LAE'LIA (Maλia, Ptol. ii. 4. § 12: Aracnea or El Berrocal), an inland city of the Turdetani, in the W. of Hispania Baetica, not far from Italica, is one of the Spanish cities of which we have several coins, belonging to the period of its independence, as well as to the early Ronan empire. Their types are, an armed horseman, at full speed, with ears of corn, boughs, and palm-trees. (Florez, Esp. S. vol. xii. pp. 256-258; Med. vol. ii. p. 489, vol. iii p. 92; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 19, Suppl. vol. i. p. 35; Sestini, Med. pp. 20, 65; Num. Goth.; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 25; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 373.) [P.S.] LAEPA (Lepe, near Ayamonte), a city of the Turdetani, on the coast of Baetica, a little E. of the mouth of the Anas (Guadalquivir : Mela, iii. 1;| comp. Plin. iii. 1. s. 3, where, however, the reading is doubtful; Bell. Alex. 57, where Laepam should probably be substituted for the MS. readings of Leptim or Leptum; Florez, Esp. S. vol. x. p. 45, vol. xii. pp. 56, 57; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 339. This place must not be confounded with Ptolemy's LAEPA, which is only a various reading for ILIPA). [P.S.] LAERON FL. [GALLAECIA.] LAESTRY'GONES (Maiтpuyóves), a fabulous people of giants, who are mentioned by Homer in the Odyssey (x. 80—132), and described as governed by a king named Lamus. They were a pastoral people, but had a city (ǎσrv) which Homer calls AaioTpuyovin, with a port, and a fountain named Artacia. It may well be doubted whether Homer meant to assign any definite locality to this people, any more than to the Cyclopes; but later Greek writers did not fail to fix the place of their abode, though opinions were much divided on the subject. The general tradition, as we learn from Thucydides (vi. 2), placed them in Sicily, though that historian | wisely declares his total ignorance of everything concerning them. Other writers were less cautious; some fixed their abodes in the W. or NW. part of the island, in the country subsequently occupied by the Elymi (Lycophr. Alex. 956); but the more prevalent opinion, at least in later times, seems to have been that they dwelt in the neighbourhood of Leontini, whence the name of LAESTRYGONII CAMPI was given to the fertile plain in the neighbourhood of that city. (Strab. i. p. 20; Plin. iii. 8. s. 14; Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 662, 956; Sil. Ital. xiv. 126.) A wholly different tradition, with the origin of which we are unacquainted, but which is very generally adopted by Roman writers, represented Formiae on the coast of Italy as the abode of the Laestrygones, and the city of their king Lamus. The noble family of the Lamiae, in the days of Augustus, even pretended to derive their descent from the mythical king of the Laestrygones. (Cic. ad Att. ii. 13; Hor. Carm. iii. 17; Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; Sil. Ital. vii. 410.) [E.H.B.] LAEVI or LAÏ (Ado), a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls, who dwelt near the sources of the river Padus. This is the statement of Polybius (ii. 17), who associates them with the Libicii (A€¤ékioi), and says that the two tribes occupied the part of the plains of Cisalpine Gaul nearest to the sources of the Padus, and next to them came the Insubres. He distinctly reckons them among the Gaulish tribes who had crossed the Alps and settled in the plains of Northern Italy: on the other hand, both Livy and Pliny call them Ligurians. (Liv. v. 35; Plin. iii. 17. s. 21.) The reading in the passage of Livy is, indeed, very uncertain; but he would appear to agree with Pliny in placing them in the neighbourhood of Ticinum. Pliny even ascribes the foundation of that city to the Laevi, in conjunction with the Marici, a name otherwise wholly unknown, but apparently also a Ligurian tribe. There can be no doubt that in this part of Italy tribes of Gaulish and Ligurian origin were very much intermixed, and probably the latter were in many cases confounded with the Gauls. [LIGURIA.] LAGANIA (Aayavía), a village of the Tectosagae in Galatia, 24 miles to the east of Juliopolis. It is not mentioned