portant (Thucyd. viii. 5, 22, 23, 32, 100). It was near the coast of this island that the last great naval victory of the Athenians during the war was won, that of Conon over Callicratidas at Arginusae. On the destruction of the Athenian force by Lysander at Aegospotami, it fell under the power of Sparta; but it was recovered for a time by Thrasybulus (Xen. Hell. iv. 8. §§ 28-30). At the peace of Antaleidas it was declared independent. From this time to the establishment of the Macedonian empire it is extremely difficult to fix the fluctuations of the history of Lesbos in the midst of the varying influences of Athens, Sparta, and Persia.

After the battle of the Granicus, Alexander made a treaty with the Lesbians. Memnon the Rhodian took Mytilene and fortified it, and died there. Afterwards Hegelochus reduced the various cities of the island under the Macedonian power. (For the history of these transactions see Arrian, Exped. Alex. iii. 2: Curt. Hist. Alex. iv. 5.) In the war of the Romans with Perseus, Labeo destroyed Antissa for aiding the Macedonians, and incorporated its inhabitants with those of Methymna (Liv. xlv. 31. Hence perhaps the true explanation of Pliny's remark, 1. c.). In the course of the Mithridatic War, Mytilene incurred the displeasure of the Romans by delivering up M. Aquillius (Vell. Pat. ii 18; Appian, Mithr. 21). It was also the last city which held out after the close of the war, and was reduced by M. Minucius Thermus, an occasion on which Julius Caesar distinguished himself, and earned a civic crown by saving the life of a soldier (Liv. Epit. 89; Suet. Caes. 2; see Cic. contra Rull. ii. 16). Pompey, however, was induced by Theophanes to make Mytilene a free city (Vell. Pat. l. c.; Strab. xiii. p. 617), and he left there his wife and son during the campaign which ended at Pharsalia. (Appian, B. C. ii. 83; Plut. Pomp. 74, 75.) From this time we are to regard Lesbos as a part of the Roman province of Asia, with Mytilene distinguished as its chief city, and in the enjoyment of privileges more particularly described elsewhere. We may mention here that a few imperial coins of Lesbos, as distinguished from those of the cities, are extant, of the reigns of M. Aurelius and Commodus, and with the legend KOINON AECBION (Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 501; Mionnet, vol. iii. pp. 34, 35).

In the new division of provinces under Constantine, Lesbos was placed in the Provincia Insularum (Hierocl. p 686, ed. Wesseling). A few detached notices of its fortunes during the middle ages are all that can be given here. On the 15th of August, A.D. 802, the empress Irene ended her extraordinary life here in exile. (See Le Beau, Hist. du Bas Empire, vol. xii. p. 400.) In the thirteenth century, contemporaneously with the first crusade, Lesbos began to be affected by the Turkish conquests: Tzachas, Emir of Smyrna, succeeded in taking Mytilene, but failed in his attempt on Methymna. (Anna Comn. Alex. lib. vii. p. 362, ed. Bonn.) Alexis, however, sent an expedition to retake Mytilene, and was successful (Ib. ix. p. 425). In the thirteenth century Lesbos was in the power of the Latin emperors of Constantinople, but it was recovered to the Greeks by Joannes Ducas Vatatzes, emperor of Nicaea (see his life in the Dict. of Biography). In the fourteenth century Joannes Palaeologus gave his sister in marriage to Francisco Gateluzzio, and the island of Lesbos as a dowry; and it continued in the possession of this family till its final absorption in the Turkish empire (Ducas, list. Byzant. p. 46, ed. Bonn). It

appears, however, that these princes were tributary to the Turks (Ib. p. 328). In 1457, Mahomet II. made an unsuccessful assault on Methymna, in consequence of a suspicion that the Lesbians had aided the Catalan buccaneers (Ib. p. 338; see also Vertot, Hist. de l'Ordre de Malte, ii. 258). He did not actually take the island till 1462. The history of the annalist Ducas himself is closely connected with Lesbos: he resided there after the fall of Constantinople; he conveyed the tribute from the reigning Gateluzzio to the sultan at Adrianople; and the last paragraph of his history is an unfinished account of the final catastrophe of the island.

