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terrupted but by the gallopping of the cavalry, who scoured the town in all directions.

Monday arose upon us with still more portentous omens. A spirit of daring hostility, and undisguised ermity, directed against the upper classes, was now breathing revenge in open day, and, not even waiting for the shelter of night and darkness, was ready to burst forth at every moment. About eleven o'clock of the forenoon, a report was rapidly circulated, that a great body of men might be instantaneously expected from Glasgow, for the purpose of compelling our magistrates to deliver up the colours they were supposed to have so illegally seized on the preceding Saturday. As the intelligence spread like light ning among the assembling multitudes, they began to move in an eastern direction, and irresistibly bore along with them every individual who stood in their way. The tumult, with great fury, began once more, but the unexpected arrival of two companies of infantry, who halted on the field of action, turned the scale at once, and put an immediate stop to these outrageous proceedings.

Previous to the arrival of the military reinforcement, the Riot Act had been read, and the police-officers dispersed in all directions, with placards intimating what the magistrates had done, and their determination of bringing the matter to the ultimate conclusion. The Committee of Reformers, in the meantime, were requested to use their influence with the misguided rabble, and intreat them to return to their homes, as the constituted authorities could no longer be answerable for the safety of the life of any individual. Several hours elapsed after the arrival of the military, during which an apparent suspension of hostilities took place. It was about four o'clock in the afternoon when the last proclamation was issued, and notice given, that the assistance of the military, who still remained under arms, would be made effectual in fifteen minutes. An immense concourse of people had now collected in St James's Street, in consequence of an intimation from the Committee that they were empowered to deliver a final resolve to the multitude. Here they were harangued from the windows of different houses, dvised, we suppose, to disperse, and

told what must be the inevitable and fatal consequences.

In the mean time, the constables were assembled at the Cross, headed by the infantry, and covered in the rear by fifteen horsemen. In their progress down Moss Street they were assailed at every step, and on all hands, from windows, lanes, and closes, while the mob in front, retreating as they advanced, pelted them with every sort of weapon, with which the spot now amply supplied them from the rubbish scattered around some recent buildings. At the foot of Moss Street they all halted for a moment, when the cavalry were brought round to the front, and ordered to disperse the multitude. At the first_rapid movement of the horsemen, as they gallopped steadily along the pavement, the crowd instantaneously gave way, as if by magic. What followed during the after-part of the day was a continued succession of flight and dispersion, the hussars clearing the streets in all directions. The spirit of revenge now took the only means remaining of gratifying itself in the breaking of such lamps as had hitherto escaped its fury. Several hundreds were shivered to atoms, and whole streets involved in darkness.

The silence and solitude that now succeeded unbroken, but by an occasional yell that echoed from a distance, or the trample of the horses that patrolled in successive parties, was, if possible, still more awful than the storm that had just passd over our heads.

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On Tuesday, the town was filled with the echo of a great many vague reports of injury and even murder committed by the constables, whom the indignation of the dissatisfied was now fully discharged. These, when investigated, were all confuted, and every individual cleared of the charges thus maliciously brought against him. But no disposition was yet manifested by the working classes to return to their varied occupations. On this and the succeeding evenings it was deemed necessary to repeat the reading of the Riot Act, and command the shops to be shut at an early hour, to preserve the safety of the town. The spirit of disaffection was tamed, not subdued, and was only kept under by fear and terror. was not till the beginning of another week that matters resumed their wonted appearance.

It

LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.

merous collection of echini, asteria, and corallia.

Mr Gordon's New Portable Gas Lamp.