by any of the classical writers, but it must afterwards have increased in importance, for during the Christian period, it was the see of a bishop, and took the name of Anastasiopolis (Concil. Chalc. p. 662, and p. 95, where the name is misspelt Aaoavia; Itin. Ant. p. 142, where the name is Luganeos; It. Hieros. p. 574, where we read Agannia). There is little doubt that the Latania in Ptolemy (v. 1. § 14) and the Rheganagalia of Hierocles (p. 697) are the same as Lagania (comp. Theod. Syc. c. 2). Kiepert, in his map of Asia Minor, identifies it with Beg Basar. [L. S.] LAGA'RIA (Aayapía: Eth. Aayapıтavós, Lagarinus), a small town of Lucania, situated between Thurii and the river Sybaris; which, according to the commonly received legend, was founded by a colony of Phocians under the command of Epeius, the architect of the wooden horse. (Strab. vi. p. 263; Lycophr. Alex. 930; Tzetz. ad loc.) Strabo, the only geographical writer who mentions it, calls it only a fortress (ppoúpiov), and it was probably never a place of any importance; though deriving some celebrity in after times from the excellence of its wine, which was esteemed one of the best in Italy. (Strab. I. c.; Plin. xiv. 6. s. 8.) The statement of Strabo, above quoted, is the only clue to its position, which cannot therefore be determined with any certainty. Cluverius placed it at Nocara, about 10 miles from the sea, and this conjecture (for it is nothing more) has been adopted by Romanelli. The wines of this neighbourhood are said still to preserve their ancient reputation. (Cluver. Ital. p. 1272. Romanelli, vol. i. p. 248.) [E. H. B.] LAGECUM. [LEGEOLIUM.] LAGINA (тà Aάywa), a place in the territory of Stratoniceia, in Caria, contained a most splendid temple of Hecate, at which every year great festivals were celebrated. (Strab. xiv. p. 660.) Tacitus (Ann. iii. 62), when speaking of the worship of Trivia among the Stratoniceians, evidently means Hecate. The name of Lagina is still preserved in the village of Lakena, not far from the sources of the Tshina. Laginia, mentioned by Steph. B. as a Toλixviov Kapías, seems to be the same as the Lagina of Strabo. [L. S.] LAGNI (Aayi), a town of the Arevacae, in Hispania Tarraconensis, mentioned only by Diodorus Siculus (Excerpt. vol. ii. p. 596). [P.S.] LAGOS, a town in Phrygia, on the north-east of Mandropolis. (Liv. xxxviii. 15.) The town is mentioned only by Livy in his account of the progress of the Roman consul Cn. Manlius in Asia Minor, when Lagos was found deserted by its inhabitants, but well provided with stores of every description, whence we may infer that it was a town of some consequence. [L. S.] LAGU'SA (Λάγουσα, Λαγοῦσσα), an island in the Aegaean sea, the name of which occurs in Strabo between those of Sicinus and Pholegandrus. Hence it is probably the same as Kardiótissa, a rocky islet between the two latter islands. But Kiepert, in his map, identifies it with Polyaegus. (Strab. x. p. 484; Steph. B. s. v.; Eustath. ad Il. ii. 625, p. 306.) LAMBE'SE (Itin. Ant. pp. 32, 33, 34, 40: Tab. Peut.; Aáμbaîσa, Ptol. iv. 3. § 29; LAMBAESA, Inscr.; Lambaese, Augustin. adv. Donat. vi. 13; Lambesitana Colonia, Cyprian. Epist. 55: Lemba or Tezzout, large Ru.), one of the most important cities in the interior of Numidia, belonging to the Massylii. It lay near the confines of Mauretania, at the W. foot of M. Aurasius (Jebel Auress), 102 M. P. from SITIFI, 118 from THEVESTE, and 84 from CIRTA. It was the station of an entire legion, the Legio III. Augusta (Aeyeiwv Tpitη σebaσtŃ, Ptol. l. c.; and Inser.). Its importance is attested by its magnificent ruins, among which are seen the re triumphal arch, and other buildings, enclosed by a wall, in the circuit of which 40 gates have been traced, 15 of them still in a good state of preservation. The silence of Procopius respecting such a city seems to imply that it had been destroyed before the age of Justinian. (Shaw, Travels, p. 57; Bruce; Peysonnel; Pellissier, Exploration Scientifique LAGU'SA (Aάyovoa), one of a group of small islands in the bay of Telmissus in Lycia, 5 stadia from Telmissus, and 80 from Cissidae. (Plin. v. 35; Steph. B. s. r.; Stadiasm. Mar. Mag. § 226, foll.) This island