This notice of Lesbos would be very incomplete, unless something were said of its intellectual eminence. In reference to poetry, and especially poetry in connection with music, no island of the Greeks is so celebrated as Lesbos. Whatever other explanation we may give of the legend concerning the head and lyre of Orpheus being carried by the waves to its shores, we may take it as an expression of the fact that here was the primitive seat of the music of the lyre. Lesches, the cyclic minstrel, a native of Pyrrha, was the first of its series of poets. Terpander, though his later life was chiefly connected with the Peloponnesus, was almost certainly a native of Lesbos, and probably of Antissa: Arion, of Methymna, appears to have belonged to his school; and no two men were so closely connected with the early history of Greek music. The names of Alcaeus and Sappho are the most imperishable elements in the renown of Mytilene. The latter was sometimes called the tenth Muse (as in Plato's epigram, Zañ¢w Aeσbólevʼn dekáтn); and a school of poetesses (Lesbiadum turba, Ovid, Her. xv.) seems to have been formed by her. Here, without entering into the discussions, by Welcker and others, concerning the character of Sappho herself, we must state that the women of Lesbos were as famous for their profligacy as their beauty. Their beauty is celebrated by Homer (I. ix. 129, 271), and, as regards their profligacy, the proverbial expression AeσiáÇev affixes a worse stain to their island than кpητiew does to Crete.

Lesbos seems never to have produced any distinguished painter or sculptor, but Hellanicus and Theophanes the friend of Pompey are worthy of being mentioned among historians; and Pittacus, Theophrastus, and Cratippus are known in the annals of philosophy and science. Pittacus was famous also as a legislator. These eminent men were all natives of Mytilene, with the exception of Theophrastus, who was born at Eresus.

In

The fullest account of Lesbos is the treatise of S. L. Plehn, Lesbiacorum Liber, Berlin, 1826. this work is a map of the island; but the English Admiralty charts should be consulted, especially Nos. 1654 and 1665. Forbiger refers to reviews of Plehn's work by Meier in the Hall. Allg. Lit. Zeit. for 1827, and by O. Miller in the Goett. Gel. Anz. for 1828; also to Lander's Beiträge zur Kunde der Insel Lesbos, Hamb. 1827. Information regarding the modern condition of the island will be obtained from Pococke, Tournefort, Richter, and Prokesch. [J. S. H.]

LE'SORA MONS (Mont Lozère), a summit of the Cévennes, above 4800 feet high, is mentioned by Sidonius Apollinaris (Carm. 24, 44) as containing the source of the Tarnis (Tarn):—

"Hinc te Lesora Caucasum Scytharum
Vincens aspiciet citusque Tarnis."

[G. L.] LESSA (Añooa), a village of Epidauria, upon the confines of the territory of Argos, and at the foot of Mount Arachnaeum. Pausanias saw there a temple of Athena. The ruins of Lessa are situated upon a hill, at the foot of which is the village of Lykurió. On the outside of the walls, near the foot of the mountain, are the remains of an ancient pyramid, near a church, which contains some Ionic columns. (Paus. ii. 25. § 10; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 419; Boblaye, Récherches, &c. p. 53; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 418.)

LESTADAE. [NAXOS.]

LE'SURA, a branch of the Mosella (Mosel), mentioned by Ausonius (Mosella, v. 365). He calls it "exilis," a poor, ill-fed stream. The resemblance of name leads us to conclude that it is the Leser or Lisse, which flows past Wittlich, and joins the Mosel on the left bank. [G. L.] LETANDROS, a small island in the Aegaean sea, near Amorgos, mentioned only by Pliny (iv. 12. s. 23).

LETE (AT: Eth. Anraîos), a town of Macedonia, which Stephanus B. asserts to have been the native city of Nearchus, the admiral of Alexander the Great; but in this he is certainly mistaken, as Nearchus was a Cretan. (Comp. Arrian, Ind. 18; Diod. xix. 19.) [E. B. J.]

R

COIN OF LETE.

LETHAEUS (Antaîos, Strab. x. p. 478; Ptol. iii. 17. § 4; Eustath. ad Hom. Il. ii. 646; Solin. 17; Vib. Seq. 13), the large and important river which watered the plain of Gortyna in Crete, now the Malogniti. [E. B. J.]

