| pair into Greece, and where he was visited by some friends from Rhegium, who brought news from Rome that induced him to alter his plans. (Cic. Phil. i. 3, ad Att. xvi. 7.) In the former passage he terms it "promontorium agri Rhegini:" the Leucopetra Tarentinorum" mentioned by him (ad Att. xvi. 6), if it be not a false reading, must refer to quite a different place, probably the headland of Leuca, more commonly called the Iapygian promontory. [LEUCA.] [E. H. B.] Taygetus, and that the extent of the range is 300 stadia. (Comp. Theophrast. H. P. iii. 11, iv. 1; Plin. xvi. 33; Callim. Hymn. Dian. 40.) The bold and beautiful outline of the "White Mountains" is still called by its ancient title in modern Greek, và άσπρα βουνά, or, from the inhabitants, τὰ Σφακιανὰ Bouvá. Crete is the only part of Greece in which the word opŋ is still in common use, denoting the loftier parts of any high mountains. Trees grow on all these rocky mountains, except on quite the extreme summits. The commonest tree is the prinos or LEUCOPHRYS (Aevкóдpus), a town in Caria, ilex. (Pashley, Trav. vol. i. p. 31, vol. ii. p. 190; apparently in the plain of the Maeander, on the Höck, Kreta, vol. i. p. 19.) [E. B. J.] borders of a lake, whose water was hot and in conLEUCIMNA. [CORCYRA, pp. 669, 670.] stant commotion. (Xenoph. Hell, iv. 8. § 17, iii. 2. LEUCOLLA (Acúкоλλα), a promontory on the § 19.) From the latter of the passages here resouth-east of Pamphylia, near the Cilician fron-ferred to, we learn that the town possessed a very tier. (Plin. v. 26; Liv. xxvii. 23; Pomp. Mela, i. 15.) In the Stadiasmus Maris Magni (S$ 190, 191) it is called Leucotheium (AevкóðеLOV). Mela erroneously places it at the extremity of the gulf of Pamphylia, for it is situated in the middle of it; its modern name is Karaburnu. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 196.) [L. S.] LEUCOLLA (A€úкоλλα, Strab. xiv. p. 682), a harbour of Cyprus, N. of Cape Pedalium. It is referred to in Athenaeus (7. p. 209, where instead of Kwas, Kúnрos should be read), and is identitied with Porta Armidio e Lucola, S. of Famagusta. (Engel, Kypros, vol. i. p. 97.) [E. B. J.] LEUCO'NIUM (Aеuкшvior). 1. A place mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary (p. 260) in the south of Pannonia, on the road from Aemona to Sirmium, 82 Roman miles to the north-west of the latter town. Its site is pointed out in the neighbourhood of the village of Rasboistje. 2. A town of Ionia, of uncertain site, where a battle was fought by the Athenians in B. C. 413. (Thucyd. viii. 24.) From this passage it seems clear that the place cannot be looked for on the Inainland of Asia Minor, but that it must have been situated near Phanae, in the island of Chios, where a place of the name of Leuconia is said to exist to this day. Polyaenus (viii. 66) mentions a place, Leuconia, about the possession of which the Chians were involved in a war with Erythrae; and this Leuconia, which, according to Plutarch (de Virt. Mul. vii. p. 7, ed. Reiske), was a colony of Chios, was probably situated on the coast of Asia Minor, and may possibly be identical with Leucae on the Hermaean gulf. [Comp. LEUCAE.] [L.S.] LEUCOPETRA (AEυкожÉтра), a promontory of Bruttium, remarkable as the extreme SW. point of Italy, looking towards the Sicilian sea and the E. coast of Sicily. It was in consequence generally regarded as the termination of the chain of the Apennines. Pliny tells us it was 12 miles from Rhegium, and this circumstance clearly identifies it with the modern Capo dell' Armi, where the mountain mass of the southern Apennines in fact descends to the sea. The whiteness of the rocks composing this headland, which gave origin to the ancient name, is noticed also by modern travellers. (Strab. vi. p. 259; Plin. iii. 5. s. 10; Ptol. iii. 1. § 9; Swinburne, Travels, vol. i. p. 355.) It is evidently the same promontory which is called by Thucydides Пéτра τs Pηyins, and was the last point in Italy where Demosthenes and Eurymedon touched with the Athenian armament before they crossed over to Sicily. (Thuc. vii. 35.) It was here also that Cicero touched on his voyage from Sicily, when, after the death of Caesar, B. C. 44, he was preparing to re revered sanctuary of Artemis; hence