is generally considered to be the same as the modern Panagia di Cordialissa. [L. S.] LAGUSSAE, a group of small islands off the coast of Troy, to the north of Tenedos (Plin. v. 38; comp. Eustath. ad Hom. Il. ii. p. 306). Their modern name is Taochan Adassi. [L. S.] LAISH, the more ancient name of Dan. [DAN.]mains of an amphitheatre, a temple of Aesculapius, a LALASIS (Aаλavís, Ptol. v. 8. § 6, where some MSS. have ▲aλarís), a district in Cilicia, extending along Mount Taurus, above the district called Selentis. Pliny (v. 23) also mentions a town Lalasis in Isauria, and this town accordingly seems to have been the capital of the district Lalasis, which may have extended to the north of Mount Taurus. It is probable, moreover, that the Isaurian town of La-de l'Algérie, vol. vi. pp. 388, 389.) [P.S.] lisanda, mentioned by Stephanus B., and which, he says, was in his day called Dalisanda, is the same as Lalasis; and if so, it is identical with the Dalisanda of Hierocles (p. 710). Basilius of Seleucia informs us that the town stood on a lofty height, but was well provided with water, and not destitute of other advantages. (Wesseling, ad Hierocl. 1. c.). From all these circumstances, we might be inclined to consider the reading Aaλavís in Ptolemy the correct one, were it not that the coins of the place all bear the inscription Aaλarσewv. (Sestini, p. 96.) [L. S.] LALENESIS (Aaλnveoís or Aadowepís, Ptol. v. 7. § 6), a small town in the district of Melitene in Armenia Minor, on the east of Zoropassus. Its site is unknown, and no ancient writer besides Ptolemy mentions it. LALETA'NI. [LAEËTANI.] [L. S.] LAMBRI'ACA or LAMBRICA, a town of the Callaïci Lucenses in Gallaecia, near the confluence of the rivers Laeron and Ulla, not far from ElPadron. (Mela, iii. 1. § 8; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 439.) [P. S.] LAMETI'NI (Aauntivo), a city of Bruttium, mentioned only by Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v.), on the authority of Hecataeus, who added that there was a river also of the name of LAMETUS (Aάμntos). We find this again alluded to by Lycophron. (Alex. 1085.) There can be no doubt that this is the stream still called Lamato, which flows into the gulf of Sta. Eufemia: and this is confirmed by the authority of Aristotle, who gives to that gulf, otherwise known as the SINUS TERINAEUS or HIPPONIATES, the name of the LAMETINE GULF (8 AaμnTiros KóλTos, Arist. Pol. vii. 10). Hence there can be little doubt that the city of Lametini also was situated on the shores of the same bay, LAMASBA (Itin. Ant. pp. 35, ter, 40: La-though Stephanus vaguely calls it “near Crotona.” masbua, Tab. Peut.), a city of the Massylii, in the interior of Numidia, near the confines of Mauretania, 62 M. P. from SITIFI, and 62 from TAMUGADI. Lapie and D'Avezac identify it with Ain-Hazel, at the N. foot of the mountains of the Welled-Abd-enNour; but its site seems to agree better with the considerable ruins at Baitna, on the S. of those mountains, and W. of the M. Aurasius (JebelAuress: Shaw, Travels, fc. p. 52; Pellissier, Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie, vol. vi. p. 389). [P.S.] LAMBER or LAMBRUS, a river of Northern Italy, in Gallia Transpadana, noticed by Pliny among the affluents of the Padus which join that river on its left or northern bank. (Plin. iii. 19. s. 23.) It is still called the Lambro, and rises in a small lake called the Lago di Pusiano (the Eupilis Lacus of Pliny), from whence it flows within 3 miles of Milan, and enters the Po about midway between the Ticino and the Adda. Sidonius Apollinaris contrasts its stagnant and weedy stream (ulrosum Lambrum) with the blue waters of the Addua. (Ep. i. 5.) The Tabula as well as the Geographer of Ravenna give a town of the name of Lambrum, of which no trace is found elsewhere. It is probably a corruption of a station, Ad Lambrum, at the passage of the river of that name, though the Tabula erroneously transfers it to the S. side of the Padus. (Tab. Peut.; Geogr. Rav. iv. 30.) [E. H. B.] (Steph. B. 1. c.) No other writer mentions the name (which is evidently an ethnic form like Leontini), and it is probable that the town was destroyed or sunk into a dependent condition at an early period. An inscription, which records it as an existing municipal town in the time of Trajan, is almost certainly spurious. (Mommsen, Inscr. Regn. Neap. App. No. 936.) It is generally supposed to have been situated either at or near the modern village of Sta. Eufemia, but this is mere conjecture. [E.H.B.] LA'MIA (Aauía: Eth. Aquieús: Zitini), a town of the Malienses, though afterwards separated from them, situated in the district Phthiotis in Thessaly. Strabo describes Lamia as situated above the plain which lies at the foot of the Maliac gulf, at the distance of 30 stadia from the Spercheins, and 50 stadia from the sea (ix. pp. 433, 435). Livy says that it was placed on a height distant seven miles from Heracleia, of which it commanded the prospect (xxxvi. 25), and on the route which led from Thermopylae through the passes of Phthiotis to Thaumaci (xxxii. 4). Strabo further relates that it was subject to earthquakes (i. p. 60). Lamia is celebrated in history on account of the war which the Athenians and the confederate Greeks carried on against Antipater in B.C. 323. Antipater was at first unsuccessful, and took refuge in Lamia, where he was besieged for some time by the allies. From this circumstance this contest is usually called the Lamian war. Having afterwards received snccours from Craterus, Antipater retreated northwards, and defeated the allies at the battle of Crannon in the following year. (Diod. xviii. 9, seq.; Polyb. ix. 29.) In B. C. 208 Philip, son of Demetrius, defeated the Aetolians near Lamia. (Liv. xxvii. 30.) In 192 Lamia opened its gates to Antiochus (Liv. Xxxv. 43), and was in consequence besieged in the following year by Philip, who was then acting in conjunction with the Romans. (Liv. xxxvi. 25.) On this occasion Livy mentions the difficulty which the Macedonians experienced in mining the rock, which was siliceous (in asperis locis silex saepe impenetrabilis ferro occurrebat"). In 190 the town was taken by the Romans. (Liv. xxxvii. 4, 5.) Lamia is mentioned by Pliny (iv. 7. s. 14), and was also in existence in the sixth century. (Hierocl. p. 642, ed. Wesseling.) The site of Lamia is fixed at Zitúni, both by the description of the ancient writers of the position of Lamia, and by an inscription which Paul Lucas copied at this place. Zitúni is situated on a hill, and is by nature a strongly fortified position. The only remains of the ancient city which Leake discovered were some pieces of the walls of the Acropolis, forming a part of those of the modern castle, and some small remains of the town walls at the foot of the hill, beyond the extreme modern houses to the eastward. On the opposite side of the town Leake noticed a small river, which, we learn from Strabo (ix. p. 434, 450), was called Achelous. The port of Malia was named PHALARA (Tà ÞáAapa, Strab. ix. p. 435; Polyb. xx. 11; Liv. xxvii. 30, xxxv. 43; Plin. iv. 7. s. 12), now Stylidha. Zitúni has been compared to Athens, with its old castle, or acropolis, above, and its Peiraceus at Stylidha, on the shore below. There is a fine view from the castle, commanding the whole country adjacent to the head of the Maliac gulf. (Lucas, Voyage dans la Grèce, vol. i. p. 405; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 2; Stephani, Reise, &c. p. 39.) LAMIACUS SINUS (8 Aamaròs кÓλños), a name given by Pausanias to the Maliac gulf, from the important town of Lamia. (Paus. i. 4. § 3, vii. 15. § 2, x. 1. § 2.) In the same way the gulf is now called Zitúni, which is the modern name of Lamia. LAMINIUM (Aaulviov: Eth. Laminitani: near Fuenllana, between Montiel and Alcaraz), a town of the Carpetani (according to Ptolemy, though some suppose it to have belonged rather to the Oretani), in Hispania Tarraconensis. It was a stipendiary town of the conventus of New Carthage, and stood on the high road from Emerita to Caesaraugusta. The river ANAS (Guadiana) rose in the lands of Laminium, 7 M. P. E. of the town. (Plin. iii. 1. s. 2, 3. s. 4; Itin. Ant. pp. 445, 446; Ptol. ii. 6. § 57; Inser. ap. Florez, Esp. S. vol. iv. p. 38, vol. v. pp. 22, 122, vol. vii. p. 140; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. P. 411: in Plin. xxxvi. 21. s. 47, where Pliny speaks of the whetstones found in Hither Spain as Cotes Flaminitanae, Ukert supposes we ought to read Cotes Laminitanac.) [P.S.] LAMO'TIS (Aauŵris), a district on the eastern coast of Cilicia Aspera, between the rivers Calycadnus and Lamus. Its capital bore the name of Lamus, from which that of the district was derived. (Ptol. v. 8. § 6; comp. LAMUS.) [L. S.] LAMPAS (Aаμяás), a harbour on the E. coast of the Tauric Chersonese, 800 stadia from Theodosia, and 220 stadia from Criu-Metopon. (Arrian, Peripl. p. 20; Anon. Peripl. p. 6.) Arrian uses the two names Lampas and Halmitis as if they belonged to the same place, but the Anonymous Coast-describer speaks of Lampas alone. Halmitis probably took its name from being a place for salting fish. The name is preserved in the places now called BioukLambat and Koutchouk-Lambat, Tartar villages at the end of a bay defended by the promontory of Plaka, near which ancient ruins have been found. (Dubois de Montpereux, Voyage autour du Caucase, vol. v. p. 713, vol. vi. p. 460; Rennell, Compar. Geog. vol. ii. p. 340.) [E. B. J.] LAMPATAE or LAMPAGAE (Λαμπάται or Aaunnya, Ptol. vii. 1. § 42), a small tribe who lived among the offshoots of the Imaus, in the NW. part of India, about the sources of the Choes (now Kamel), which is itself a tributary of the Kabul river. [V.] LAMPE (Aaun), a town in Crete, also called Lappa. [LAPPA.] Besides this town Stephanus B. (s. v.) mentions two other towns of this name, otherwise unknown, one in Arcadia and the other in Argolis. LAMPEIA. [ERYMANTHUS.] LAMPONEIA OF LAMPONIUM (Λαμπώνεια, Aaμжúviov), an Aeolian town in the south-west of Troas, of which no particulars are known, except that it was annexed to Persia by the satrap Otanes in the reign of Darius Hystaspis. It is mentioned only by the earliest writers. (Herod. v. 26; Strab. xiii. p. 610; Steph. B. s. v.) [L. S.] LAMPRA. [ATTICA, p. 331, a.] LAMPSACUS (Λάμψακος : Ειλ. Λαμψακηνός), sometimes also called Lampsacum (Cic. in Verr. i. 24; Pomp. Mela, i. 19), was one of the most celebrated Greek settlements in Mysia on the Hellespont. It was known to have existed under the name of Pityusa or Pityussa before it received colonists from the Ionian cities of Phocaea and Miletus. (Strab. xiii. p. 589; Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. v. 40; Hom. I. ii. 829; Plut. de Virt. Mul. 18.) It was situated, opposite to Callipolis, in the Thracian Chersonesus, and possessed an excellent harbour. Herodotus (vi. 37) relates that the elder Miltiades, who was settled in the Thracian Chersonesus, made war upon the Lampsaceni, but that they took him by surprise, and made him their prisoner. Being threatened, however, by Croesus, who supported Miltiades, they set him free. During the Ionian revolt, the town fell into the hands of the Persians. (Herod. v. 117.) The territory about Lampsacus produced excellent wine, whence the king of Persia bestowed it upon Themistocles, that he might thence provide himself with wine. (Thucyd. i. 138; Athen. i. p. 29; Diod. xi. 57; Plut. Them. 29; Nepos, Them. 10; Amm. Marc. xxii. 8.) But even while Lampsacus acknowledged the supremacy of Persia, it continued to be governed by a native prince or tyrant, of the name of Hippocles. His son Aeantides married Archedice, a daughter of Pisistratus, whose tomb, commemorating her virtues, was seen there in the time of Thucydides (vi. 59). The attempt of Euagon to seize the citadel, and thereby to make himself tyrant, seems to belong to the same period. (Athen. xi. p. 508.) After the battle of Mycale, in B. C. 479, Lampsacus joined Athens, but revolted after the failure of the great Athenian expedition to Sicily; being, however, unfortified, it was easily reconquered by a fleet under Strombichides. (Thuc. viii. 62.) After the time of Alexander the Great, the Lampsaceni had to defend their city against the attacks of Antiochus of Syria; they voted a crown of gold to the Romans, and were received by them as allies. (Liv. xxxiii. 38, xxxv. 42, xliii. 