pro- Cicero, whilst anxious to have a statue pylea of the Athenian Acropolis, and erected to his honour at Athens, depreplant them in front of the Cadmeian cates this practice: Equidem valde citadel.' It was this particular point ipsas Athenas amo; volo esse aliquod in the localities of Athens which was monumentum; odi falsas inscriptiones most admired by the Athenians them-statuarum alienarum. ('Athens and selves: nor is this surprising. Let us Attica,' p. 141.) The structure of this conceive such a restitution of this pedestal, of the style of masonry fabric as its surviving fragments will called by Vitruvius pseudisodomum suggest let us imagine it restored or alternately equal coursed -reto its pristine beauty; let it rise once more in the full dignity of its youthful stature; let all its architectural decorations be fresh and perfect; let their mouldings be again brilliant fers its period to about the beginning of the Christian era. It is evident, from its too great size and want of delicacy in the mouldings, that it did not form part of the original design of the Propylæa. It is, moreover, of follow. They seldom placed the apHymettian grey marble, instead of proaches in the line of the principal Pentelic. It was not long since on axis of the temple. And we should the point of crumbling to pieces, not further notice the absence of parallelbeing solidly built, but was restored; ism observable among the several though perhaps the Acropolis of buildings. Except the Propylaa and Pericles would be more easily realized Parthenon, which have a definite relawere it no longer standing. tion to each other, no two are parallel. On the rt. hand of the entrance This asymmetria not only gives an stands the Temple of Victory without individuality to each building, but Wings. Thence there is a prospect of also obviates the uniformity of too the sea; and it is thence that Egeus many parallel lines, and produces exis said to have thrown himself down quisite varieties of light and shade. A and perished, when he saw the ship happy instance of this latter effect is which carried his son Theseus return- in the Temple of Victory without ing with black sails, instead of white, Wings. The façade of this temple and which he promised to hoist if he re- the pedestal of Agrippa remain in turned safe from Crete, but which he shade for a considerable time after the forgot to do in consequence of his front of the Propylæa has been lighted amour with Ariadne. It is remark-up, and gradually receive every variety able that neither the pedestal of of light until the sun is sufficiently on Agrippa nor the Temple of Agrippa the decline to shine nearly equally are parallel with the Propylæa. The on all the western faces of the group. 1. hand or N. wing of the Propylæa, usually called the Pinacotheca, contained pictures by the celebrated painter Polygnotus, painted, no doubt, on the walls. The subjects were chiefly from the Trojan war. The inclined plane was continued through the Propylæa, and was prolonged beyond it in the direction of the interval between the two temples of Minerva, as far as the highest natural level of the hill. On either side of this main route, the surface of the Acropolis was divided into platforms It appears that the carriage-way was formed of broad slabs of marble which were roughened with cross-communicating with one another by grooves to improve the foot-hold, as the ascent is very steep. The floor of the eastern portico of the Propylæa is raised by five tall steps, 4 ft. 6 in, above that of the western. The carriage-way was carried through the central and principal gateway, and preserved a nearly uniform slope through the building. Considerable portions of it remain, and are marked with the wheel-ruts of ancient traffic. As soon as the colonnade of the Eastern portico is passed, we are in the Acropolis, with the Parthenon full in view. We should here remark, that although the front of the Propylæa is parallel to that of the Parthenon, the central axis of the former falls so much to the N. of that of the latter, that, on entering, the spectator sees the Parthenon at an angle well selected for picturesque effect. In placing their temples the Greeks teach us a lesson which it would be well oftener to steps. Upon these platforms stood the temples, sanctuaries, or monuments which occupied all the summit. Immediately after passing the Propylæa, Pausanias describes the following objects: a Mercury Propylæus, and the three Graces, by Socrates, son of Sophroniscus; a brazen lioness, a Venus, a brazen statue of Diitrephes, a Hygieia, daughter of Esculapius, and a Minerva Hygeia. The pedestal of the latter remains in situ, under the S.E. column of the eastern portico of the Propylæa; so that we may assign one of the levelled spaces, a little to the eastward, as the site of the Mercury and Graces just mentioned, by the hand of the great philosopher. Turning due S., there are some steps leading up to a platform on the rock, where probably Pausanias saw the boy in brass by Lycius, son of Myron; Perseus slaying Medusa, by Myron; the Sanctuary of Diana Brauronia, containing a statue by Praxiteles; a of the metopes in a very shattered brazen figure of the Trojan horse; five state. He must avoid a large well portrait statues; Minerva punishing or cistern, which probably received the unlucky, but impudent, Marsyas; the water from the roof of the ParTheseus and the Minotaur; four more thenon. mythological groups, and a temple containing the deity venerated by illustrious men; a statue by Clecetas; and one of which he greatly praises the execution-the Earth, imploring showers from Jupiter. These last were probably immediately to the W. of the Parthenon, where the terraces may be very clearly made out, and where in many places may be seen the grooves and sinkings by which sculptures were fixed. Pausanias seems to have passed round the north-eastern corner of the Parthenon, and entered by the proper and only entrance to the Naos or inner temple at the E. Having entered, he saw the celebrated statue of Minerva by Phidias, covered with ivory and glittering with gold ornaments, though the latter were then of a less solid character than those appended by Pericles, weighing as much as 11,500l. The statue was 27 cubits, or 40 ft. high, holding a Victory on one hand, and stood on a richly sculptured base, and was protected from injury by a railing of bronze. He saw no other statue within the Naos excepting one of Hadrian, which Athenian gratitude or flattery had