(Trav. p. 286) now contains only twenty inhabited ITYS, in Britain, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3. JUDAEA. [PALAESTINA.] IVERNIS ('lovepvís), mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 2. §10) as one of the inland towns of Ireland, the others being Rhigia, Rhaeba, Laberus, Macolicum, another Rhaeba, Dunum. Of these, Dunum has been identified with Down, and Macolicum with Mallow, on the strength of the names. Laberus, on similar but less satisfactory ground, Kil-lair in West Meath. Ivernus is identified by O'Connor with Dun-keron, on the Kenmare river; but the grounds on which this has been done are unstated. [R. G. L.] IVIA or JUVIA. [GALLAECIA.] JULIA CONSTANTIA. [OSSET.] JULIA FIDENTIA. [ULIA.] ITON or ITO'NUS (ITwv, Hom. ;*ITwvos, Strab.), a town of Phthiotis in Thessaly, called by Homer "mother of flocks" (Il. ii. 696), was situated 60 stadia from Alus, upon the river Cuarius or Coralius, and above the Crocian plain. (Strab. ix. p. 435.) Leake supposes the Kholó to be the Cuarius, and places Itonus near the spot where the river issues from the mountains; and as, in that case, Iton possessed a portion of the pastoral highlands of Othrys, the epithet "mother of flocks" appears to have been well adapted to it. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. pp. 356, 357.) Iton had a celebrated temple of Athena, whose worship, under the name of the Itonian Athena, was carried by the Boeotians, when they were expelled from Thessaly, into the country named after them. (Strab. I. c.; Steph. B. s. v.; Apollod. ii. 7. § 7.; Appollon. i. 551, with Schol.; Callim. Hymn. in Cer. 74.; Paus. i. 13. § 2, iii. 9. 13, ix. 34. § 1, x. 1. § 10; Plut. Pyrrh. 26.) ΙΤΟΝΕ (Ιτώνη), a town in Lydia of unknown site. (Dionys. Per. 465; Steph. B. s. v.) [L. S.] ITUCCI (Plin. iii. 1. s. 3), or ITUCI (Coins; 'Irún, Appian, Hisp. 66, 68), a city in the W. of Hispania Baetica. Under the Romans, it was a colonia immunis, with the surname VIRTUS JULIA, and it belonged to the conventus of Hispalis. Its probable site, in the opinion of Ukert, was between Martos and Espejo, near Valenzuela. (Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 369; Coins, ap. Florez, Med. de Esp. vol. ii. p. 487; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 18, Suppl. vol. i. p. 32; Sestini, p. 63; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 24.) [P. S.] ITUNA, in Britain, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3. §2) as an aestuary immediately to the north of the Moricambe aestuary Morecambe Bay. This identifies it with the Solway Firth. [R. G. L.] ITURAEA (ITOvpaía), a district in the NE. of Palestine (Strab. xvi. p. 755; Plin. v. 19), which, with Trachonitis, belonged to the tetrarchy of Philip. (St. Luke, iii. 1; comp. Joseph. Ant. xv. 10. § 1.) The name is so loosely applied by the ancient writers that it is difficult to fix its boundaries with precision, but it may be said roughly to be traversed by a line drawn from the Lake of Tiberias to Damascus. It was a mountainous district, and full of caverns (Strab. I.c.): the inhabitants, a wild race (Cic. Phil.ii. 24), favoured by the natural features of the country, were in the habit of robbing the traders from Damascus (Strab. xvi. p. 756), and were famed as archers. (Virg. Georg. ii. 448; Lucan. vii. 230, 514.) At an early period it was occupied by the tribe of Jetur (1 Chron. v. 19; 'ITоupało, LXX.), whose name is connected with that of Jetur, a son of Ishmael. (1 Chron. i. 31.) The Ituraeans-either the de-identical, Transducta being only the Latin transscendants of the original possessor, or, as is more probable, of new comers, who had occupied this district after the exile, and assumed the original name -were eventually subdued by king Aristobulus, B. C. 100, who compelled them to be circumcised, and incorporated them in his dominions. (Joseph. Ant. xiii. 11. § 3.) The mountain district was in the hands of Ptolemaeus, tetrarch of Chalcis (Strab. xvi. p. 753); but when Pompeius came into Syria, Ituraca was ceded to the Romans (Appian. Mithr. 