surnamed Artemis Leucophryene or Leucophryne. (l'aus. i. 26. § 4; Strab. xiv. p. 647; Tac. Ann. iii. 62.) The poet Nicander spoke of Leucophrys as a place distinguished for its fine roses. (Athen. xv. p. 683.) Respecting Leucophrys, the ancient name of Tenedos, see TENEDOS. [L S.] LEUCO'SIA (Aevкwola), a small island off the coast of Lucania, separated only by a narrow channel from the headland which forms the southern boundary of the gulf of Paestum. This headland is called by Lycophron aктỳ 'Evinéws, “the promontory of Neptune," and his commentators tell us that it was commonly known as Posidium Promontorium (Tò Hoσeidnïov). (Lycophr. Alex. 722; and Tzetz. ad loc.) But no such name is found in the geographers, and it seems probable that the promontory itself, as well as the little island off it, was known by the name of Leucosia. The former is still called Punta della Licosa; the islet, which is a mere rock, is known as Isola Piana. It is generally said to have derived its ancient name from one of the Sirens, who was supposed to have been buried there (Lycophr. l. c.; Strab. I. c.; Plin. iii. 7. s. 13); but Dionysius (who writes the name Leucasia) asserts that it was named after a female cousin of Aeneas, and the same account is adopted by Solinus. (Dionys. i. 53; Solin. 2. § 13.) We learn from Symmachus (Epp. v. 13, vi. 25) that the opposite promontory was selected by wealthy Romans as a site for their villas; and the remains of ancient buildings, which have been discovered on the little island itself, prove that the latter was also resorted to for similar purposes. (Romanelli, vol. i. p. 345.) [E. H. B.] LEUCOSIA (Λευκωσία, Λευκουσία), a city of Cyprus, which is mentioned only by Hierocles and the ecclesiastical historian Sozomen (H. E. i. 3, 10). The name is preserved in the modern Lefkosia or Nikosia, the capital of the island. (Engel, Kypros, vol. i. p. 150; Mariti, Viaggi, vol. i. p. 89; Pococke, Trav. in the East, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 221.) [E. B. J.] LEUCOSYRI (Aeuкóσupot), the ancient name of the Syrians inhabiting Cappadocia, by which they were distinguished from the more southern Syrians, who were of a darker complexion. (Herod. i. 72, vii. 72; Strab. xvi. p. 737; Plin. H. N. vi. 3; Eustath. ad Dionys. 772, 970.) They also spread over the western parts of Pontus, between the rivers Iris and Halys. In the time of Xenophon (Anab. v. 6. § 8, &c.) they were united with Paphlagonia, and governed by a Paphlagonian prince, who is said to have had an army of 120,000 men, mostly horsemen. This name was often used by the Greeks, even at the time when it had become customary to desig nate all the inhabitants of the country by their na- kastro." (Leake.) The tumulus is probably the place of sepulture of the 1000 Lacedaemonians who fell in the battle. For a full account of this celebrated contest, see Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. x. p. 239, seq. In ancient times, the neighbourhood of Leuctra appears to have been well wooded, as we may infer from the epithet of " shady bestowed upon it by the oracle of Delphi (Aeûктpa σKIĆEVTA, Paus. ix. 14. § 3); but at present there is scarcely a shrub or a tree to be seen in the surrounding country. (Leake, North. Greece, vol. ii. p. 480, seq. 2. Or LEUCTRUM (τὰ Λεύκτρα, Paus.; τὸ Λευκ Tpov, Strab., Plut., Ptol.), a town of Laconia, situated on the eastern side of the Messenian gulf, 20 stadia north of l'ephinus, and 60 stadia south of Cardamyle. Strabo speaks of Leuctrum as near the minor Pamisus, but this river flows into the sea LEUCOTHEIUM. [LEUCOLLA.] LEUCTRA (τὰ Λεύκτρα). 