placed there. There were, however, painted portraits of Themistocles, and some others. and Hammonias, together with several other vessels on a smaller scale. In this part of the Acropolis, M. Pittakys, when Conservator of the Antiquities, built several straight walls, composed of the smaller architectural fragments which have been found on the Acropolis. These, as well as other objects, are effectually preserved from being interfered with, as a soldier has orders to follow each party of visitors in their wanderings In the Pronaos, we learn from Pliny, on the Acropolis. the painter Protogenes had repreBetween the Parthenon and Erech-sented the celebrated triremes Paralus theum we may look for the sites of the statues of Timotheus, son of Conon, and of Conon himself; Procne Eastwards of the Parthenon, he saw and Itys; the contest of Athênê and a brazen statue of Apollo Parnopius Poseidon, the former with the olive, (chaser of locusts); a statue of Xanthe latter raising the waves. The last- thippus, placed there doubtless by the mentioned group was perhaps placed filial piety of Pericles, in front of his on a smoothly-levelled area, which is renowned Parthenon; one of the poet to be seen in front of the S. or Cary- Anacreon, and some other statues. atid portion of the Erechtheum. Also Some remains, with an inscription, a Jupiter, by Leochares, and another show that there was a small circular Jupiter, surnamed Polieus. It is re- temple dedicated to Augustus and markable that the boundaries of these Rome, occupying the extremity, perterraces for the most part point to-haps, of the eastern platform in front wards the great statue of Minerva Promachus, of which the base has been discovered northwards of the road leading upwards from the Propylæa. The traveller will find but little between the Parthenon and Erechtheum; the ground near the former temple is encumbered with its massive ruins produced by the devastating explosion of 1687. He will have here the best opportunity of studying the exquisite finish of the capitals and other decorative portions, and he may find a few of the Parthenon, and, it is supposed, about 90 ft. distant from it. A very interesting excavation has been made near this point. In it are to be seen a number of drums of columns; some much shattered, others apparently rough from the quarry; others partly worked, and discarded in consequence of some defect in the material. The ground about them, when first discovered, was strewed with marble chips, and some sculptors' tools a jars containing red colour were for из with them. It seems to have been one of the places where the workmen who were employed in building the Parthenon hewed out the columns; and as it was below the level of the finished terrace, these remains, after the completion of the Parthenon, were covered with made ground.* The layers of this made ground are very evident close to the Parthenon on the S. side. They are composed of chips of stone, the lowest being of the red marble of the rock of the Acropolis; the second the white marble of Pentelicus, and the upper layer of the magnesian limestone of the hills near the Piræus. The S. wall of the Acropolis, called the Cimonium, formed of squared blocks of Piraïc stone, upwards of 60 ft. in height in some places, was adorned with sculptures, extending, as we may fairly presume, from the summit over against the W. end of the Parthenon to above the Dionysiac Theatre. Near the latter point there is a portion of a marble foundation which probably belonged to some of these sculptures; they represented the Gigantomachia, or War of the Giants, the wars between the Athenians and the Amazons, the battle of Marathon, and the destruction of the Gauls by Attalus, King of Pergamus, by whom these groups were dedicated. It is recorded that, in the year of the battle of Actium, a violent wind (an element of which the energy was witnessed on the 26th of October, 1852, in the injury done to the Erechtheum, and the loss of one of the columns of the Temple of Jupiter Olympius) threw down several statues at Athens, and precipitated one of the group of the Gigantomachia into the Dionysiac Theatre; thus determining the position of that group. These sculptures doubtless played their part in the view of the S. side of the Acropolis, the magnificent effect of which is mentioned by several writers. There is little to engage attention on the S. side of the Parthenon, where *Vide the letter from Mr. Bracebridge, printed in the Appendix to Wordsworth's Athens and Attica." the whole surface is encumbered with a confused mass of ruins; or in the extreme E., where a low-walled building is being erected for the purpose of containing the various fragments of sculpture now dispersed in different parts of the Acropolis. In that quarter little has been done in the way of excavation, and only a few limestone walls have been discovered. Pausanias does not lead us to expect any thing important there. It was perhaps occupied by the dwellings of those who officiated in the mysteries or guarded the sanctuaries of the Acropolis. One should, however, go there for the view of Hymettus and the Temple of Jupiter Olympius; and on returning towards the Parthenon will be rewarded by an enchanting view of that temple. Although the western front retains its pediment, and is, generally speaking, more perfect than the eastern, the columns were so shattered in the last war, that they give no idea whatever of the beauty of this exquisite feature of the Greek Doric. In the eastern portico the columns exhibit their full perfection, and the imperceptibly curved lines of the shadows of their flutes sweep uninterruptedly from the ground. Attention should be directed to the second column from the S. in this front. It is not too much to affirm that the skill both of the architect and the workman, as exhibited in the subtle proportions and accurate execution of these columns has never been rivalled. From the Cimonium, Pausanias proceeds to the Erechtheum. In front, towards the E., was an altar of Jupiter Hypatus; one to Neptune near the entrance; others to Butes and Vulcan. The walls of the porticoes were covered with pictures. In the interior he saw a well of salt water, and a figure of Poseidôn's trident on the rock (on the supposed traces of which we shall speak hereafter), and the aboriginal olive-tree, miraculously saved when the temple was burnt by the Persians, which occupied the centre, or according to some, the Caryatid portico on the S. side of this twofold |