MR JAMES RAMSHAW, copperplate printer, of Fetter-lane, has received the gold Isis medal of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Com--The application of inflammable gas to the merce, for an improved plan of copperplate purposes of illumination has hitherto been printing, by the use of steam in the place almost wholly confined to the lighting of of charcoal fires, the effluvia of which are large cities, extensive manufactories, and so injurious to the health of the workmen, public institutions. The ingenious apparand at the same time subject to many ac- atus invented by J. and P. Taylor, for obcidents by fire,-as, by the old process, taining gas from oil, has enabled gentleeach man works over a charcoal fire, with- men of fortune to light their houses with out any chimney to carry off the vapour gas at a moderate expence, and without arising from the burning charcoal. Thir- being annoyed by any of the disagreeable teen of those fires he formerly had in products which arise from the distillation his workshops, and one sea-coal fire or of coal. But notwithstanding this valuable stove in this drying-room,-fourteen fires improvement, gas light has never been renin the whole; but, by his new process, the dered portable, and the great body of priase of the thirteen charcoal fires is super- vate individuals, and all the lower classes seded. of society, are unable at this moment to derive any advantage from the extraordinary cheapness of this beautiful light.

Mineralogical Map of Scotland.-Professor Jameson has been employed for many years in investigating the mineralogical structure of his native country, and has now, we understand, collected so extensive series of facts and observations, that he will soon be able to present to the public a Map of the Mineralogy of Scotland. Dr MacCulloch, who has had the good fortune to be employed in mineral researches in Scotland, at the expence of Government, has it also in agitation to publish a Map illustrative of the Geology of this country.

Edinburgh College Museum. The classical collection of zoology, purchased by the University of Edinburgh from M. Dufresne of Paris, has arrived in excellent condition, and is now deposited in the College. The most striking and valuable part of the collection is the birds. These are in a state of perfect preservation, and are so put up as to be capable of any arrange. ment the Professor of Natural History may choose to adopt, and besides, are admirably fitted for the purpose of study. When added to the present collection in the Museum, it will form a most interesting and splendid display of fully 3000 specimens. A very beautiful collection of upwards of 800 eggs, accurately named, adds to the value of this department of the Museum. The cabinet of insects contains up wards of 12,000 specimens, all in the highest preservation. To these there has just been added 1500 specimens of splendid and rare insects from the Brazils. The collection of shells amounts to nearly 4000 specimens, arranged and named according to the system of Lamarck. Along with this part of the cabinet of Dufresne is a valuable series of fossil shells, and a pu

VOL. V.

In order to remove these limitations to the use of gas lights, and to render them available in every case where lamps or candles can be used, Mr Gordon conceived the idea of condensing a great quantity of gas into a small space, and set himself to construct a lamp, in which this condensed gas could be burned with the same facility and security as an ordinary lamp. The body or reservoir of the lamp is commonly made of copper, about 1-20th of an inch thick, in the form of a sphere or cylinder, with hemispherical ends. The reservoir may be put into a different apartment from that which is to be illuminated, or may be concealed under the table, or, when it is required to be ornamental, it may be put into a statue, or the pedestal of a statue, or may be suspended."

In order to regulate the escape of the condensed gas, Mr Gordon has employed two different contrivances, which are extremely ingenious. By either of these contrivances, the command of the flame is so complete, that it may be reduced to an almost imperceptible quantity.

The forcing-pump by which Mr Gordon condenses the gas is nearly the same as that of the common condensing syringe, having a solid piston worked by a lever, with shears and a guide, to produce a vertical motion. As a considerable degree of heat is created during the condensation of the gas, the pump must be kept cool by surrounding it with a case filled with water, and changing the water as soon as it becomes heated.

When it is required to fill a great number of lamps with condensed gas, which will no doubt be the case, when it is sold

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to individuals from the reservoirs of Gas Light Companies, Mr Gordon recommends that the forcing-pump should be wrought by steam, or any other mechanical power, and that the gas should be condensed into a large reservoir, from which the lamps of numerous individuals may be filled at once with the condensed gas. A mercurial gauge, similar to that used for ascertaining the force of condensed air, must be fixed to the large reservoir, for the purpose of enabling any person to see the degree of condensation to which the gas has been brought.