Olympia. It was said to have been founded by Letreus, a son of Pelops. (Paus. vi. 22. § 8.) Together with several of the other dependent townships of Elis, it joined Agis, when he invaded the territories of Elis; and the Eleians were obliged to surrender their supremacy over Letrini by the peace which they concluded with the Spartans in B. C. 400. (Xen. Hell. iii. 2. §§ 25, 30.) Xenophon (. c.) speaks of Letrini, Amphidoli, and Marganeis as Triphylian places, although they were on the right bank of the Alpheius; and if there is no corruption in the text, which Mr. Grote thinks there is (Hist. of Greece, vol. ix. p. 415), the word Triphylian must be used in a loose sense to signify the dependent townships of Elis. The Λετριναῖαι γύαι are mentioned by Lycophron (158). In the time of Pausanias nothing remained of Letrini except a few houses and a temple of Artemis Alpheiaea. (Paus. . c.) Letrini may be placed at the village and monastery of St. John, between Pyrgo and the port of Katákolo, where, according to Leake, among many fragments of antiquity, a part of a large statue was found some years ago. (Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 188; Boblaye, p. 130, &c.; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. i. p. 72.)

LEVACI, a people in Caesar's division of Gallia, which was inhabited by the Belgae. The Levaci, with some other small tribes, were dependent on the Nervii. (B. G. v. 39.) The position of the Levaci is unknown. [G. L.]

LEVAE FANUM, in Gallia Belgica is placed by the Table on the road from Lugdunum Batavorum (Leiden) to Noviomagus (Nymegen). Levae Fanum is between Fletio (Vleuten) and Carvo; 25 M. P. from Fletio and 12 from Carvo. [CARVO.] D'Anville, assuming that he has fixed Carvo right, supposes that there is some omission of places in the Table between Fletio and Carvo, and that we cannot rely upon it. He conjectures that Levae Fanum may be a little beyond Dursteede, on the bank opposite to that of the Batavi, at a place which he calls Liven-dael (vallis Levae), this Leva being some local divinity. Walckenaer fixes Levae Fanum at Leersum. [G. L.]

[L. S.]

LETHES FL. [GALLAECIA.] LETO'POLIS (AnTous Tóλis, Ptol. iv. 5. § 46; Anrous, Steph. B. s. v.; Letus, Itin. Anton. p. 156: Eth. AnTooXirns), a town in Lower Egypt, near the apex of the Delta, the chief of the nome Letopolites, but with it belonging to the nomos or prefecture of Memphis. (Strab. xvii. p. 807.) It was probably situated on the banks of the canal of Memphis, a few miles SW. of Cercasorum. Leto, from whom the town and the nome derived their name, was an appellation of the deity Athor, one of the eight Dii Majores of Aegypt. Lat. 30° N. [W.B.D.] LETRINI (Aérpivot, Paus.; Aerpíva, Xen.), a town of Pisatis in Elis, situated near the sea, upon the Sacred Way leading from Elis to Olympia, at

is the only author who mentions a town of this name (vi. p. 281), but Lucan also notices the "secreta littora Leucae" (v. 375) as a port frequented by shipping; and its advantageous position, at a point where so many ships must necessarily touch, would soon create a town upon the spot. It was probably never a municipal town, but a large village or borgo, such as now exists upon the spot in consequence of the double attraction of the port and sanctuary. (Rampoldi, Corogr. dell' Italia, vol. ii. p. 442.)

Strabo tells us (1. c.) that the inhabitants of Leuca showed there a spring of fetid water, which they pretended to have arisen from the wounds of some of the giants which had been expelled by Hercules from the Phlegraean plains, and who had taken refuge here. These giants they called Leuternii,

and hence gave the name of LEUTERNIA to all the surrounding district. The same story is told, with some variations, by the pseudo-Aristotle (de Mirab. 97); and the name of Leutarnia is found also in Lycophron (Alex. 978), whose expressions, however, would have led us to suppose that it was in the neighbourhood of Siris rather than of the Iapygian promontory. Tzetzes (ad loc.) calls it a city of Italy, which is evidently only an erroneous inference from the words of his author. The Laternii of Scylax, whom he mentions as one of the tribes that inhabited lapygia, may probably be only another form of the same name, though we meet in no other writer with any allusion to their existence as a real people.