1. A village of Boeotia, situated on the road from Thespiae to Plataea (Strab. ix. p. 414), and in the territory of the former city. (Xen. Hell. vi. 4. § 4). Its name only occurs in history on account of the celebrated battle fought in its neighbourhood between the Spartans and Thebans, B. C. 371, by which the supremacy of Sparta was for ever overthrown. In the plain of Leuctra, was the tomb of the two 3. Or LEUCTRUM (và Aeurzpa, Thuc. Xen.; vò daughters of Scedasus, a Leuctrian, who had been | A‹Ûктроv, Рaus.), a fortress of the district Aegytis, violated by two Spartans, and had afterwards slain on the confines of Arcadia and Laconia, described by themselves; this tomb was crowned with wreaths Thucydides (v. 54) as on the confines of Laconia by Epaminondas before the battle, since an oracle towards Mt. Lycaeus, and by Xenophon (Hell. vi. 5. had predicted that the Spartans would be defeated § 24). It was originally an Arcadian town, but at this spot (Xen. Hell. vi. 4. §7; Diod. xv. 54; was included in the territory of Laconia. (Thuc. Paus. ix. 13. § 3; Plut. Pelop. cc. 20, 21). The . c.) It commanded one of the passes leading into city of Leuctra, is sometimes supposed to be repre- Laconia, by which a portion of the Theban army sented by the extensive ruins at Lefka (Aeúкα), penetrated into the country on their first invasion which are situated immediately below the modern under Epaminondas. (Xen. l. c.) It was detached village of Rimókastro. But these ruins are clearly from Sparta by Epaminondas, and added to the those of Thespiae, as appears from the inscriptions territory of Megalopolis. (Paus. viii. 27. § 4.) found there, as well as from their importance; for It appears to have stood on the direct road from Leuctra was never anything more than a village in Sparta to Megalopolis, either at or near Leondari, the territory of Thespiae, and had apparently in which position it was originally placed by Leake; ceased to exist in the time of Strabo, who calls it and this seems more probable than the site subsimply a Tóros (x. p. 414). The real site of sequently assigned to it by the same writer, who Leuctra, "is very clearly marked by a tumulus and supposes that both Leuctra and Malea were on the some artificial ground on the summit of the ridge route from Megalopolis to Carnasium. [MALEA.] which borders the southern side of the valley of (Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 322, Peloponnesiaca, Thespiae. The battle of Leuctra was fought pro- p. 248; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. i. p. 336.) bably in the valley on the northern side of the LEUCTRUM. [LEUCTRA.] tumulus, about midway between Thespiae, and the LEUCUS [PYDNA.] western extremity of the plain of Plataea. Cleom- LEVI. [PALAESTINA.] brotus, in order to avoid the Boeotians, who were expecting him by the direct route from Phocis, marched by Thisbe and the valleys on the southern side of Mount Helicon; and having thus made his appearance suddenly at Creusis, the port of Thespiae, captured that fortress. From thence, he moved upon Leuctra, where he intrenched himself on a rising ground; after which the Thebans encamped on an opposite hill, at no great distance. The position of the latter, therefore, seems to have been on the eastern prolongation of the height of Rimó LEUNI (Acûvoi), a tribe of the Vindelici, which Ptolemy (ii. 13. § 1) places between the Runicatae and Consuantae. The form of the name has been the subject of discussion; Mannert maintaining that it ought to be written Aauvo, and that it is the general name of several tribes in those parts, such as the Βενλαΰνοι and ̓Αλαυνοί. But nothing certain can be said about the matter; and all we know is, that the Leuni must have dwelt at the foot of the Alps of Salzburg, in the south-eastern part of Bavaria. [L.S.] [L. S.] LEVO'NI (Aev@vo), a tribe mentioned by Ptolemy | 8, 11, 15, v. 15; Isa. ii. 13; Hos. xiv. 5—7; Zech. (ii. 11. § 35) as dwelling in the central parts of xi. 1,2). It is, however, chiefly celebrated in sacred the island of Scandia. No further particulars are history for its forests of cedar and fir, from which known about them. (Comp. Zeuss, die Deutschen, the temple of Solomon was constructed and adorned. p. 158.) [L. S.] (1 Kings, v.; 2 Chron. ii.) It is clear from the LEUPHANA (Aevpáva), a town mentioned by sacred history that Mount Lebanon was, in Solomon's Ptolemy (ii. 11. § 27) in the north of Germany, on time, subject to the kings of Tyre; but at a later the west of the Elbe; it probably occupied the site period we find the king of Assyria felling its timber of the modern Lüneburg. (Wilhelm, Germanien, for his military engines (Isa. xiv. 8, xxxvii. 