by Pausanias. Pausanias describes an Odeum near the Enneacrunus. A little farther up the Ilissus we reach identified with the Eleusinium men- of Ceres and Proserpine mentioned tioned by Pausanias-distinct from that connected with the great cave in the eastern part of the Acropolis rock already described-and close above it, on the 1. bank of the river, Stuart observed some traces of what he supposes to have been the temple 11. The Panathenaic Stadium. Excavations on the site of the Pan Panathenaic Stadium, Athens. athenaic Stadium, on the 1. bank of the Ilissus, commenced by some private individuals in 1869, were, owing to their great cost, discontinued until the King of the Hellenes supplied funds for recommencing them, and for the purchase of the site. They were completed in 1870. The entire length of the course was the lower extremity, and, having completed one course in a straight line (dpóuos, or σrádiov), turned round the point of curvature (KаμThр) at the higher extremity, and thus descended in a line parallel to that of his first ascent, till he arrived at the goal (BaλBis), which was a point a little to the E. of that from which he had started; thus he accomplished a double course (díavλos)."— Wordsworth. The Stadium was laid out by the orator Lycurgus (B.C. 340), who obtained the ground, which was well calculated by nature for the purpose, and from which he excavated a quantity of earth equivalent to 80,000 cubic metres, or 2,720,000 cubic feet. The wealthy Athenian citizen, He-9 in., apart. "The racer started from rodes Atticus, whose name is preserved by the Odeum underneath the S.W. end of the Acropolis, was crowned in the games in the Stadium 500 years after its completion; and he promised on this occasion to the assembled spectators that when they next should witness the celebration of the Panathenaic games they should view them in a stadium of white marble-a promise fulfilled in four years. Pausanias can scarcely find words of praise to express his sense of the beauty of the dimensions and execution of the Stadium. "The Stadium," he says, "of white marble, is wonderful to behold; its magnitude is not very easily credited by those who only hear of it, but may be imagined from this: it is a hill rising from the Ilissus, of a semicircular form in the upper part, and extending thence in two parallel right lines to the bank of the river." The bridge of three arches which led to the Stadium over the Ilissus was seen by Stuart and Revett. In 1774 it was destroyed by the Turks, who made use of the stones from it in constructing the Turkish wall of Athens. Only the abutments now remain. At 205 ft. from the Ilissus were found fragments of a wall, supposed to have been that of a hall which closed this end of the Stadium, and through an opening in which it was entered. To the E., at a considerably lower level, are the remains of a mosaic pavement, now no longer visible, and here and on the opposite side, it is supposed, were rooms for athletes. The enclosed space, of the same breadth throughout, was bounded by a partition wall, which has only remained in fragments at the semicircular end. This wall was composed of two rows of marble slabs, set one above the other, without mortar, the edges of the slabs of the upper range being rounded at the top. At the point where the semicircle meets the straight line of the wall on the E. side was found an unfluted column, supposed to have been placed there to correspond with the goal (as in modern race-courses a pole is placed opposite the goal for the convenience of the judge). Drains were, throughout the edifice, constructed to carry off the water. Many portions of these are preserved. One leads from the shaft of the column to the third goal. It is composed of Piraic stone. The drain is almost 1 ft. broad, and 10 in. deep. At the goal its direction changed, and ran, parallel to the longer axis of the course, to the Ilissus, probably receiving other drains, which were covered with slabs and earth, the utility of which would be evident in case of rain. The level | passage, 15 ft. wide and 23 ft. long, of the course was nearly a foot higher led from the corridor and terminated than that of the corridor, as shown by in two steps, where is a threshold, on the "dressed" portion of the partition which traces of door-posts were found, wall on the inside, and on the outer. and which led into a subterranean The surface had a fall of 58 in. vaulted passage, 12 ft. 6 in. wide. Its towards the river. A corridor, nearly state of ruin gives it the appearance 9 ft. 9 in. in width of passage, sur- of a natural cavern, but close observarounded the course. It was paved tion shows it to have been artificial. with marble, of which some slabs were Opposite the rounded end of the found. Beneath was a drain made of Stadium are traces of a semicircular bricks and mortar, to conduct water wall, which converted this portion from the steps by openings in the into an amphitheatre; this wall was pavement. Of these 8 were found in not composed of marble, but of rough the semicircular part. The drain is stone and bad mortar, and was apalmost wholly destroyed. parently only 1 ft. 7 in. in height. A wall 5 ft. 3 in. in height, with It is possible that this construction base and entablature, formed the sub- was merely provisional, and erected structure of