[E. H. B.]

LEUCA, the name given by Pomponius Mela (i. 16), to a district on the west of Halicarnassus, between that city and Myndus. Pliny (H. N. v. 29) mentions a town, Leucopolis, in the same neighbourhood, of which, however, nothing else is known to us. [L. S.] LEUCADIA. [LEUCAS.]

LEUCAE or LEUCE (Aeûκαι, Aeúкn), a small town of Ionia, in the neighbourhood of Phocaea, was situated, according to Pliny (v. 31), in promontorio quod insula fuit." From Seylax (p. 37) we learn that it was a place with harbours. According to Diodorus (xv. 18) the Persian admiral Tachos founded this town on an eminence on the sea coast, in B.C. 352; but shortly after, when Tachos had died, the Clazomenians and Cymaeans quarrelled about its possession, and the former succeeded by a stratagem in making themselves masters of it. At a later time Leucae became remarkable for the battle fought in its neighbourhood between the consul Licinius Crassus and Aristonicus, B. C. 131. (Strab. xiv. p. 646; Justin, xxxvi. 4.) Some have supposed this place to be identical with the Leuconium mentioned by Thucydides (viii. 24); but this is impossible, as this latter place must be looked for in Chios. The site of the ancient Leucae cannot be a matter of doubt, as a village of the name of Lerke, close upon the sea, at the foot of a hill, is evidently the modern representative of its ancient namesake. (Arundell, Seven Churches, p. 295.)

[L. S.]

LEUCAE (Aeûкα), a town of Laconia situated at the northern extremity of the plain Leuce, now called Phiniki, which extended inland between Acriae and Asopus on the eastern side of the Laconian gulf. (Polyb. v. 19; Liv. xxxv. 27; Strab. viii. p. 363 Leake, Morea, vol. i. p. 226, seq.; Boblaye, Recherches, fc. p. 95; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 290.)

LEUCARUM, a town in Britain, mentioned in the Itinerary as being 15 miles from Isca Dumnuniorum, and 15 from Nidum. The difficulties involved in this list (viz. that of the 12th Itinerary) are noticed under MURIDUNUM. The Monumenta Britannica suggests both Glastonbury in Somersetshire, and L'ughor in Glamorganshire. [R. G. L.]

LEUCAS (Aevкás), a place in Bithynia, on the river Gallus, in the south of Nicaea, is mentioned only by Anna Comnena (p. 470), but can be easily identified, as its name Lefke is still borne by a neat little town in the middle of the beautiful valley of the Gallus, (Leake, Asia Minor, pp. 12, 13.) [L. S.] LEUCAS, LEUCA'DIA (Aeuкás, Thuc., Xen., Strab.; Aeuкadía, Thuc. Liv.: Eth. Aeuxádios), an island in the Ionian sea, separated by a narrow channel from the coast of Acarnania. It was originally part of the mainland, and as such is described by Homer, who calls it the Acte or peninsula of the

mainland. ('Aктh πеiрош, Od. xxiv. 377; comp. Strab. x. pp. 451, 452.) Homer also mentions its well-fortified town NERICUS (Nhpikos, l. c.) Its earliest inhabitants were Leleges and Teleboans (Strab. vii. p. 322), but it was afterwards peopled by Acarnanians, who retained possession of it till the middle of the seventh century B. C., when the Corinthians, under Cypselus, founded a new town near the isthmus, which they called Leucas, where they settled 1000 of their citizens, and to which they removed the inhabitants of the old town of Nericus. (Strab. I. c.; Scylax, p. 13; Thuc. i. 30; Plut. Them. 24; Scymn. Chius, 464.) Seylax says that the town was first called Epileucadii. The Corinthian colonists dug a canal through this isthmus, and thus converted the peninsula into an island. (Strab. 7. c.) This canal, which was called Dioryctus, and was, according to Pliny, 3 stadia in length (AtópUKTOS, Polyb. v. 5; Plin. iv. 1. s. 2), was after filled up by deposits of sand; and in the Peloponnesian War, it was no longer available for ships, which during that period were conveyed across the isthmus on more than one occasion. (Thuc. iii. 81, iv. 8.) It was in the same state in B. C. 218; for Polybius relates (v. 5) that Philip, the son of Demetrius, had his galleys drawn across this isthmus in that year; and Livy, in relating the siege of Leucas by the Romans in B.C. 197, says, "Leucadia, nunc insula, et vadoso freto quod perfossum manu est, ab Acarnania divisa" (xxxiii. 17). The subsequent restoration of the canal, and the construction of a stone bridge, both of which were in existence in the time of Strabo, were no doubt the work of the Romans; the canal was probably restored soon after the Roman conquest, when the Romans separated Leucas from the Acarnanian confederacy, and the bridge was perhaps constructed by order of Augustus, whose policy it was to facilitate communications throughout his dominions.