24; p. 161.) [L. S.] Ezek. xxxi. 16); and Diodorus Siculus relates that LEUTERNIA or LEUTARNIA. [LEUCA.] Antigonus, having collected from all quarters hewers LEUTUOANUM, a place in Pannonia Superior, of wood, and sawyers, and shipbuilders, brought 12 Roman miles east of Mursa, on the road from down timber from Libanus to the sea, to build himAquileia to Sirmium (It. Hieros. p. 561); hence it self a navy. Some idea of the extent of its pine seems to be identical with the place called Ad La- forests may be formed from the fact recorded by this bores in the Peuting. Table. historian, that 8000 men were employed in felling and sawing it, and 1000 beasts in transporting it to its destination. He correctly describes the mountain as extending along the coast of Tripoli and Byblius, as far as Sidon, abounding in cedars, and firs, and cypresses, of marvellous size and beauty (xix. 58); and it is singular that the other classical geographers were wholly mistaken as to the course of this remarkable mountain chain, both Ptolemy (v. 15) and Strabo (xvi. p. 755) representing the two almost parallel ranges of Libanus and Antilibanus as commencing near the sea and running from west to east, in the direction of Damascus,-Libanus on the north and Antilibanus on the south; and it is remarkable that the Septuagint translators, apparently under the same erroneous idea, frequently translate the Hebrew word Lebanon by 'AvTiλibavos (e. g. Deut. i. 7, iii. 25, xi. 24; Josh. i. 4, ix. 1). Their relative position is correctly stated by Eusebius and St. Jerome (s. v. Antilibanus), who place Antilibanus to the east of Libanus and in the vicinity of Damascus. [ANTILIBANUS.] LEXO'VII (Angóbio, Strab. p. 189; Antovio, Ptol. ii. 8. § 2), a Celtic people, on the coast of Gallia, immediately west of the mouth of the Seine. When the Veneti and their neighbours were preparing for Caesar's attack (B. c. 56), they applied for aid to the Osismi, Lexovii, Nannetes, and others. (B. G. iii. 9, 11.) Caesar sent Sabinus against the Unelli, Curiosolites, and Lexovii, to prevent their joining the Veneti. A few days after Sabinus reached the country of the Unelli, the Aulerci Euburovices and the Lexovii murdered their council or senate, as Caesar calls it, because they were against the war; and they joined Viridovix, the chief of the Unelli. The Gallic confederates were defeated by Sabinus, and compelled to surrender. (B. G. iii. 17 -19.) The Lexovii took part in the great rising of the Galli against Caesar (B. C. 52); but their force was only 3000 men. (B. G. vii. 75.) Walckenaer supposes that the territory of the Lexovii of Caesar and Ptolemy comprised both the territories of Lisieux and Bayeux, though there was a people in Bayeux named Baiocasses; and he further supposes that these Baiocasses and the Viducasses were dependent on the Lexovii, and within their territorial limits. [BAIOCASSES.] The capital of the Lexovii, or Civitas Lexoviorum, as it is called in the Notit. Provinc., is Lisieux, in the French department of Calvados. [NOVIOMAGUS.] The country of the Lexovii was one of the parts of Gallia from which the passage to Britain was made. [G. L.] LIBA (Ai6a), a small place in Mesopotamia, mentioned by Polybius (v. 51) on the march of Antiochus. It was probably situated on the road between Nisibis and the Tigris. [V.] LIBA'NUS MONS (Aísavos ŏpos), in Hebrew LEBANON ), a celebrated mountain range of Syria, or, as St. Jerome truly terms it, "mons Phoenices altissimus." (Onomast. s. v.) Its name is derived from the root 1, "to be white," as St. Jerome also remarks, "Libanus λevкãoμs, id est, 'candor' interpretatur" (Adv. Jovinianum, tom. iv. col. 172): and white it is, "both in summer and winter; in the former season on account of the natural colour of the barren rock, and in the latter by reason of the snow," which indeed "remains in some places, near the summit, throughout the year." (Irby and Mangles, Oct. 30 and Nov. 1.) Allusion is made to its snows in Jer. xviii. 