6; Polyb. xxi. 10.) In the time of Strabo, Lampsacus was still a flourishing city. It was the birthplace of many distinguished authors and philosophers, such as Charon the historian, Anaximenes the orator, and Metrodorus the disciple of Epicurus, who himself resided there for many years, and reckoned some of its citizens among his intimate friends. (Strab. I. c.; Diog. Laërt. x. 11.) Lampsacus possessed a fine statue by Lysippus, representing a prostrate lion, but it was removed by Agrippa to Rome to adorn the Campus Martius. (Strab. I. c.) Lampsacus, as is well known, was the chief seat of the obscene worship of Priapus, who was believed to have been born there of Aphrodite. (Athen. i. p. 30; Paus. ix. 31. §2; Apollon. Rhod. i. 983; Ov. Fast. vi. 345; Virg. Georg. iv. 110.) From this circumstance the whole district was believed to have derived the name of Abarnis or Aparnis (arapvetoba), because Aphrodite denied that she had given birth to him. (Theophr. Hist. Plant. i. 6, 13.) The ancient name of the district had been Bebrycia, probably from the Thracian Bebryces, who had settled there. (Comp. Hecat. Fragm. 207; Charon, Fragm. 115, 119; Xenoph. Anab. vii. 8. § 1; Polyb. v. 77; Plin. iv. 18, v. 40; Ptol. v. 2. § 2; Steph. B. s. v.) The name of Lamsaki is still attached to a small town, near which Lampsacus probably stood, as Lamsaki itself contains no remains of antiquity. There are gold and silver staters of Lampsacus in different collections; the imperial coins have been traced from Augustus to Gallienus. (Sestini, Mon. Vet. p. 73.) [L. COIN OF LAMPSACUS. S.] LAMPSUS, a town of Histiaeotis in Thessaly, on the borders of Athamania. (Liv. xxxii. 14.) LAMPTRA. [ATTICA, p. 331, a.] LAMUS (Aduos), a village of Cilicia, at the mouth of the river Lamus, from which the whole district derived the name of Lamotis. The river is mentioned by Stephanus B. (from Alexander Polyhistor), and both the river and the village by Strabo (xiv. p. 671) and Ptolemy (v. 8. §§ 4, 6). The river, which is otherwise of no importance, formed the boundary between Cilicia Aspera and Cilicia Propria, and still bears the name of Lamas or Lamuzo. About the village of Lamus no particulars are known. (Comp. Nonnus, Dionys. xxiv. 50; Hierocl. p. 709.) [L S.] LAMYRON (Aauvpár), a great harbour near Cape Heraclium, on the coast of Pontus, not far from Themiscyra. (Anonym. Peripl. Pont. Eux. p. 10.) [L. S.] LANCE (Itin. Ant. p. 395), or LA'NCIA (Aayía, Dion Cass. liii. 25, 29; Flor. iv. 12; Oros. vi. 21), or LANCIATUM (Aаykiaтov, Ptol. ii. 6. § 29), the chief city of the LANCEATI (Aayiaro, Ptol. 1. c.) or LANCIENSES (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4), a tribe of the Astures, in Hispania Tarraconensis. It was strongly fortified, and was the most important city of that region, even more so than LEGIO VII. GEMINA, at least before the settlement of the latter by the Romans, by whom Lancia was destroyed, though it was again restored. It lay on the high road from Caesaraugusta to Legio VII. (Leon), only 9 M. P. from the latter, where its name is still to be traced in that of Sollanco or Sollancia. (Florez, Esp. S. vol. xvi. p. 16; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 441.) [P. S.] LA'NCIA, LANCIA'TI, LANCIA TUM. [LANCE.] LA'NCIA OPPIDA'NA. [VETTONES.] LANCIENSES OCELENSES or TRANSCUDANI. [OCELUM.] LANGOBARDI, LONGOBARDI (Aayyobáρdoi, Aoyyosapool, also Aayyosápoai and Aoyyobάpdaι), a tribe of Germans whom we first meet with in the plain, south of the lower Elbe, and who belonged to the Suevi (Strab. vii. p. 290, where Kramer reads Aаykósapoor; Ptol. ii. 11. §§ 9, 17). According to Paulus Diaconus, himself a Langobard, or Lombard (Hist. Longob. i. 3, 8; comp. Isidor. Orig. ix. 2; Etym. M. s. v. yévetov), the tribe derived its name from the long beards, by which they distinguished themselves from the other Germans, who generally shaved their beards. But it seems to be more probable that they derived the name from the country they inhabited on the banks of the Elbe, where Borde (or Bord) still signifies "a fertile plain by the side of a river;" and a district near Magdeburg is still called the lange Börde (Wilhelm, Germanien, p. 286). According to this, Langobardi would sig. nify "inhabitants of the long bord of the river." The district in which we first meet with them, is the left bank of the Elbe, from the point where the Sala empties itself into it, to the frontiers of the Chauci Minores, so that they were bounded in the north by the Elbe, in the east by the Semnones, in the south by the Cherusci, and in the west by the Fosi and Angrivarii. Traces of the name of the Langobardi still occur in that country in such names as Bardengau, Bardewik. The earliest writer who mentions the Langobardi as inhabiting those parts, is Velleius Paterculus (ii. 106). But notwithstanding the unanimous testimony of the ancients that they were a branch of the Suevi, their own historian (Paul. Diac. I. c.; comp. Euseb. Chron. ad an. 380) states that the Langobardi originally did not inhabit any part of Germany, but had migrated south from Scandinavia, where they had borne the name of Vinili, and that they assumed the name Langobardi after their arrival in Germany. It is impossible to say what value is to be attributed to this statement, which has found as many advocates as it has had opponents. From Strabo (1. c.) it is clear that they occupied the northern bank of the Elbe, and it is possible that they were among those Germans whom Tiberius, in the reign of Augustus drove across the Elbe (Suet. Aug. 21). In their new country they were soon reduced to submission by Maroboduus, but accordingly crossed the Alps, and as the north of Italy was badly defended, he succeeded in a short time in establishing his kingdom, which continued to flourish until it was overpowered and destroyed by Charlemagne. (Paul. Diac. ii. 5; Eginhard, Vit. Carol. M. 6.) The history of this singular people, whose name still survives, has been written in Latin by Paulus Diaconus (Warnefried), in the reign of Charlemagne, and by another Lombard of the 9th century, whose name is unknown. (Comp. Wilhelm, Germanien, p. 281, foll.; Zeuss, die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme, p. 109, foll.; F. Dufft, Quaestiones de Antiquissima Longobardorum Historia, Berlin, 1830, 8vo.; Koch-Sternfeld, das Reich der Longobarden in Italien, Munich, 1839; Latham, Tac. Germ. p. 139, and Epileg. p. lxxxiv.) [L.S.] LANGOBRIGA. [LUSITANIA.] afterwards they shook off the yoke, and, in conjunction with the Semnones, joined the confederacy of the Cheruscans against the Marcomanni. (Tac. Ann. ii. 45.) When, in consequence of the murder of Arminius, the power of the Cheruscans was decaying more and more, the Langobardi not only supported and restored Italus, the king of the Cheruscans who had been expelled, but seem to have extended their own territory in the south, so as to occupy the country between Halle, Magdeburg, and Leipzig. (Tac. Ann. xi. 17.) They were not a numerous tribe, but their want of numbers was made up for by their natural | bravery (Tac. Germ. 40), and Velleius describes them as a gens etiam Germana feritate ferocior." Shortly after these events the Langobardi disappear from history, until they are mentioned again by Ptolemy (c.), who places them in the extensive territory between the Rhine and Weser, and even LANUVIUM (Λανούϊον, Strab. ; Λακούβιον, beyond the latter river almost as far as the Elbe. Ptol.: Eth. Aavovïos, Lanuvinus: Cività Lavinia), They thus occupied the country which had formerly an ancient and important city of Latium, situated on been inhabited by the tribes forming the Cheruscan a lofty hill forming a projecting spur or promontory confederacy. This great extension of their territory of the Alban Hills towards the S. It was distant shows that their power must have been increasing about 20 miles from Rome, on the right of the Appian ever since their liberation from the yoke of Maro- | Way, rather more than a mile from the road. The boduus. After this time we again hear nothing of name is often written in inscriptions, even of a good the Longobardi for a considerable period. They are time, Larivium; hence the confusion which has indeed mentioned, in an excerpt from the history of arisen in all our MSS. of ancient authors between it Petrus Patricius (Exc. de Legat. p. 124), as allies and Lavinium: the two names are so frequently of the Obii on the frontiers of Pannonia; but other-interchanged as to leave constant doubt which of wise history is silent about them, until, in the second half of the 5th century, they appear on the north of the Danube in Upper Hungary as tributary to the Heruli (Procop. de Bell. Goth. ii. 15, who describes them as Christians). Whether these Langobardi, however, were the same people whom we last met with between the Rhine and the Elbe, or whether they were only a band of emigrants who had in the course of time become so numerous as to form a distinct tribe, is a question which cannot be answered with certainty, although the latter seems to be the more probable supposition. Their natural love of freedom could not bear to submit to the rule of the Heruli, and after having defeated the king of the latter in a great battle, they subdued the neighbouring Quadi, likewise a Suevian tribe, and henceforth they were for a long time the terror of their neighbours and the Roman province of Pannonia. (Paul. Diac. i. 22.) For, being the most powerful nation in those parts, they extended their dominion down the Danube, and occupied the extensive plains in the north of Dacia on the river Theiss, where they first came in conflict with the Gepidae, and entered Pannonia. (Paul. Diac. i. 20.) The emperor Justinian, wanting their support against the Gepidae, gave them lands and supplied them with money (Procop. Bell. Goth. iii. 33), and under their king Audoin they gained a great victory over the Gepidae. (Paul. Diac. i. 25; Procop. Bell Goth. iii. 34, iv. 18, 25.) Alboin, Audoin's successor, after having, in conjunction with the Avari, completely overthrown the empire of the Gepidae, led the Langobardi, in A. D. 568, into Italy, where they permanently established themselves, and founded the kingdom from which down to this day the north-east of Italy bears the name of Lombardy. (Exc. de Legat. pp. 303, 304; Marius Episc. Chron. Ronc. ii. 412.) The occasion of their invading Italy is related as follows. When Alboin had concluded his alliance with the Avari, and had ceded to them his own dominions, Narses, to take revenge upon Justin, invited them to quit their poor country and take possession of the fertile plains of Italy. Alboin the two is really meant, and in the middle ages they appear to have been actually regarded as the same place; whence the name of "Civitas Lavinia" by which Lanuvium is still known, and which can be traced as far back as the fourteenth century. The foundation of Lanuvium was ascribed by a tradition recorded by Appian (B. C. ii. 20) to Diomed; a legend probably arising from some fancied connection with the worship of Juno at Argos. A tradition that has a more historical aspect, though perhaps little more historical worth, represented it as one of the colonies of Alba. (Diod. vii. ap. Euseb. Arm. p. 185.) The statement of Cato (ap. Priscian. iv. 4. § 21) that it was one of the cities which co-operated in the consecration of the celebrated temple of Diana at Aricia, is the first fact concerning it that can be looked upon as historical, and shows that Lanuvium was already a city of consideration and power. Its name appears also in the list given by Dionysius of the cities that formed the league against Rome in B. C. 496, and there is no doubt that it was in fact one of the thirty cities of the Latin League. (Dionys. v. 61; Niebuhr, vol. ii. p. 17.) But from this time we hear little of it, except that it was the faithful ally of Rome during her long wars with the Volscians and Aequians (Liv. vi. 21): the position of Lanuvium would indeed cause it to be one of the cities most immediately interested in opposing the progress of the Volscians, and render it as it were the natural rival of Antium. We have no explanation of the causes which, in B. c. 383, led the Lanuvians suddenly to change their policy, and take up arms, together with some other Latin cities, in favour of the Volscians (Liv. vi. 21). They must have shared in the defeat of their allies near Satricum; but apparently were admitted to submission on favourable terms, and we hear no more of them till the great Latin War in B. C. 340, in which they took an active and important part. At first, indeed, they seem to have hesitated and delayed to take the field; but in the two last campaigns their forces are |