Leucadia is about 20 miles in length, and from 5 to 8 miles in breadth. It resembles the Isle of Man in shape and size. It consists of a range of limestone mountains, terminating at its north-eastern extremity in a bold and rugged headland, whence the coast runs in a south-west direction to the promontory, anciently called Leucates, which has been corrupted by the Italians into Cape Ducato. The name of the cape, as well as of the island, is of course derived from its white cliffs. The southern shore is more soft in aspect, and more sloping and cultivated than the rugged rocks of the northern coast; but the most populous and wooded district is that opposite Acarnania. The interior of the island wears everywhere a rugged aspect. There is but little cultivation, except where terraces have been planted on the mountain sides, and covered with vineyards. The highest ridge of the mountains rises about 3000 feet above the sea.

Between the northern coast of Leucadia and that of Acarnania there is at present a lagoon about 3 miles in length, while its breadth varies from 100 yards to a mile and a half. The lagoon is in most parts only about 2 feet deep. This part of the coast requires a more particular description, which will be rendered clearer by the accompanying plan. At the north-eastern extremity of Leucadia a lido, or spit, of sand, 4 miles in length, sweeps out towards Acarnania. (See Plan, A.) On an isolated point opposite the extremity of this sandbank, is the fort of Santa Maura, erected in the middle ages by one of the Latin princes, but repaired

(Liv. xlv. 31.) It continued to be a place of importance down to a late period, as appears from the fact that the bishop of Leucas was one of the Fathers of the Council of Nice in A. D. 325. The constitution of Leucas, like that of other Dorian towns, was originally aristocratical. The large estates were in the possession of the nobles, who were not allowed to alienate them; but when this law was abolished, a certain amount of property was no longer required for the holding of public offices, by which the government became democratic. (Aristot. Pol. ii. 4. § 4.)

Besides Leucas we have mention of two other places in the island, PHARA (Papá, Scylax, p. 13), and HELLOMENUM ('EXλóμevov, Thuc. iii. 94). The latter name is preserved in that of a harbour in the southern part of the island. Pherae was also in the same direction, as it is described by Seylax as opposite to Ithaca. It is perhaps represented by some Hellenic remains, which stand at the head of the bay called Basiliké.

The celebrated promontory LEUCATAS (AeUKάτas, Scylax, p. 13; Strab. x. pp. 452, 456, 461), also called LEUCATES or LEUCATE (Plin. iv. 1. s. 2; Virg. Aen. iii. 274, viii. 676; Claud. Bell. Get. 185; Liv. xxvi. 26), forming the south-western extremity of the island, is a broken white cliff, rising on the western side perpendicularly from the sea to the height of at least 2000 feet, and sloping precipitously into it on the other. On its summit stood the temple of Apollo, hence surnamed Leucatas (Strab. x. p. 452), and Leucadius (Ov. Trist. iii. 1. 42, v. 2. 76; Propert. iii. 11. 69). This cape was dreaded by mariners; hence the words of Virgil (Aen. iii. 274):

"Mox et Leucatae nimbosa cacumina montis,
Et formidatus nautis aperitur Apollo."