14; and it is described by Tacitus as "tantos inter ardores opacum fidumque nivibus." (Hist. v. 6.) Lebanon is much celebrated both in sacred and classical writers, and, in particular, much of the sublime imagery of the prophets of the Old Testament is borrowed from this mountain (e. g. Psal. xxix. 5, 6, civ. 16-18; Cant. iv. Lebanon itself may be said to commence on the north of the river Leontes (el-Kasimiyeh), between Tyre and Sidon; it follows the course of the coast of the Mediterranean towards the north, which in some places washes its base, and in others is separated from it by a plain varying in extent: the mountain attains its highest elevation (nearly 12,000 feet) about half way between Beirut and Tripoli. It is now called by various names, after the tribes by whom it is peopled, the southern part being inhabited by the Metowili; to the north of whom, as far as the road from Beirût to Damascus, are the Druses; the Maronites occupying the northern parts, and in particular the district called Kesrawan. (Robinson, Bibl. Res. vol. iii. p. 459; Burckhardt, least, to the description of St. Jerome, being “ferSyria, pp. 182-209) It still answers, in part at tilissimus et virens," though it can be no longer said "densissimis arborum comis protegitur" (Comment. in Osee, c. xiv.): and again," Nihil Libano in terra repromissionis excelsius est, nec nemorosius atque condensius." (Comment. in Zacharian, c. xi.) It is now chiefly fruitful in vines and mulberry trees; the former celebrated from of old (Hos. xiv. 7), the latter introduced with the cultivation of the silkworm in comparatively modern times. Its extensive pine forests have entirely disappeared, or are now represented by small clusters of firs of no imposing growth, scattered over the mountain in those parts where the soft sandstone (here of a reddish hue) comes out from between the Jura limestone, which is the prevailing formation of the mountain. The cedars so renowned in ancient times, and known to be the patriarchs of all of their species now existing, are found principally towards the north of the range The only two torrents which could have effected such havoc as that described by Pausanias are the rivers of Platamona and Litokhoro. As the former was near Heracleia, it may be concluded that the Sus, was the same river as the Enipeus, and that Libethra was situated not far from its junction with the sea, as the upper parts of the slope towards Litókhoro, are secured from the ravages of the torrent by their elevation above its bank. It might be supposed, from the resemblance, that the modern Malathria [DIUM] is a corruption of the ancient Libethra: the similarity is to be attributed, perhaps, to the two names having a common origin in some word of the ancient language of Macedonia. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 413, 422.) Strabo (ix. p. 409, x. p. 471) alludes to this LIBE THRIAS, LIBE'THRIUS. [HELICON.] LIBICH OF LIBICI (Λεβέκιοι, Ροί; Λιδικοί, LIBARNA (Ai6apva), a city of Liguria, which is mentioned by Pliny among the "nobilia oppida" that adorned the interior of that province, as well as by Ptolemy and the Itineraries, in which its name appears as "Libarnum " or "Libarium." (Plin. iii. 5. s. 7; Ptol. iii. 1. § 45; Itin. Ant. p. 294; Tab. Peut.) These place it on the road from Genua to Dertona, but the distances given are certainly corrupt, and therefore afford no clue to the position of the town. This has, however, been of late years established beyond doubt by the discovery of its remains on the left bank of the Scrivia, between Arquata and Serravalle. The traces still visible of its ancient theatre, forum, and aqueducts, confirm Pliny's statement of its flourishing condition; which is further attested by several inscriptions, from one of which it would appear to have enjoyed colonial rank. (S. Quintino, Antica Colonia di Libarna, in the Mem. dell' Accadem. di Torino, vol. xxix. p. 143; Aldini, Lapidi Ticinesi, pp. 120, 139.) [E. H. B.] LIBETHRA, LIBETHRUM (Al6n0pa: Eth. A6nopios), a town of Macedonia in the neighbourhood of Dium. It is mentioned by Livy (xliv. 5), who, after describing the perilous march of the Roman army under Q. Marcius through a pass in the chain of Olympus,-CALLIPEUCE (the lower part of the ravine of Platamóna),—says, that after four days of extreme labour, they reached the plain between Libethrum and Heracleia. Pausanias (ix. 30. § 9) reports a tradition that the town was once destroyed. "Libethra," he says, 66 was situated LIBISO'SONA (cognomine Foroaugustana, Plin. on Mount Olympus, on the side of Macedonia. At no iii. 3. s. 4; Inscr. ap. Gruter, p. 260. no. 3; Libigreat distance from it stood the tomb of Orpheus, sona, Coins, ap. Sestini, p. 168; Libisosia, Itin. respecting which an oracle had declared that when Ant. p. 446; Aboŵкa, Ptol. ii. 6. § 59; Lebithe sun beheld the bones of the poet the city should nosa, Geog. Rav. iv. 44: Lezuza), a city of the be destroyed by a boar (vno ovós). The inhabitants Oretani, in Hispania Tarraconensis, 14 M. P. NE. of Libethra ridiculed the thing as impossible; but of the sources of the Anas, on the high-road from the column of Orpheus's monument having been Laminium to Caesaraugusta. It was an important accidentally broken, a gap was made by which light place of trade, and, under the Romans, a colony, broke in upon the tomb, when the same night the belonging to the conventus of Caesaraugusta (Plin. torrent named Sus, being prodigiously swollen, rushed. c.; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. pp. 411, 412). [P. S.] down with violence from Mt. Olympus upon Li- LIENATH (Λεβνά, Λοβνά), generally mentioned bethra, overthrowing the walls and all the public in connection with Lachish, from which it could not and private buildings, and destroying every living be far distant [LACHISH]. (Josh. x. 29—32; 2 Kings, creature in its furious course. After this calamity xix. 8.) It belonged to Judah (Josh. xv. 42), and the remains of Orpheus were removed to Dium, is recognised by Eusebius as a village in the dis20 stadia distant from their city towards Olym-trict of Eleutheropolis. (Onomast. s. v. Aobavá.) pus, where they erected a monument to him, consisting of an urn of stone upon a column." In the time of Alexander the Great there was a statue of Orpheus made of cypress, at Libethra. (Plut. Alex, 14.) Dr. Robinson could not succeed in recovering any that falls into Sligo Bay? Killala Bay? Black Sod LIBRIA or LIRIA, a river of Gallia Narbonensis, which Pliny (iii. 4) mentions after the Arauris (Hérault), and his description proceeds from west to east. It is said (Harduin's Pliny) that all the MSS. have the reading "Libria." Harduin takes the Libria to be the Lez, but this is the Ledus. [LEDUS.] It has been conjectured that the Libria is the Lieron, though this river is west of the Arauris. [G. L.] LIBUI. [LIBICI.] turally led to the conversion of these Slavonian strangers as early as the 7th century. (Comp. Schafarik, Slav. Alt. vol. ii. pp. 277-309; Neigebaur, Die Sud-Slaven, pp. 224-244.) Strabo (vi. p. 315) extends the coast-line of Liburnia as far as 1500 stadia; their chief cities were lADERA and the "conventus' or congress of SCARDONA, at which the inhabitants of fourteen towns assembled (Plin. iii. 25). Besides these, Pliny (7. c.) enumerates the following:- Alvona, Flanona, Tarsatica, Senia, Lopsica, Ortopula, Vegium, Argyruntum, Corinium, Aenona, and Civitas Pasini. [E. B. J.] LIBURNICAE INSULAE. [ILLYRICUM.] LIBUM (Äîбov), a town in Bithynia, distant ac- LIBURNUM or LIBURNI PORTUS, a seaport cording to the Itin. Anton. 23, and according to the on the coast of Etruria, a little to the S. of the PorItin. Hier. 20 miles N. of Nicaena. (Liban. Vit. suae, tus Pisanus, near the mouth of the Arnus, now called p. 24.) [L. S.] Livorno. The ancient authorities for the existence LIBUNCAE. [GALLAECIA, p. 934, b.] of a port on the site of this now celebrated seaport LIBURNI (A16vpvoi, Scyl. p. 7; Strab. vi. p. 269. are discussed under PORTUS PISANUS. [E. H. B.] vii. p. 317; Appian, Ill. 12; Steph. B.; Schol. ad LIBURNUS MONS, a mountain in Apulia, menNicand. 607 Pomp. Mela, ii. 3. § 12; Plin. iii. tioned only by Polybius, in his description of Han25; Flor. ii. 5), a people who occupied the N. part nibal's march into that country, B. C. 217 (Pol. of Illyricum, or the district called LIBURNIA│iii. 100), from which it appears to have been the (Λιβυρνὶς χώρα, Scyl. p. 7; Λιβουρνία, Ptol. ii. 16. § 8. viii. 7. § 7; Plin.iii. 6, 23, 26; Peut. Tab.; Orelli, Inscr. n. 664). The Liburnians were an ancient people, who, together with the Siculians, had occupied the opposite coast of Picenum; they had a city there, Truentum, which had continued in existence amid all the changes of the population (Plin. iii. 18). Niebuhr (Hist. of Rome, vol. i. p. 50, trans.) has conjectured that they were a Pelasgian race. However this may be, it is certain that at the time when the historical accounts of these coasts begin they were very extensively diffused. Corcyra, before the Greeks took possession of it, was peopled by them. (Strab. vi. p. 269.) So was Issa and the neighbouring islands. (Schol. ad Apollon. iv. 564.) : They were also considerably extended to the N., for Noricum, it is evident, had been previously inhabited by Liburnian tribes; for the Vindelicians were Liburnians (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. i. 243), and Strabo (iv. p. 206) makes a distinction between them and the Breuni and Genauni, whom he calls Illyrians. The words of Virgil (l. c.), too, seem distinctly to term the Veneti Liburnians, for the "innermost realm of the Liburnians" must have been the goal at which Antenor is said to have arrived. Driven out from the countries between Pannonia and the Veneti by the Gallic invasion, they were compressed within the district from the Titius to the Arsia, which assumed the title of Liburnia. A wild and piratical race (Liv. x. 2), they used privateers ("leinbi," naves Liburnicae") with one very large lateen sail, which, adopted by the Romans in their struggle with Carthage (Eutrop. ii. 22) and in the Second Macedonian War (Liv. xlii. 48), supplanted gradually the high-bulwarked galleys which had formerly been in use. (Caes. B. C. iii. 5; Hor. Epod. i. 1.) Liburnia was afterwards incorporated with the province of Dalmatia, and LADERA, its capital, was made a Roman colony. In A. D. 634 Heraclius invited the Chorvates or Chrobati, who lived on the N. side of the Carpathians, in what is now S. Poland or Gallicia, to occupy the province as vassals of the Empire (Const. Porph. de Adm. Imp. c. 31). This connection with the Byzantine Court, and their occupation of countries which had embraced Christianity in the Apostolic age (Titus was in Dalmatia in the time of St. Paul, II. Ep. Tim. iv. 10), na name of a part of the Apennines on the frontiers of Samnium and Apulia, not far from Luceria; but it cannot be more precisely identified. [E. H. B.] nus. LIBYA ( Aisun), was the general appellation given by the more ancient cosmographers and historians to that portion of the old continent which lay between Aegypt, Aethiopia, and the shores of the Atlantic, and which was bounded to the N. by the Mediterranean sea, and to the S. by the river OceaWith the increase of geographical knowledge, the latter mythical boundary gave place to the equatorial line: but the actual form and dimensions of Africa were not ascertained until the close of the 15th century A. D.; when, in the year 1497, the Portuguese doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and verified the assertion of Herodotus (iv. 42), that Libya, except at the isthmus of Suez, was surrounded by water. From the Libya of the ancients we must substract such portions as have already been described, or will hereafter be mentioned, in the articles entitled AEGYPTUS, AETHIOPIA, AFRICA, ATLAS, BARCA, CARTHAGE, CYRENE, MARMARICA, MAURETANIA, the OASES, SYRTES, &c. Including these districts, indeed, the boundaries of Libya are the same with those of modern Africa as far as the equator. The limits, however, of Libya Interior, as opposed to the Aegyptian, Aethiopian, Phoenician, Grecian, and Roman kingdoms and commonwealths, were much narrower and less distinct. The Nile and the Atlantic Ocean bounded it respectively on the east and west; but to the north and south its frontiers were less accurately traced. Some geogra phers, as Ptolemy, conceived that the south of Libya joined the east of Asia, and that the Indian Ocean was a vast salt lake: others, like Agatharchides, and the Alexandrian writers generally, maintained that it stretched to the equator, and they gave to the unknown regions southward of that line the general title of Agisymba. We shall be assisted in forming a just conception of Libya Interior by tracing the progress of ancient discovery in those regions. Progress of Discovery.- The Libya of Homer (Od. iv. 87, xiv. 295) and Hesiod (Theog. 739; comp. Strab. i. p. 29) comprised all that portion of the African continent which lay west of Lower and Middle Aegypt. They knew it by report only, had no conception of its form or extent, and gave its in |