the first row of seats, this in the time of Hadrian. Spartian height being necessary to enable the relates of this emperor that when he spectators to see into the interior. presided at the Panathenaic games The first row of seats was removed far he presented 1000 wild beasts to be more inwardly, to allow a free passage. hunted in the Stadium. Further inSteps, 2 ft. 7 in. in height, led from the dications of the Stadium having been corridor to the seats, of which there so used latterly are also found in were seven rows at the semicircular the holes which are apparent on the end, and eleven on either of the straight rounded top of the inclosing wall, the sides of the Stadium. The rows were purpose of which is considered to of similar construction to those of the have been the insertion of iron latticeDionysiac theatre, with the difference work, for the security of the spectators. that each one of these is supposed to In the centre of the semicircular end have been decorated at the ends near a double-headed Hermes was found, the steps with an owl. Not a single dating apparently from the 2nd or 3rd row was found complete, but their centy. B.C. The execution is rough. position was defined by the cuttings The older end, according to C. Curtius, on the hill, and three have been re-represents Dionysus, and the younger stored. It is supposed that 50,000 persons could be accommodated in the Stadium, and for the convenience of so many it is farther believed that admission to the space allotted to the spectators was attained from above, from the fact of there being traces of a wide gangway at the top. It is probable that wide steps led up the front walls to this gangway, but there are no indications of a corridor running lengthwise round the spectators' space. At the further end of this portion of the Stadium are remains of a Doric stoa, 104 ft. in length and 32 ft. in breadth. It is of rough execution, and from this stoa having occupied the best position for seeing from, it is supposed that the judges sat here. On the E. side of the semicircle a Apollo; the latter is in good preservation, owing to its having been laid undermost, whereas the other is damaged about the nose. This statue is now at the eastern private entrance of King George's palace. Destruction of the Stadium.-Blocks of marble from the Stadium may have been employed in the construction of many buildings, but that some at least of the marble was burnt for mortar on the spot was proved by three kilns being found in the Stadium, one at the entrance of the course, and two on the rt. of the course. Near one of them a fragment of a female head and part of the breast was found. Accounts dating from the 15th centy. lead to the conclusion that the Stadium loss detracts much from the grouping, especially in distant views, its vast fragments serve to give a scale to the rest. There is something mysterious in the history of this temple: begun by the Athenians in the first burst of their greatness, and carried on by the Greek princes of Asia, it was left still uncompleted by Augustus; and although, 650 years after its commencement, it was at last perfected and dedicated by Hadrian, this was not until the worship of Jupiter had ceased to be real, and had in a great measure fallen into contempt. was then much the same as it was described to be by Wordsworth, and as it remained until the date of the recent excavation. On the top of the hill to W. of the Stadium the foundations of a temple of Tyche (Fortune) are visible, but no other remains are found, excepting small fragments of fluted Ionic columns. Exactly opposite to S.E. of Stadium was the so-called monument of Herodes Atticus. Nothing of it remains but traces of the foundations. These two monuments, the front wall of the Stadium, and the bridge, all indicating similar construction, and having been executed The of similar materials, lead to the sup-destruction of the temple probably position that all of them were of the commenced at an early period, as it same date. For the exploration of does not seem to have suffered like this remnant of old Athens the world the Parthenon from any sudden catais indebted to the public spirit of strophe, but to have supplied from King George, whose liberality enabled time to time building materials to Herr Ernst Ziller to carry out the the inhabitants of Athens during the work, his description of which is dark ages. The other temples were abbreviated above. preserved by being converted into churches. This was too vast for such a use. However, when the temple was already partly ruinous, the small church of St. John, σrais KoλÓVVαIS, was built among the ruins, of which church the recently demolished rubble construction above the architrave On the side of the Ilissus opposite to that where was the Stadium were the Gardens and the Aphrodisium, or sanctuary of Venus. We have now completed our survey in the eastern direction, and return to 12. The Olympicum.