As we have had occasion to see Mr Gordon's lamp put to the test of direct experiment, we feel ourselves entitled to speak with confidence of its excellence, and to recommend it as one of the greatest practical inventions which has for some time been presented to the public. Its application to the lighting of private and public carriages, as well as to coal mines, under the safeguard of Sir H. Davy's invention, will be speedily put in practice; and we hope the time is not very distant, when reservoirs of condensed gas shall be established in every town and village of Great Britain, and when the lonely cottages of the poor shall be enlivened by this economical and cheerful light. There is one application of the portable gas lamp to which we attach a very high value. By an extreme diminution of the aperture, the flame can be rendered so small (in which case it is reduced to a blue colour) as to give no perceptible light, and to occasion almost no consumption of gas. In this state the lamp may be used in bed-rooms, and the imperceptible flame may at any time be expanded into the most brilliant light, by turning the cock, by means of a metallic rod terminating near the bed.-Edinburgh Philosophical Journal.

Curious fact respecting the Swallow. Captain Carmichael, an intelligent and active observer, mentions to us the following fact respecting the natural history of the swallow. Swallows are birds of passage at the southern extremity of Africa, as well as in Europe. They return to the Cape of Good Hope in the month of September, and quit it again in March and April. Captain Carmichael happening to be stationed for some time at the castern extremity of the colony, a pair of these birds (Hirundo capensis) soon after their arrival built their nest on the outside of the house wherein he lodged, fixing it against the angle formed by the wall with the board which supported the eaves. The whole of this nest was covered in, and it was furnished with a long neck or passage, through which the birds entered and came out. It resembled a longitudinal section of a Florence oil flask. This nest having fallen down after the

young birds had quitted it, the same pair, as he is disposed to believe, built again on the old foundation in the month of February,following; but he remarked on this occasion an improvement in the construction of it, which can hardly be referred to the dictates of mere instinct. In building the first, the birds were satisfied with a single opening, but this one was furnished with an opening on each side; and on watching their motions, he observed that they invariably entered at one side, and came out at the other. One object obtained by this improvement, was saving themselves the trouble of turning in the nest, and thus avoiding any derangement of its interior economy. But the chief object appeared to be, to facilitate their escape from the attacks of serpents, which harbour in the roofs of thatched houses, or crawl up along the walls, and not unfrequently deyour both the mother and her young.Edinburgh Philosophical Journal.

Red Snow found to be produced by a Fungus of the genus Uredo. Mr Francis Bauer, whose dexterity in the use of the microscope is well known, has published in the Quarterly Journal, No. XIV. p. 222, a series of microscopical observations on the red snow found in Baffin's Bay by Captain Ross. He has put it beyond a doubt, that the colouring particles consist of a new species of Uredo, which grows upon the snow, and to which he has given the appropriate name of Uredo nivalis. He found the real diameter of an individual full-grown globule of this fungus to be the one thousand six hundredth part of an inch. Hence, in order to cover a single square inch, two million five hundred and sixty thousand of these are necessary.

Atmospherical or Meteoric Dust.-Professor Rafinesque of New York, in a paper on atmospheric dust, maintains, that an imperceptible dust falls at all times from the atmosphere, and that he has seen it on Mount Etna, on the Alps, on the Alleghany and Catskill Mountains in America, and also on the Ocean. This is the same dust which accumulates in our apartinents, and renders itself peculiarly visible in the beams of the sun. He has found it to accumulate at the rate of from one-fourth of an inch to one incli in a year, but in such a fleecy state, that it could be compressed to one-third of its height. Hence, he takes the average of the yearly deposit at about one-sixth of an inch.-American Journalof Science, No. IV. p. 397.

Russia. There is now publishing, and has been for some months, at Astracan, a Journal of Asiatic Music, by M. Iwan Dobrowsky, music-master to the Gymnasium of that city. It is intended to present a collection of the romances, songs, national airs, and dances, whether Armenian, Persian, Indian, Chinese, Circassian, Cossack,

Kalmuck, &c. They are arranged for the piano, and appear in numbers once a month.

Germany. The Royal Society of Sciences at Gottingen has proposed for the sub ject of a prize, to be awarded in November 1820, a critical Synopsis of the most an cient Monuments of every description hitherto discovered in America, to be placed in comparison with those of Asia, Egypt, &c. The memoirs to be written in Latin, Value of the prize fifty ducats.