106), though probably it retained a certain amount of independence under native vassal princes: M. Antonius imposed a heavy tribute upon it. (Appian, B. C. v. 7.) Finally, under Claudius, it became part of the province of Syria. (Tac. Ann. xii. 23; Dion Cass. lix. 12.) The district El-Djedûr, to the E. of Hermon (Djebel-esh-Scheikh), and lying W. of the Hadj road, which according to Burckhardt JULIA JOZA ('Iovλía 'Ióça), a city on the coast of Hispania Baetica, between Gades and Belon, colonized by a population of Romans mixed with the removed inhabitants of the town of Zelis, near Tingis, on the Libyan shore of the Straits. Thus far Strabo (iii. p. 140): later writers speak of a place named JULIA TRANSDUCTA, or simply TRANSDUCTA ('lovAía Трavodovkтa, Рtol. ii. 4. § 6; Marcian. Heracl. p. 39; Geog. Rav.), E. of Mellaria; and coins are extant with the epigraph JULIA TRADUCTA (Florez, Med. de Esp. vol. ii. p. 596, Esp. S. vol. x. p. 50; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 26, Suppl. vol. i. pp. 19, 45; Sestini, Med. Isp. p. 90; Num. Goth.; Eckhel. vol. i. pp. 29-31). Mela does not mention the place by either of these names; but, after speaking of Carteia, he adds the following remarkable words: et quam transvecti ex Africa Phoenices habitant, atque unde nos sumus, Tingentera. (Mela, ii. 6.) It can hardly be doubted that all these statements refer to the same place; nay, the very names are lation of the word Joza (from, egressus est) JULIA LIBYCA. [CERRETANI.] JULIACUM, a town in Gallia Belgica. In the Antonine Itin. a road runs from Castellum (Cassel) through Tongern to Juliacum, and thence to Colonia (Cologne). Juliacum is 18 leagues from Colonia. Another road runs from Colonia Trajana to Juliacum, and from Juliacum through Tiberiacum to Cologne. On this road also Juliacum is placed 18 leagues from Cologne. Juliacum is Juliers, or Jülich, as the Germans call it, on the river Roer, on the carriage road from Cologne to Aix-la-Chapelle. The first part of the word seems to be the Roman name Juli-, which is rendered more probable by finding between Juliacum and Colonia a place Tiberiacum (Bercheim or Berghen). Acum is a common ending of the names of towns in North Gallia. [G. L.] JULIANO'POLIS ('Iovλiavoúñoλis), a town in Lydia which is not mentioned until the time of Hierocles (p. 670), according to whom it was situated close to Maeonia, and must be looked for in the southern parts of Mount Tmolus, between Philadelphia and Tralles. (Comp. Plin. v. 29.) [L. S.] JULIAS. [BETHSAIDA.] JULIO BONA (Iovλiósova), a town in Gallia Belgica, is the city of the Caleti, or Caleitae as Ptolemy writes the name (ii. 8. § 5), who occupied the Pays de Caux. [CALETI.] The place is Lillebone, on the little river Bolbec, near the north bank of the Seine, between Havre and Caudebec, in the present department of Seine Inférieuse. The Itins. show several roads from Juliobona; one to Rotomagus (Rouen), through Breviodurum; and another through Breviodurum to Noviomagus (Lisieux), on the south side of the Seine. The road from Juliobona to the west terminated at Carocotinum. [CAROCOTINUM.] The place has the name Juliabona in the Latin middle age writings. It was a favourite residence of the dukes of Normandie, and William, named the Conqueror, had a castle here, where he often resided. The name Juliobona is one of many examples of a word formed by a Roman prefix (Julio) and a Celtic termination (Bona), like Augustobona, Juliomagus. The word Divona or Bibona [DIVONA] has the same termination. It appears from a middle age Latin writer cited by D'Anville (Notice, &c., Juliobona), that the place was then called Illebona, from which the modern name Lillebonne has come by prefixing the article; as the river Oltis in the south of France has become L'Olt, and Lot. The name Juliobona, the traces of the old roads, and the remains discovered on the site of Lillebonne prove it to have been a Roman town. A Roman theatre, tombs, medals, and antiquities, have been discovered. [G. L.] JULIOBRIGA ('Iovλióɛpiya), the chief city of the Cantabri, in