It still retains among the Greek mariners of the
present day the evil fame which it bore of old in
consequence of the dark water, the strong currents,
and the fierce gales which they there encounter.
Of the temple of Apollo nothing but the sub-
structions now exist. At the annual festival of
the god here celebrated it was the custom to throw
a criminal from the cape into the sea; to break his
fall, birds of all kinds were attached to him, and if
he reached the sea uninjured, boats were ready to
pick him up. (Strab. x. p. 452; Ov. Her. xv. 165,
seq., Trist. v. 2. 76; Cic. Tusc. iv. 18.) This
appears to have been an expiatory rite, and is sup-
posed by most modern scholars to have given rise to
the well-known story of Sappho's leap from this
rock in order to seek relief from the pangs of love.
[See Dict. of Biogr. Vol. III. p. 708.] Col. Mure,
however, is disposed to consider Sappho's leap as an
historical fact. (History of the Literature of
Greece, vol. iii. p. 285.) Many other persons are
reported to have followed Sappho's example, among
whom the most celebrated was Artemisia of Hali-

carnassus, the ally of Xerxes, in his invasion of

Greece. (Ptolem. Heph. ap. Phot. Cod. 190. p. 153, a., ed. Bekker.)

(Leake, North. Greece, vol. iii. p. 10, seq.; Bowen, Handbook for Travellers in Greece, p. 75, seq.) LEUCA'SIA. [MESSENIA.]

LEUCA'SIUM. [ARCADIA, p. 193, No. 15.] LEUCATA, a part of the coast of Gallia Narbonensis: "ultra (lacum Rubresum) est Leucata, littoris nomen, et Salsulae Fons" (Mela, ii. 5). Mela seems to mean that there is a place Leucata, and that part of the coast is also called Leucata. This coast, according to D'Anville, is that part south of Narbonne, which lies between the E'tang de Sigean and Salses. He conjectures, as De Valois had done, that the name may be Greek. He quotes Roger de Hoveden, who speaks of this coast under the name Leucate: "quandam arenam protensam in mari, quae dicitur caput Leucate." The common name of this head is now Cap de la Franqui, which is the name of a small flat island, situated in the recess of the coast to the north of the cape. (D'Anville, Notice, &c., Leucata.) [G. L.]

LEUCA TAS PROM. [LEUCAS.] LEUCE. 1. An island lying off Cydonia, in Crete (Plin. iv. 12), which Mr. Pashley (Trav. vol. i. p. 51) takes for the rock on which the fortress of Sudha is built. (Comp. Höck, Kreta, vol. i. pp. 384, 438.)

2. An island which Pliny (iv. 12) couples with ONISIA, as lying off the promontory of Itanum. These small islands are now represented by the rocks of the Grandes. [E. B. J.]

LEUCE ACTE (Aevкỳ ảктý), a port on the coast of Thrace, between Pactye and Teiristasis, which is mentioned only by Seylax of Caryanda (p. 28). [L. S.] LEUCE PR. (Aεvкỳ ảктý), а promontory of MARMARICA, in N. Africa, W. of the promontory Hermaeum. On the white cliff from which its name was obtained there stood a temple of Apollo, with an oracle. Its position is uncertain; but most probably it is the long wedge-shaped headland, which terminates the range of hills (Aspis) forming the Catabathinos Minor, and which is now called Ras-al-Kanaïs. (Strab. xvii. p. 799; Scyl. p. 44, Hudson; Ptol. iv. 5. § 8; Stadiasm. Mar. Mag. p. 437.) [P. S.]

LEUCI (Aevкol), a Gallic people (Strab. p. 193; Ptol. ii. 9. § 13: Caes. B. G. 1. 40), between the Mediomatrici on the north and the Lingones on the south. They occupied the valley of the Upper Mosel. One of their chief towns was Tullum (Toul). Their territory corresponded with the diocese of Toul, in which were comprised the dioceses of Nancy and Saint-Dié until 1774, when these two dioceses were detached from that of Toul. (Walckenaer, Géog. fc. vol. i. p. 531.) The Leuci are only mentioned once in Caesar, and with the Sequani and Lingones: they were to supply Caesar with corn. Pliny (iv. 17) gives the Leuci the title of Liberi. Lucan celebrates them in his poem (i. 424) as skilled in throwing the spear: