[L. S.]

99; Ptol. v. 2. § 30; P. Mela, ii. 7.) Modern writers | tioned in the Itinerary as the Venta Icenorum, and derive the name of Icaria from the Ionic word kápa, in contradistinction to the Venta Belgarum (Wina pasture (Hesych. s. v. Káp), according to which it chester). [R. G. L.] would mean " the pasture land." In earlier times ICH (Ix), a river of Central Asia which only it is said to have been called Doliche (Plin. l. c.; occurs in Menander of Byzantium (Hist. Legat. BarCallim. Hymn. in Dian. 187), Macris (Plin. l. c.; barorum ad Romanos, p. 300, ed. Niebuhr, Bonn, Eustath. ad Dionys. Per. 530; Liv. xxvii. 13), and 1829), surnamed the "Protector," and contempoIchthyoessa (Plin. l. c.). Respecting the present con- rary with the emperor Maurice, in the 6th century dition of the island, see Tournefort, Voyage du Lé- after Christ, to whom comparative geography is vant, ii. lett. 9. p. 94; and Ross, Reisen auf den indebted for much curious information about the Griech. Inseln, vol. ii. p. 164, fol. basin of the Caspian and the rivers which discharge themselves into it on the E. Niebuhr has recognised, in the passage from Menander to which reference has been made, the first intimation of the knowledge of the existence of the lake of Aral, after the very vague intimations of some among the authors of the classical period. Von Humboldt (Asie Centrale, vol. ii. p. 186) has identified the Ich with the Emba or Djem, which rises in the mountain range Airuruk, not far from the sources of the Or, and, after traversing the sandy steppes of Saghiz and Bakoumbai, falls into the Caspian at its NE. corner, (Comp. Levchine, Hordes et Steppes des KirghizKazaks, p. 65.) [E. B. J.]

OINAIRY

COIN OF OENOE OR OENAE, IN ICARUS.

ICARUSA, a river the embouchure of which is on the E. coast of the Euxine, mentioned only by Pliny (vi. 5). Icarusa answers to the Ukrash river; and the town and river of Hieros is doubtless the HIEROS PORTUS (iepòs Auh) of Arrian (Peripl. p. 19), which has been identified with Sunjuk-kala. (Rennell, Compar. Geog. vol. ii. p. 328.) [E. B. J.] ICAUNUS or ICAUNA (Yonne), in Gallia, a river which is a branch of the Sequana (Seine). Autesiodurum or Autessiodurum (Auxerre) is on the Yonne. The name Icaunus is only known from inscriptions. D'Anville (Notice, &c., s. v. Icauna) states, on the authority of the Abbé le Beuf, that there was found on a stone on the modern wall of Auxerre the inscription DEAE ICAVNI. He supposes that Icauni ought to be Icauniae, but without any good reason. He also adds that the name Icauna appears in a writing of the fifth century. According to Ukert (Gallien, p. 145), who also cites Le Beuf, the inscription is "Deabus Icauni." It is said that in the ninth century Auxerre was named Icauna, Hionna, Junia. (Millin, Voyage, i. p. 167, cited by Ukert, Gallien, p. 474.) Icauna is as likely to be the Roman form of the original Celtic name as Icaunus. [G. L.]

ICENI, in Britain. Tacitus is the only author who gives us the exact form Iceni. He mentions them twice.

First, they are defeated by the propraetor P. Ostorius, who, after fortifying the valleys of the Autona (Aufona) and Sabrina, reduces the Iceni, and then inarcnes against the Cangi, a population sufficiently distant from Norfolk or Suffolk (the area of the Iceni) to be near the Irish Sea. (Ann. xii. 31, 32.) The difficulties that attend the geography of the campaign of Ostorius have been indicated in the article CAMULODUNUM. It is not from this passage that we fix the Iceni.

The second notice gives us the account of the great rebellion under Boadicea, wife of Prasutagus. From this we infer that Camulodunum was not far from the Icenian area, and that the Trinobantes were a neighbouring population. Perhaps we are justified in carrying the Iceni as far south as the frontiers of Essex and Herts. (Ann. xiv. 31-37.)

The real reason, however, for fixing the Iceni lies in the assumption that they are the same as the Simeni of Ptolemy, whose town was Venta (Norwich or Caistor); an assumption that is quite reasonable, since the Venta of Ptolemy's Simeni is men

ICHANA (Ixava: Eth. 'Ixavivos), a city of Sicily, which, according to Stephanus of Byzantium, held out for a long time against the arms of the Syracusans, whence he derives its name (from the verb ixaváw, a form equivalent to loxaváw), but gives us no indication of the period to which this statement refers. The Ichanenses, however, are mentioned by Pliny (iii. 8. s. 14) among the stipendiary towns of the interior of Sicily, though, according to Sillig (ad loc.), the true reading is Ipanenses. [HIPPANA.] In either case we have no clue to the position of the city, and it is a mere random conjecture of Cluverius to give the name of Ichana to the ruins of a city which still remain at a place called Vindicari, a few miles N. of Cape Pachynum, and which were identified (with still less probability) by Fazello as those of Imachara. [IMACHARA.] [E. H. B.]

ICHNAE (Ixvai), a city of Bottiaca, in Macedonia, which Herodotus (vii. 123) couples with Pella. (Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 582.) [E. B. J.]

ICHNAE (Ixval, Isid. Char. p. 3; Steph. B. s. v), a small fortified town, or castle, in Mesopotamia, situated on the river Bilecha, which itself flowed into the Euphrates. It is said by Isidorus to have owed its origin to the Macedonians. There can be little doubt that it is the same place as is called in Dion Cassius 'Ixva (xl. 12), and in Plutarch 'Toxva (Crass. c. 25). According to the former writer, it was the place where Crassus overcame Talymenus: according to the latter, that to which the younger Crassus was persuaded to fly when wounded. Its exact position cannot be determined; but it is clear that it was not far distant from the important town of Carrhae. [V.]

ICCIUS PORTUS. [ITIUS.]

ICHTHYO'PHAGI (Ixovopayot, Diod. iii. 15, seq.; Herod. iii. 19; Pausan. i. 33. §4; Plin. vi. 30. s. 32), were one of the numerous tribes dwelling on each shore of the Red Sea which derived their appellation from the principal article of their diet. Fish-eaters, however, were not confined to this region: in the present day, savages, whose only diet is fish cast ashore and cooked in the sun, are found on the coasts of New Holland. The Aethiopian Ichthyophagi, who appear to have been the most numerous of these

DYTES.

tribes, dwelt to the southward of the Regio Troglo- |
dytica. Of these, and other more inland races,
concerning whose strange forms and modes of life
curious tales are related by the Greek and Roman
writers, a further account is given under TROGLO-
[W. B. D.]
ICHTHYOPHAGORUM SINUS ('Ixovopάywv
KÓATOS, Ptol. vi. 7. § 13), was a deeply embayed
portion of the Persian gulf, in lat. 25° N., situated
between the headlands of the Sun and Asabé on the
eastern coast of Arabia. The inhabitants of its bor-
ders were of the same mixed race.
-Aethiopo-Ara-
bian-with the Ichthyophagi of Aethiopia. The
bay was studded with islands, of which the prin-
cipal were Aradus, Tylos, and Tharos. [W. B. D.]
ICHTHYS. [ELIS, p. 817, b.]

ICIANI, in Britain, mentioned in the Itinerary as
a station on the road from London to Carlisle (Lugu-
ballium). As more than one of the stations on each side
(Villa Faustini, Camboricum, &c.) are uncertain,
the locality of the Iciani is uncertain also. Chester-
ford, Ickburg, and Thetford are suggested in the
Monumenta Britannica.
[R. G. L.]

ICIDMAGUS, a town of Gallia Lugdunensis, is placed by the Table on a road between Revessium (supposed to be St. Paulian) and Aquae Segete. [AQUAE SEGETE.] Icidmagus is probably Issengeaux or Issinhaux, which is SSW. of St. Etienne, on the west side of the mountains, and in the basin of the Upper Loire. The resemblance of name is the chief reason for fixing on this site. [G. L.] ICO'NII ('IKóvioi), an Alpine people of Gallia. Strabo (p. 185) says: "Above the Cavares are the Vocontii, and Tricorii, and Iconii, and Peduli;” and again (p. 203): "Next to the Vocontii are the Siconii, and Tricorii, and after them the Medali (Medulli), who inhabit the highest summits." These Iconii and Siconii are evidently the same people, and the sigma in the name Siconii seems to be merely a repetition of the final sigma of the word Ouкovтious. The Peduli of the first passage, as some editions have it, is also manifestly the name Medulli. The ascertained position of the Cavares on the east side of the Rhone, between the Durance and Isère, and that of the Vocontii east of the Cavares, combined with Strabo's remark about the position of the Medulli, show that the Tricorii and the Iconii are between the Vocontii and the Medulli, who were on the High Alps; and this is all that we know. [G. L.] ICO'NIUM (IRÓviov: Eth. 'Ikovieús: Cogni, Kunjah, or Koniyeh), was regarded in the time of Xenophon (Anab. i. 2. § 19) as the easternmost town of Phrygia, while all later authorities describe it as the principal city of Lycaonia. (Cic. ad Fam. iii. 6, 8, xv. 3.) Strabo (xii. p. 568) calls it a πоλίχνιον, whence we must infer that it was then still a small place; but he adds that it was well peopled, and was situated in a fertile district of Lycaonia. Pliny (v. 27), however, and the Acts of the Apostles, describe it as a very populous city, inhabited by Greeks and Jews. Hence it would appear that, within a short period, the place had greatly risen in importance. In Pliny's time the territory of Iconium formed a tetrarchy comprising 14 towns, of which Iconium was the capital. On coins belonging to the reign of the emperor Gallienus, the town is called a Roman colony, which was, probably, only an assumed title, as no author speaks of it as a colony. Under the Byzantine emperors it was the metropolis of Lycaonia, and is frequently mentioned (Hierocl. p. 675); but it was wrested from them first by the

Saracens, and afterwards by the Turks, who made it
the capital of an empire, the sovereigns of which
took the title of Sultans of Iconium. Under the
Turkish dominion, and during the period of the Cru-
sades, Iconium acquired its greatest celebrity. It is
still a large and populous town, and the residence of
a pasha. The place contains some architectural
remains and inscriptions, but they appear almost all
to belong to the Byzantine period. (Comp. Amm.
Marc. xiv. 2; Steph. B. s. v.; Ptol. v. 6. § 16;
Leake, Asia Minor, p. 48; Hamilton, Researches,
vol. ii. p. 205, fol.; Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 31; Sestini,
Geo. Num. p. 48.) The name Iconium led the an-
cients to derive it from elkúv, which gave rise to the
fable that the city derived its name from an image
of Medusa, brought thither by Perseus (Eustath, ad
Dionys. Per. 856); hence Stephanus B. maintains
that the name ought to be spelt Eikóviov, a form
actually adopted by Eustathius and the Byzantine
writers, and also found on some coins. [L. S.]
ICORIGIUM. [EGORIGIUM.]
ICOS. [Icus.]

ICOSITA'NI. [ILICI.]

ICO'SIUM ('Ikóσov: Algier), a city on the coast of Mauretania Caesariensis, E. of Caesarea, a colony under the Roman empire, and presented by Vespasian with the jus Latinum. (Itin. Ant. p. 15; Mela, i. 6. § 1; Plin. v. 2. s. 1; Ptol. iv. 2. § 6.) Its site, already well indicated by the numbers of Ptolemy, who places it 30' W. of the mouth of the Savus, has been identified with certainty by inscriptions discovered by the French. (Pellissier, in the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie, vol. vi. p. 350.) Many modern geographers, following Mannert, who was misled by a confusion in the numbers of the Itinerary, put this and all the neighbouring places too far west. [Comp. IoL.] [P. S.]

ICTIMULI or VICTIMULI (IKтOUμOUλOL, Strab.), a people of Cisalpine Gaul, situated at the foot of the Alps, in the territory of Vercellae. They are mentioned by Strabo (v. p. 218), who speaks of a village of the Ictimuli, where there were gold mines, which he seems to place in the neighbourhood of Vercellae; but the passage is so confused that it would leave us in doubt. Pliny, however, who notices the gold mines of the Victimuli among the most productive in Italy, distinctly places them "in agro Vercellensi." We learn from him that they were at one time worked on so large a scale that a law was passed by the Roman censors prohibiting the employment in them of more than 5000 men at once. (Plin. xxxiii. 4. s. 21.) Their site is not more precisely indicated by either of the above authors, but the Geographer of Ravenna mentions the "civitas, quae dicitur Victimula" as situated near Eporedia, not far from the foot of the Alps" (Geogr. Rav. iv. 30); and a modern writer has traced the existence of the "Castellum Victimula' during the middle ages, and shown that it must have been situated between Ivrea and Biella on the banks of the Elvo. Traces of the ancient gold mines, which appear to have been worked during the middle ages, may be still observed in the neighbouring mountains. (Durandi, Alpi Graie e Pennine, pp. 110-112; Walckenaer, Géogr. des Gaules, vol. i. p. 168.) [E. H. B.]

66

ICTIS, in Britain, mentioned by Diodorus Siculus (v. 22) as an island lying off the coast of the tin districts, and, at low tides, becoming a peninsula, whither the tin was conveyed in waggons. St. Michael's Mount is the suggested locality for Ictis

portant than these scanty notices, and, indeed, more important than all the notices of Ireland put together, is the text of Ptolemy. In this author the details for Ireland (Ioúpvia) are fuller, rather than scantier, than those for Great Britain. Yet, as Ireland was never reduced, or even explored by the Romans, his authorities must have been other than Latin. Along with this fact must be taken another, viz., that of the earliest notice of Ireland ('Iépvn) being full as early as the earliest of Britain; earlier, if we attribute the Argonautic poem to Onomacritus; earlier, too, if we suppose that Hanno was the authority of Avienus.

If not Roman, the authorities for Ierne must have been Greek, or Phoenician, Greek from Marseilles, Phoenician from either the mother-country or Carthage. The probabilities are in favour of the latter. On the other hand, early as we may make the first voyage from Carthage (viâ Spain) to Ireland, we find no traces of any permanent occupancy, or of any intermixture of blood. The name lerne was native;

=

do we meet any separate substantive notice, a notice of their playing any part in history, or a notice of their having come in contact with any other nation. They appear only as details in the list of the populations of Ierne. Neither do the Ierni appear collectively in history. They lay beyond the pale of the classical (Roman or Greek) nations, just as did the tribes of Northern Germany and Scandinavia; and we know them only in their geography, not in their history.

But they may have been tribes unmentioned by Ptolemy, which do appear in history; or the names of Ptolemy may have been changed. Ptolemy says nothing about any Scoti; but Claudian does. He also connects them with Ireland: —

"maduerunt Saxone fuso

Orcades; incaluit Pictorum sanguine Thule
Scotorum cumulos flevit glacialis Ierne."

though it need not necessarily have been taken from Again: -
the Iernians themselves. It may been Iberian
(Spanish) as well. Some of the names in Ptolemy
-a large proportion- —are still current, e. g. Li-
boius, Senus, Oboca, Birgus, Eblana, Nagnatae, &c.,
Liffy, Shannon, Avoca, Barrow, Dublin, Con-
naught, &c. Ptolemy gives us chiefly the names of
the Irish rivers and promontories, which, although
along a sea-board so deeply indented as that of Ire-
land not always susceptible of accurate identification,
are still remarkably true in the general outline.
What is of more importance, inasmuch as it shows
that his authorities had gone inland, is the fact of
seven towns being mentioned: "The inland towns
are these, Rhigia, Rhaeba, Laverus, Macolicum,
Dunum, another Rhigia, Turnis."

The populations are the Vennicnii and Rhobogdii, in Ulster; the Nagnatae, in Connaught; the Erdini and Erpeditani, between the Nagnatae and Vennicnii; the Uterni and Vodiae, in Munster; and the Auteri, Gangani, the Veliborae (or Ellebri), between the Uterni and Nagnatae. This leaves Leinster for the Brigantes, Coriondi, Menapii, Cauci, Blanii, Voluntii, and Darnii, the latter of whom may have been in Ulster. Besides the inland towns, there was a Menapia (τóλs) and an Eblana (Tóλis) on the

coast.

Tacitus merely states that Agricola meditated the conquest of Ireland, and that the Irish were not very different from the Britons:-"Ingenia, cultusque hominum haud multum a Britannia differunt." (Agric. 24.)

It is remarkable that on the eastern coast one British and two German names occur,- Brigantes, Cauci, and Menapii. It is more remarkable that two of these names are more or less associated on the continent. The Chauci lie north of the Menapii in Germany, though not directly. The inference from this is by no means easy. Accident is the last resource to the ethnographical philologist; so that more than one writer has assumed a colonisation. Such a fact is by no means improbable. It is not much more difficult for Germans to have been in Wexford in the second century than it was for Northmen to have been so in the eighth, ninth, and tenth. On the other hand, the root m-n-p seems to have been Celtic, and to have been a common, rather than a proper, name; since Pliny gives us the island Monapia Anglesea. No opinion is given as to the nature of these coincidences.

Of none of the Irish tribes mentioned by Ptolemy

(De Tert. Consul. Honorii, 72–74.)

(In Prim. Consul. Stilich. ii. 252.) The extent to which the current opinions as to the early history of the Gaels of Scotland confirm the ideas suggested by the text of Claudian is considered under SCOTI. At present it may be said that Scoti may easily have been either a generic name for some of the tribes mentioned in detail by Ptolemy, or else a British instead of a Gaelic name. At any rate, the Scoti may easily have been, in the time of Ptolemy, an Irish population.

Two other names suggest a similar question, Belgae, and Attacotti. The claim of the latter to have been Irish is better than that of the former. The Attacotti occur in more than one Latin writer; the Belgae (Fir-bolgs) in the Irish annals only. [See ATTACOTTI, and BELGAE OF BRITANNIA.]

The ethnology of the ancient Ierne is ascertained by that of modern Ireland. The present population belongs to the Gaelic branch of the Celtic stock; a population which cannot be shown to have been introduced within the historical period, whilst the stock of the time of Ptolemy cannot be shown to have been ejected. Hence, the inference that the population of Ierne consisted of the ancestors of the present Irish, is eminently reasonable, -so reasonable that no objections lie against it. That English and Scandinavian elements have been introduced since, is well known. That Spanish (Iberie) and Phoenician elements may have been introduced in the ante-historical period, is likely; the extent to which it took place being doubtful. The most cautious investigators of Irish archaeology have hesitated to pronounce any existing remains either Phoenician or Iberian. Neither are there any remains referable to pagan Rome. [R. G. L.]

IERNUS, in Ireland, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 2. § 4) as the most southern of two rivers (the Durus being the other) lying between the Senus (Shannon) and the Southern Promontory (Mizen Head)=either the Kenmare or the Bantry Bay River. [R. G. L.]

JERUSALEM, the ancient capital of Palaestine, and the seat of the Hebrew kingdom.

I. NAMES.

The name by which this ancient capital is most commonly known was not its original appellation, but apparently compounded of two earlier names.