Hispania Tarraconensis, belonging to the conventus of Clunia, stood near the sources of the Ebro, on the eminence of Retortillo, S. of Reyñosa. Five stones still mark the bounds which divided its territory from that of Legio IV. It had its port, named Portus Victoriae Juliobrigensium, at Santonna. (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4, iv. 20. s. 34; Ptol. ii. 6. § 51; Inser. ap. Gruter, p. 354; Morales, Antig. p. 68; Florez, Esp. S. vol. vi. p. 417; Cantabr. p. 64 Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 443.) [P.S.] JULIOMAGUS ('Iovλióμayos), a town of the Andecavi, in Gallia Lugdunensis, and their capital. (Ptol. ii. 8. § 8.) It is named Juliomagus in the Table, and marked as a capital. It is now Angers. [ANDECAVI.] [G. L.] JULIOPOLIS. [GORDIUM and TARSUS.] JULIOPOLIS AEGYPTI. Pliny (vi. 23. s. 26) alone among ancient geographers mentions this place among the towns of Lower Acgypt. From the silence of his predecessors, and from the name itself, we may reasonably infer its recent origin. According to Pliny, Juliopolis stood about 20 miles distant from Alexandreia, upon the banks of the canal which connected that city with the Canopic arm of the Nile. Some geographers suppose Juliopolis to have been no other than Nicopolis, or the City of Victory, founded by Augustus Caesar in B. C. 29, partly to commemorate his reduction of Aegypt to a Roman province, and partly to punish the Alexandrians for their adherence to Cleopatra and M. Antonius. Mannert, on the contrary (x. i. p. 626), believes Juliopolis to have been merely that suburb of Alexandreia which Strabo (xvii. p. 795) calls Eleusis. At this place the Nile-boats, proceeding up the river, took in cargoes and passengers. [W. B. D.] IU'LIS. [CEOS.] JU'LIUM CA'RNICUM ('Ioúλtov Káрvikov, Ptol: Zuglio), a town of the Carni, situated at the foot of the Julian Alps, which, from its name, would seem to have been a Roman colony founded either by Julius Caesar, or in his honour by Augustus. If Paulus Diaconus is correct in ascribing the foundation of Forum Julii to the dictator himself (P. Diac. Hist. Lang. ii. 14), there is little doubt that Julium Carnicum dates from the same period: but we have no account of its foundation. Ptoleiny in one place distinctly describes it as in Noricum (viii. 7. § 4), in another more correctly as situated on the frontiers of Noricum and Italy (μeratù TÊS 'Iraλías кai Næρikov, ii. 13. § 4). But Pliny expressly includes it in the territory of the Carni and the tenth region of Italy (" Julienses Carnorum," iii. 19. s. 23), and its position on the S. side of the Alps clearly entitles it to be considered in Italy. Its position is correctly indicated by the Itinerary of Antoninus (p. 219), which places it 60 M. P., from Aquileia, on the road leading nearly due N. from that city over the Julian Alps. The first stage on this road, "Ad Tricesimum," still retains the name of Trigesimo, and the site of Julium Carnicum is marked by the village of Zuglio (where some Roman remains have been discovered), in a side valley opening into that of the Tagliamento, about 4 miles above Tolmezzo. The pass from thence over the Monte di Sta. Croce into the valley of the Gail, now practicable only for mules, follows the line of the ancient Roman road, given in the Itinerary, and therefore probably a frequented pass under the Romans [ALPES, p. 110, No. 7]: but the inscription on the faith of which the construction of this road has been ascribed to Julius Caesar is a palpable forgery. (Cluver. Ital. p. 200.) [E. H. B.] JUNCARIA, JUNCARIUS CAMPUS. [INDIGETES.] JUNONIA INSULA. [FORTUNATAE INS.] JURCAE ("Ivрkai), mentioned by Herodotus (iv. 22) as lying contiguous to the Thyssagetae, who lay beyond the Budini, who lay beyond the Sauromatae of the Palus Maeotis and Lower Tanaïs. Their country was well-wooded. They were hunters, and had horses. This points to some portion of the lower Uralian range. They were probably tribes of the Ugrian stock, akin to the present Morduins, Tsherimiss, Tshuvashes, of which they were the most southern portion. The reason for for this lies in the probability of the name being a derivative from the root kr (as in Ukraine and Carin-thia) = border, or boundary, some form of which gave the Slavonic population their equivalent to the Germanic name Marcomanni = Marchmen. [R. G. L.] JUSTINIANO'POLIS. 1. A city in Epeirus, formerly called Hadrianopolis. [HADRIANOPOLIS.] 2. The later name of Hadrumetum in Africa. [HADRUMETUM.] JUSTINIA'NA. [CARTHAGO: HADRUMETUM.] | MISHPAT (Gen. xiv. 7, xvi. 14), where the Israelites JUSTINIA'NA PRIMA. [SCUPI.] encamped with the intention of entering the Proinised Land (Num. xxxii. 8), and the point from which the spies were sent. (Num. xiii. xiv. 40—45, xxi. 1-3; Deut. i. 41-44; comp. Judg. i. 17.) The supposition that the Kadesh-Barnea, to which the Israelites first came, is different from the Kadesh-Meribah, which formed their later encampment, where the wants of the people were miraculously supplied from the smitten rock (Num. xx. 14), reconciles some difficulties. On the hypothesis that there were two places of this name, the first Kadesh and its localities agrees very well with the spring of 'Ain Kades or Kudes, lying to the E. of the highest part of Djebel Halal, towards its N. extremity, about 12 miles from Moilahhi Hadjar. (Beer-lahai-roi, Gen. xvi. 14), and something like due S. from Khalasa (Chezil, Josh. xv. 30), which has been identified by Mr. Rowlands (Williams, Holy City, vol. i. App. pp. 466-468) with the rock struck by Moses. JUTHUNGI ('loúlovyyoi), a German tribe dwelling on the banks of the Danube. They are described by some ancient writers as a part of the Alemanni (Amm. Marc. xvii. 6); but they belonged more probably to the Gothic race: even their name seems to be only another form for Gothi or Gothones. (Ambros. Epist. 20.) Dexippus, from whom we learn most about their history, calls them a Scythian tribe, which, however, clearly means that they were Goths. In the reign of the emperor Aurelian the Juthungi invaded Italy, and, being defeated, they sued for peace, but were obliged to return without having effected their purpose: afterwards they made preparations for another invasion. (Dexip. pp. 11, 12, 18, 19, 21, ed. Niebuhr and Bekker.) In these wars, The second Kadesh, to which the Israelites came however, they never appeared alone, but always in with a view of passing through the land of Edom, conjunction with others, either Alemannians, Suevi, coincides better with the more easterly position of or Goths. (See Eisenschmidt, de Origine Ostro-Ain-el-Weibeh which Dr. Robinson (Bib. Res. gothorum et Visigothorum, p. 26; Latham, Tacit. vol. ii. pp. 582, 610, 622) has assigned to it Germ., Epileg. p. cxiii.) [L. S.] (comp. Kitto, Scripture Lands, p. 82). Ritter (Erdkunde, vol. xiv. pp. 1077-1089), who refers to the latest discoveries in this district, does not determine whether one Kadesh would sufficiently answer all the conditions required. [E. B. J.] JUTTAH ('ITάv, LXX.), a town of Judah (Josh. xv. 55), appropriated to the priests; according to Eusebius (Onomast. s. v. 'IETTáv) it was 18 M. P. from Eleutheropolis. Reland (Palaest. p. 870) supposes this to have been the residence of Zacharias and Elizabeth, and the birthplace of John the Baptist, the Tóλis 'Ioúda of Luke, i. 39, being so written, by a corruption or from a softer pronunciation, instead of Tóλis 'loúra. The modern Yutta, on the site of the old town, in which there are said to be indications of old remains, preserves the ancient name. (Robinson, Bib. Res. vol. ii. pp. 190, 195, 628; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. pt. i. pp. 638, 641; Winer, s. v.) [E. B. J.] JUVAVUM, JUVA'VIA, a town in the interior of Noricum, on the left bank of the river Ivarus. It is the modern city of Salzburg, situated in an extensive and fertile valley, on the slope of a range of a high mountain. It is chiefly known from inscriptions one of which (Orelli, no. 496) describes the place as a colony planted by the emperor Hadrian; but its genuineness is disputed. (Orelli, Inscript. vol. i. p. 138.) Juvavium was the head-quarters of the fifth cohort of the first legion (Notit. Imper.) and the residence of the governor of the province. At an earlier period it seems to have been the residence of the native kings of Noricum. In the second half of the fifth century it was destroyed by the Heruli; but was restored as early as the seventh century, and still contains many beautiful remains of antiquity, especially mosaics. (Comp. Orelli, Inscript. nos. 496, 497; Itin. Ant. p. 235, where it bears the erroneous name of Jovavis; Eugipp. Vit. S. Sever. 13, 24, where it is called Iopia; Vit. S. Ruperti, ap. Basnage, tom. iii. pt. 2. p. 273; Eginhard, Vit. Caroli M. 33; Juvavia, oder Nachrichten rom Zustande der Gegenden und Stadt Juravia, Salzburg, 1784, fʊl.) [L. S.] KADMONITES (Keduwvalot, LXX.), a nation of Canaan at the time that Abraham sojourned in the land (Gen. xv. 19). The name Beni-Kedem, "children of the East" (Judg. vi. 3; comp. Isa. xi. 14), was probably not distinctive of, but collectively applied to various peoples, like the Saracens in the middle ages, and the Beduins in later times. (Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. pt. i. p. 138.) [E. B. J.] KAMON (Kauwv, LXX.), a town in Gilead, belonging to the tribe of Manasseh, where Jair died. (Judges, x. 5; comp. Joseph. Antiq. v. 7. § 6.) The Kamona (Kauwvá) of Eusebius, which lay 6 M. P. to the N. of Legio (Onomast. s. v.), must have been another place of the same name; but the city which Polybius (v. 70) calls Camus (Kauoûs), and which was taken, with other places in Peraea, by Antiochus, is identical with the town in Gilead. (Reland, Palaest. 649; Winer, s. v.; Von Raumer, Palest. p. 242; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. p. 1026.) [E.B.J.] KANAH (Kavá, LXX). 1. A town in the N. district of Asher. (Josh. xix. 28.) Dr. Robinson recognises it in the large village of Kána, on the brow of the Wady-'Ashur, near Tyre. 2. A river which divided the district of Manasseh from that of Ephraim (Josh. xvi. 8, xvii. 9, 10), probably the river which discharges itself into the sea between Caesareia and Apollonia (Arundinetis; comp. Schultens, Vita Salad. pp. 191, 193), now the Nahr Abu-Zubára. [E. B. J.] KAPHARABIS (Kapapabis), a fortified place, in Idumaea, taken, with Kaphethra, by Cerealis, A. D. 69. (Joseph. B. J. iv. 9. § 9.) [E. B. J.] KEDEMOTH (Вakedμwe, LXX.), a city in the tribe of Reuben (Josh. xiii. 18), which gave its name to the wilderness of Kedemoth, on the borders of the river Arnon, from whence Moses sent messengers of peace to Sihon king of Heshbon (Deut. ii. 26.) Its site has not been made out. (Ritter, KADESH (Kaons, LXX), or KADESH-BARNEA, Erdkunde, vol. xv. pt i. pp. 574, 1208; Winer, a site on the SE. of Palestine, with a fountain, Ex- | 8. v.) K. [E. B. J.] 2. A town of Moab. (Jer. xlviii. 24. 41; Amos, ii. 2.) [E. B. J.] KIRJATH, a word signifying in Hebrew "town," city;" the following are the principal places to which this term is attached. or 66 KEDESH (Kads, LXX.). 1. A town of Naphtali, | ridge S. of Hebron, where there are sites of ruins 20 M. P. from Tyre. (Euseb. Onomast. s. v. Cedes.) visible. Its Canaanitish chieftain was slain at the conquest of the land (Josh. xii. 22); afterwards it belonged to the Levites, and was one of the cities of refuge. (Josh. xx. 7, xxi. 32; 1 Chron. vi. 76.) Barak was born here (Judges, iv. 6): and Tiglath-Pileser made the conquest of it (2 Kings, xv. 29). It was the scene of the victory of Jonathan Maccabaeus over the princes of Demetrius (1 Macc. xi. 63-73), and was the birthplace of Tobias (Kudis Tns Nepeaλeíu, Tobit, i. 2). In Josephus, Kúdioa (Antiq. ix. 11. §1) or Kedara (Antiq. xiii. 5. § 1) is spoken of as the boundary between Tyre and Galilee: during the war it appears to have been hostile to Galilee (B. J. ii. 18. § 1). The strongly fortified place in this district, called Kudooool by the same writer (B. J. iv. 2. § 3), is probably the same as Kedesh. A village on the hills opposite the marshes of HuletBanias, still called Kedes, is identified by Dr. Robinson with the ancient city. (Bibl. Res. vol. iii. p. 355.) Kedes was visited in 1844 by the Rev. Eli Smith, who has a full account of it in MS. (Biblioth. Sacra, vol. iii. p. 203.) 2. A town in the S. district of the tribe of Judah. (Josh. xv. 23.) 3. A town of Issachar, belonging to the Levites. (1 Chron. vi. 72; Reland, Palaest. p. 668; Winer, Biblisch. Reclwört. s. v.; Von Raumer, Palest. p. 129;| Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. pp. 246-252.) [E.B.J.] KEDRON, KIDRON. [JERUSALEM.] KEILAH (Keïλά, LXX.; Kiλλɑ, Joseph. Antiq. vi. 13. § 1; Knλá, Euseb.), a city in the tribe of Judah (Josh. xv. 44), 8 M. P. from Eleutheropolis. (Euseb. Onomast. s. v.) When the city was besieged by the Philistines, David relieved it, but the thankless inhabitants would have delivered him into the hands of Saul. (1 Sam. xxiii. 1-13.) It assisted in the building of the walls of Jerusalem (Neh. iii. 17, 18); and, according to tradition, the prophet Habakkuk was buried here. (Sozomen, II. E. vii. 29; Niceph. H. E. xii. 48; Reland, Palaest. p. 698; Winer, Biblisch. Realwört. s. v.; Von Raumer, Palest. p. 207.) [E. B. J.] KENITES (Kivatot, LXX.), a semi-nomad tribe of Midianites, dwelling among the Amalekites. (Gen. xv. 19; Num. xxiv. 21; 1 Sam. xv. 6.) Hobab❘ (Jethro), the father-in-law of Moses, and Heber, the husband of Jael, who slew Sisera (Judg. i. 16, iv. 11), belonged to this race. The Rechabites are mentioned, with other families, as belonging to the Kenites. (1 Chron. ii. 55; Jer. xxxv. 2; Winer, s. v.; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. pp. 135-138; Ewald, Gesch. des Volkes Israel. vol. i. p. 337, vol. ii. p. 31.) [E. B. J.] KENIZZITES (KevaÇaîoi, LXX.), a Canaanitish tribe. (Gen. xv. 19.) Caleb, the son of Jephunneh, is called a Kenezite (Num, xxxii. 12; Josh. xiv. 6), and Othniel, his younger brother, is also called a son of Kenaz. (Judg. i. 13, iii. 9; comp. Josh. xv. 17; 1 Chron. iv. 13.) Another branch of this race are referred to the Edomites. (Gen xxxvi. 11; Winer, 8. v.; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. p. 138; Ewald, Gesch. des Volkes Israel. vol. i. p. 338.) [E. B.J.] KERIOTH (Kapıú0, LXX.). 1. A town of the tribe of Judah. (Josh. xv. 25.) It was probably the birthplace of the traitor Judas, who owed his surname (lokapirns) to this place. (Comp. Winer, s. v. Judas.) Dr. Robinson (Bibl. Res. vol. ii. p. 472) has suggested that it may be represented by ElKureyetein, situated at the foot of the mountain 1. KIRJATHAIM (Kipialaíu, LXX.), or the "double city," one of the most ancient towns in the country E. of the Jordan, as it was in the hands of the Emims (Gen. xiv. 5; comp. Ewald, Gesch. des Volkes Israel. vol. i. p. 308), who were expelled from it by the Moabites. (Deut. ii. 9, 11.) Kirjathaim was afterwards assigned to the children of Reuben (Num. xxxii. 37; Josh. xiii. 19); but during the exile the Moabites recovered this and other towns. (Jer. xlviii. 1, 23; Ezek. xxv. 9.) Eusebius and Jerome (Onomast. s. v. Kapiabalu) describe it as being full of Christians, and lying 10 M. P. W. of Medeba. Burckhardt (Trar. p.367) heard of ruins called El-Teim, half an hour W. of the site of Medeba, which he conjectures to have been this place, the last syllable of the name being retained. This does not agree with the distance in the Onomasticon, but Jerome is probably wrong in identifying the Christian town with the ancient Kirjathaim, as the former is no doubt, from the data assigned by him, the modern Kureyeiût, S. of the Wady Zurka Main, and the latter the El-Teim of Burckhardt, to the N. of the Wady. (Comp. Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. pp. 1185, 1186.) There was another place of this name in the tribe of Naphtali. (1 Chron. vi. 76.) 2. KIRJATH-ARBA, the ancient name of Hebron, but still in use in the time of Nehemiah (xi. 25). [HEBRON.] 3. KIRJATH-BAAL. [KIRJATH-JEARIM.] 4. KIRJATH-HUZOTH, or "city of streets," a town of Moab. (Num. xxii. 39.) 5. KIRJATH-JEARIM, or "city of forests," one of the four towns of the Gibeonites (Josh. ix. 17), and not far distant from Beeroth (El-Birch). (Ezra, ii. 25.) At a later period the ark was brought here from Beth-Shemesh (1 Sam. vii. 1, 2), and remained there till it was removed to Jerusalem (1 Chron. xiii. 6). The place was rebuilt and inhabited after the exile (Ezra, l. c.; Neh. vii. 29). Josephus (Ant. vi. 1. § 4) says that it was near to Beth-Shemesh, and Eusebius and Jerome (Onomast. s. v. BaalCarathiarim) speak of it, in their day, as a village 9 or 10 M. P. from Jerusalem, on the way to Diospolis (Lydda). Dr. Robinson (Bibl. Res. vol. ii. pp. 334-337) has identified it with the present Kuryet-el-'Enab, on the road to Ramleh." The monks have found the ANATHOTH of Jeremiah (i. 1; comp. Hieron. in loc.; Onomast. s. v. ; Joseph. Ant. x. 7. § 3), which is now represented by the modern 'Anata at Kuryet-el-'Enáb, but the ecclesiastical tradition is evidently incorrect. There was formerly here a convent of the Minorites, with a Latin church. The latter remains entirely deserted, but not in ruins; and is one of the largest and most solidly constructed churches in Palestine. (Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xvi. pp. 108—110.) 6. KIRJATH-SEPHER, or "city of the book " (Josh. xv. 15, 16; Judg. i. 11), also called KIRJATHSANNAH, "city of palms." (Josh. xv. 49.) Afterwards it took the name of DEBIR (Aasip, LXX.), a “word” or "oracle." Debir was captured by Joshua (x. 38), but being afterwards retaken by the Canaanites, Caleb gave his daughter Achsa to Othniel, for his : bravery in carrying it by storm (Josh. xv. 16—20). | of the cities of the Latin League, and as such It belonged afterwards to the priests. (Josh. xxi. retained, down to a late period, the right of par15; 1 Chron. vi. 58.) Debir is afterwards lost ticipating in the sacrifices on the Alban Mount. sight of; but from the indications already given, it (Dionys. v. 61; Cic. pro Planc. 9.) It first appears appears to have been near Hebron, but the site has in history as taking part in the league of the Latins not been made out. There was a second Debir in against Rome previous to the battle of Regillus the tribe of Gad. (Josh. xiii. 26.) (Von Raumer, (Dionys. l. c.), and is afterwards mentioned among Palest. p. 182; Winer, s. v.) [E. B. J.] the cities which are represented as taken in sucKIR-MOAB (TO Teixos Tns Mwasitidos, LXX.), cession by Coriolanus, during his campaign against "the stronghold of Moab." (Isa. xvi.), called also KIR- the Romans. (Liv. ii. 39; Dionys. viii. 19.) It is HERESETH and KIR-HERES. (Isa. xvi. 7, 11; Jer. not improbable that this legend represents the hisxlviii. 31.) In the Chaldee version and the Greek of torical fact that Labicum, together with Bola, the Apocrypha, it appears in the form of Kerakka- Pedum, and other places which figure in the same Moab, and Characа (Xáрaña, 2 Macc. xii. 17). Under narrative, actually fell about that time into the this latter name, more or less corrupted, it is men- hands of the Aequians, as Satricum, Corioli, and tioned by Ptolemy (Xapákwμa, v. 17. § 5; comp. other towns further to the S., did into those of the Xаpaкusa, Steph. B.) and other writers, both eccle- Volscians. (Niebuhr, vol. ii. p. 259.) But during siastical and profane, down to the centuries before the subsequent wars of the Romans with the the Crusades. (Abú-l-féda, Tab. Syr. p. 89; Schul- Aequians, Labicum always appears as a Latin tens, Index ad Vit. Salad. s. v.) The Crusaders city and from its position on the frontier of Lafound the name extant, and erected the fortress still tium adjoining the Aequians, its name repeatedly known as Kerak, which, with that of Shobek, formed occurs in the history of those contests. Thus, in the centre of operations for the Latins E. of the B. c. 458, its territory was ravaged by the Aequian Jordan. With the capture of these, after a long general Gracchus : and in 418 we find the Labicans siege by Saladin, A. D. 1188, the dominion of the themselves abandoning the Roman alliance, and Franks over this territory terminated. (Wilken; die joining the Aequians, together with whom they Kreuzz, vol. iv. pp. 244-247.) The whole of this established a camp on Mount Algidus. Their comdistrict was unknown till A. D. 1806, when Seetzen bined forces were, however, defeated by the Roman (Zachs, Monatl. Corr. xviii. pp. 433, foll.) penetrated dictator Q. Servilius Priscus, and Labicum itself as far as Kerak. A fuller account of the place is was taken by storm. In order to secure their new given by Burckhardt (Trav. pp. 379-387), by conquest against the Aequians the Roman senate whom it was next visited in 1812; and another sent thither a colony of 1500 Roman citizens, which description is furnished by Irby and Mangles appears to have maintained itself there, though at(Trav. pp. 361-370), who followed in the same tacked the very next year by the Aequians. (Liv. iii. direction in 1818. (Robinson, Bibl. Res. vol. ii. pp. 25, iv. 45-47, 49.) In B. C. 383, its territory 566-571; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. pp. 916, was again ravaged by the Praenestines, at that time 1215.) [E. B. J.] on hostile terms with Rome (Liv. vi. 21); and after a long interval, in B. C. 211, it once more sustained the same fate from the army of Hannibal. (Liv. xxvi. 9.) KISHON. [CISON.] L. LABANAE AQUAE. [AQUAE LABANAE.] LABEATES. [LABEATIS LACUS.] LABEA'TIS LACUS, a large lake of Roman IIlyricum, situated to the N. of Scodra, the chief city of the LABEATES (Liv. xliii. 21, xliv. 31, xlv. 26) or LABEATAE. (Plin. iii. 26.) It is now called the lake of Scutari, famous for the quantity of fish, especially of the "Cyprinus" family. The rivers, which drain the rocky district of Monte-Negro, discharge themselves into this lake, which communicates with the sea by the river BARBANA. (Wilkinson, Dalmatia, vol. i. pp. 411, 415, 476.) [E. B. J.] LABI'CUM or LAVICUM, sometimes also(Liv.ii. 39, iv. 45) LAVICI, (τd Aabikóv: Eth. Aabiкavós, Labicanus and Lavicanus: La Colonna), an ancient city of Latium, situated at the foot of the northeastern slope of the Alban hills, and distant about 15 miles from Rome. Its foundation was ascribed, according to a tradition reported by Servius (ad Aen. vii. 796), to Glaucus, a son of Minos: and Virgil (1. c.) mentions it among the cities which sent assistance to king Latinus against Aeneas, so that he must have regarded it as more ancient than the Trojan settlement in Latium. But the current tradition, adopted by Dionysius, represented Labicum, in common with so many other Latin cities, as a colony of Alba. (Dionys. viii. 19; Diodor. ap. Euseb. Arm. p. 185.) Whatever was its origin, we know with certainty that it was one From this time the name of Labicum disappears from history, but we learn that it still existed as a municipium, though in a very poor and decayed condition, in the days of Cicero. (Cic. pro Planc. 9, de Leg. Agr. ii. 35.) Strabo, however, speaks of the town as in ruins, and Pliny mentions the population "ex agro Labicano" in a manner that seems to imply that, though they still formed a "populus" or community, the city no longer existed. (Strab. v. pp. 230, 237; Plin. iii. 5. s. 9.) In like manner we find the "ager Labicanus" elsewhere mentioned, but no further notice of the town. (Suet. Caes. 83.) The inhabitants seem to have, under the Roman empire, congregated together afresh in the neighbourhood of the station on the Via Labicana, called Ad Quintanas, and hence assumed the name of Lavicani Quintanenses, which we meet with in inscriptions. (Orell. Inscr. 118, 3997.) The territory appears to have been one of great fertility, and was noted for the excellence of its grapes. (Sil. Ital. viii. 366; Jul. Capit. Clod. Albin. 11.) The position of Labicum has been a subject of much dispute, having been placed by different writers at Valmontone, Zagarolo, and Lugnano. But the precise statement of Strabo (v. p. 237) as to the course of the Via Labicana, together with the fact that he describes the ancient city as situated on a hill to the right of that road, about 120 stadia (15 Roman miles) from Rome, ought to have left no difficulty on the subject: and Holstenius long ago correctly placed the ancient city on the hill now |