France. Some labourers in the depart ment of Lot have lately penetrated into the caverns formerly dug by the English, in the vicinity of Breuge. In the lowest parts were certain crevices, which, when laid open, discovered a depository of bones, some of horses, others of the rhinoceros, of the same species of which fossil fragments have been found in Siberia, Germany, and England; and a third kind, belonging to a species of stag, now a non-descript, with horns, not much unlike those of a young rein-deer. These relics have been collect ed and presented to the Academy of Scien ces by M. Cuvier, and are now in the king's

cabinet.

Imperial Tea-Much has been said in the foreign Journals respecting the Imperial Tea (Xenopoma thea Sinensis) which was sent by the Emperor of China to the Emperor of Russia. The following are a few particulars concerning this plant, which is remarkable for its fine flavour.

The xenopoma, which has been for some time cultivated with the greatest secrecy in Russia in the Imperial botanical garden, was brought to France in October 1817 by

M. Howa, a Russian botanist, who was then travelling at the expence of the Russian government. It is said to be the tea commonly used by the Emperor of China and the Mandarins.

In France the plant has already grown to the height of two or three feet. The best mode of preparing it is to bring the plant to table, in order that the leaves may be plucked off and infused in the tea-pot, while they are quite fresh. The infusion thus prepared is declared to be balsamic and stomachic in the highest degree.

For the propagation of the xenopoma it is merely necessary to cut off the small lateral branches, after the wood has acquir. ed some degree of consistency by about a year's vegetation, and to plant them in a shady situation. At the expiration of a year the leaves will be fit for use. During the winter the plants must be taken out of the ground and placed in pots, that they may be removed into an orangery or green. house of mild temperature, to protect them from the frost.

Botany A French Journal mentions that the Botanical Garden of Grenoble a present contains a sort of vegetable pheno menon well worthy to excite the curiosity and attention of the friends of natural his tory-A ligneous plant, of the species called by Linnæus Yucca Draconis, is now in full blossom. The Yucca, after a vast deal of care and attention, once appeared in bloom at the Jardin du Roi in Paris; and it contended for eighteen years against the unfavourable climate before it bloomed at Grenoble. Its blossom consists of a cluster of white flowers, in form resembling tulips.

WORKS PREPARING FOR PUBLICATION.

LONDON.

MBS GRAHAM, author of a " Journal of a Residence in India," &c. who is now in Italy, is preparing for the press an Account of Two Months' Residence in the Mountains near Rome, with some Account of the Peasantry, and also of the Banditti that infest that neighbourhood. The same lady has also been employing her time upon a Life of Nicholas Poussin.

In the press, and will be published during the ensuing autumn, an elegant and ornamental work, entitled "The Sportsman's Mirror, reflecting the History and Delineations of the Horse and Dog, through. out all their varieties." The work will be elegantly printed in quarto, on superfine paper. The engravings, representing every species of the Horse and Dog, will be

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executed by Mr John Scott, in the line manner, from original paintings by Marshall, Renigale, Gilpin, and Stubbs, accompanied with engravings on wood, illustrative of the subjects, as head and tail-pieces by Bewick and Clennell, &c.

On the 1st of January will appear the First Number of a new Literary Journal, entitled "The Retrospective Review," consisting of Criticisms upon Analyses of, and Extracts from, curious, useful, and valuable books in all languages, which have been published from the Revival of Literature to the commencement of the present century. Edited by a Society of Members of the University of Cambridge. To be continued quarterly.

Mr L. J. A. Mac-Henry has in the press, and nearly ready for publication, a third

edition of his improved Spanish Grammar, designed especially for Self-Instruction. A work on the Fossils of the South Downs, with Outlines of the Mineral Geography of the Environs of Lewes and Brighton, and observations on the geological structure of the south-eastern part of Sussex, is in preparation by Gideon Mantell, Esq. F. L. S. &c.

A new periodical work has been planned, the object of which is regularly to supply the public with a series of superior new Novels and Novellettes. It is proposed to publish a monthly volume or novel, varied in type, and containing new works complete, sometimes one story, and sometimes two or more. The works are to consist partly of originals, and partly of translations from the French, Italian, German, Spanish, and oriental languages; and for the originals some of the first writers of the day have pledged their co-operation.

A humorous and satirical work, entitled Lessons of Thrift, is on the eve of publication. It is ascribed to the pen of a distinguished veteran in the fields of literature, and report speaks of it as combining the placid good sense and amiable bonhomie of Montaigne, with the caustic raillery of Swift, and the richly-gifted philosophy of Burton. It is to be illustrated with engravings, from designs by Cruickshank, in the best style of that unrivalled caricaturist.

A new volume is announced of the Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester.

Memoirs are in the press of the Rev. R. B. Nickolls, LL.B. Dean of Middleham, &c.

Robert Southey, Esq. author of Wat Tyler, &c. will soon publish, in foolscap octavo, a poem, called the Fall of Paraguay.

The Rev. T. D. Fosbrooke, author of British Monachism, proposes to publish, in quarto, an Encyclopedia of Antiquities, being the first ever edited in England.

Dr Burrows's work on Insanity is in considerable forwardness, and may be expected early in the winter.

Mr Bucke's work on the Beauties, Harmonies, and Sublimities of Nature, will be published in the next spring. It is undergoing a thorough revision, previous to its being committed to the press.

A new and improved Synopsis of Hebrew Grammar, in three parts, with Points, designed to facilitate the acquirement of that sacred language; by William Goodhugh.

A Synopsis of the Histories of England, Greece, and Rome, on a new plan, to assist the memory; by Thomas Kitchen.

In a few days will be published, A new Dictionary of Classical Quotations, on an improved plan, accompanied by corresponding Paraphrases or Translations, from the

works of celebrated British Poets; by F. W. Blagdon, author of the French Interpreter.

Mr Taylor proposes to publish the first Part of his Historical Account of the University of Dublin, (to consist of twelve parts,) on an uniform plan with Mr Ackermann's Histories of the Oxford and Cambridge Universities. The first part has appeared, and is illustrated with three richly-coloured engravings, and twenty-four pages of descriptive letter-press. A part will be published every two months till the whole is completed. In the course of the work several essays will be contributed, each by an eminent professor, on a science immediately connected with his own de partment.

Sir J. B. Burgess announces Reasons in favour of a New Translation of the Holy Scriptures.

A Description of the Chemical Apparatus and Instruments employed in Operative and Experimental Chemistry, with sixteen quarto copperplates, is preparing by Mr Frederick Accum.

The same gentleman is also preparing his Lectures on Chemistry, applied to the arts and manufactures, more particularly to those of brewing, baking, tanning, bleaching, dyeing, distilling, wine-making, glass-making, &c. as delivered at the Surrey Institution.

And, as Sir Humphry Davy does not proceed with his Elements, Mr Accum announces Elements of Chemistry for SelfInstruction, after the System of Sir Hum phry Davy, Bart. with plates by Lowry, in two volumes octavo.

Thekla, a fragment of a Georgian tale, is preparing for publication, and may be expected in the course of the winter.

An Epistle in Verse, written from Ame rica in the year 1810, by Charles Lesley the younger, is printing under the direc tion of a gentleman of Liverpool.

In a few days will be published, An Authentic Narrative of the events of the late Westminster Election, with the Speeches of the Candidates, Sir F. Burdett, and the Report of the Westminster Reformers.

A Greek and English Lexicon is preparing for publication, by John Jones, LL.D. author of a Greek Grammar, &c.

An Abstract is in the press of all the most useful information relative to the United States of America, and the British colonies of Canada, the Cape of Good Hope, New South Wales, and Van Dieman's Island, exhibiting at one view the comparative advantages and disadvantages each country offers for emigration; collected from the most valuable and recent publi cations, with notes and observations, by William Kingdom, jun.

In the press, and will be published in a few weeks, 1. The Wandering Jew, or Hare

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