-Athough the Corinthian order cannot in itself be compared in grandeur with the Doric, there is perhaps, nevertheless, among the remains of antiquity, no ruin more impressive than that before us, alluded to in the well-known lines "Here let me sit upon this massy stone, The marble column's yet unshaken base;" Here, son of Saturn! was thy fav'rite throne: Mightiest of many such! hence let me trace The latent grandeur of thy dwelling-place." It stands quite alone, and although only 15 columns are now erect (there were 16 until the storm of Oct. 26, 1852), out of the 124 which formed the porticoes and peristyles of the temple, yet their happy disposition conveys to the spectator no inadequate idea of the original size of the building. The fallen column was the middle one of the row of three at the western extremity. Although its [Greece.] of the two westernmost columns of the principal group formed a part. The measurements of the columns were given for the first time in the Principles of Athenian Architecture, to which the reader is referred for further details. The temple was decastyle, dipteral, and hypæthral. Its length on the upper step was 354 of the columns at the base was 6 ft. 4 ft., and its breadth 171. The diameter in., and the height from the pavement to the top of the capitals 55 ft. The capitals are exceedingly well carved. The abacus, or upper part of the capital, is 8 ft. square. The stones composing the architrave are of enormous size: one of them weighs about 23 tons. The foundations of this temple were laid by Pisistratus, and it is remarkable that they are planned on the curvilinear principle mentioned in our description of the Parthenon. The Pisistratida made great progress K with the work, but after their expulsion | the latter. This monument, though small, is of the greatest interest: it is the earliest authentic instance of Corinthian architecture. It was built, according to an inscription on the architrave, to commemorate that "Lysicrates, son of Lysitheides, led the chorus when the boys of the tribe of Acamantis were victorious.... when Evænetus was archon, i. e. the same year that Alexander the Great invaded Persia " (B.c. 335-4). The build it was neglected for about 400 years, and was resumed about B.C. 174, by Antiochus Epiphanes. Although he did not live to finish it, it seems to have been completed according to the design of his architect, whom Vitruvius calls Cossutius. Sylla is said to have taken to Rome some of the columns prepared for the temple. These, it is probable, were not the columns of the peristyles, but smaller, and monolith columns of rare marblesing is circular and about 8 feet in intended for the interior. Under Augustus the work was resumed with great zeal by the Greek princes of Asia, and it is most likely that the columns which remain were either of that period or of that of Antiochus; the style of work is too good for Hadrian's time. The temple was surrounded by a large peribolus, of which the southern retaining wall remains, and the other limit can be well made out. It was crowded with statues in honour of Hadrian. A fine view of the temple of Jupiter Olympius, and of the peribolus, may be obtained from the hill over against it, above the Grotto of the Nymphs. The entrance to the peribolus seems to have been through the gate of Hadrian, at the N.W. corner, and presented to the spectator the same kind of angular view that he obtained of the Parthenon as he entered the Acropolis. A similar approach has been noticed in other Greek temples. See Leake, p. 516. diameter outside the columns. It is raised on a square basement: the whole height is 34 feet. There was no access to the interior. The basreliefs upon the frieze represent the destruction of the Tyrrhenian pirates by Dionysus (Bacchus). The building has been barbarously used, but was very carefully drawn and measured by Stuart while in a more perfect state than at present. Until lately it was imbedded in a monastic edifice. Woods thus describes it:-" In rambling about to find a lodging, I passed by the monument of Lysicrates, the exquisite beauty of whose proportions and details are sadly spoilt by its present situation, where the wall of the courtyard of the monastery joins that of the monastery itself, so that one bit of it is seen in the street, one within the court, and another in the inside of the house: you may imagine how this must spoil a monument 7 feet in diameter." Pausanias tells us, "There is a street leading from the Prytaneum 13. The Arch of Hadrian is a build-called Tripodes: the place is so named ing of no great interest, although not altogether devoid of merit or elegance. The archway is 20 feet wide: the entire height about 56 feet. The inscriptions upon either side of the frieze, above the centre of the arch, describe it as dividing "Athens, the city of Theseus," from the "city of Hadrian." On the side towards the Acropolis, Aid' elo' 'Abĥvai Onoéws Tply TóAIS. Towards the Olympieum, Αἵδ ̓ εἰσ ̓ ‘Αδριανοῦ κοὐχὶ Θησέως πόλις. 14. The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates is between the arch of Hadrian and the Acropolis, a little nearer to because there are certain temples of the gods, upon which stand great tripods of brass, which, for the most part, contain works worthy of mentioned in one of them. The victorious tion" a satyr of Praxiteles is menChoragi used to dedicate the tripods they had won, either in the neighbourhood of the theatre, or in shrines the Lenæum, or Sanctuary of Bacchus, built along the street which led from round the eastern slopes of the Acropolis to the Prytaneum, a building of which no traces are known, but which must have stood nearly N.E. of the N.E. angle of the Acropolis, and from |