...... on the sloping side of a hill, and the streets were furnished with raised pavements, along which some of the passengers walked on high, while others kept the lower path,-a precaution adopted to secure those who were purified from the pollution which contact with anything unclean could have occasioned.. The place, too, was well adapted for mercantile pursuits, and abounded in artificers of various crafts. Its market was supplied with spicery, gold, and precious stones, by the Arabs, in whose neighbouring mountains there had formerly been mines of copper and iron, but the works had been abandoned during the Persian domination, in consequence of a representation to the government that they must prove ruinously expensive to the country. It was also richly furnished with all such articles as are imported by sea, since it had commodious harboursas Ascalon, Joppa, Gaza, and Ptolemais, from none of which it was far distant." (Aristeas, ap. Gallandi Biblioth. Vet. Pat. tom. ii. pp. 805, &c.) The truthfulness of this description is not affected by the authorship; there is abundance of evidence, internal and external, to prove that it was written by one who had actually visited the Jewish capital during the times of the Ptolemies (cir. B.C. 250). The Seleucidae of Asia were not behind the Ptolemies in their favours to the Jews; and the peace and prosperity of the city suffered no material diminution, while it was handed about as a marriage dowry, or by the chances of war, between the rivals, until internal factions subjected it to the dominion of Antiochus Epiphanes, whose tyranny crushed for a time the civil and ecclesiastical polity of the nation (B. c. 175). The Temple was stripped of its costly sacred vessels, the palaces burned, the city walls demolished, and an idol-altar raised on the very altar of the Temple, on which daily sacrifices of swine were offered. This tyranny resulted in a vigorous national revolution, which secured to the Jews a greater amount of independence than they had enjoyed subsequently to the captivity. This continued, under the Asmonean princes, until the conquest of the country by the Romans: from which time, though nominally subject to a native prince, it was virtually a mere dependency, and little more than a province, of the Roman empire. Once again before this the city was recaptured by Antiochus Sidetes, during the reign of John Hyrcanus (cir. 135), when the city walls, which had been restored by Judas, were again levelled with the ground. 4. The capture of the city by Pompey is recorded by Strabo, and was the first considerable event that fixed the attention of the classical writers on the city (B.C. 63). He ascribes the intervention of Pompey to the disputes of the brothers Hyrcanus and Aristobulus, the sons of Alexander Jannaeus, who first assumed regal power. He states that the conqueror levelled the fortifications when he had taken the city, which he did by filling up an enormous fosse which defended the Temple on the north side. The particulars of the siege are more fully given by Josephus, who states that Pompey entered the Holy of Holies, but abstained from the sacred treasures of the Temple, which were plundered by Crassus on his way to Parthia (B. C. 54). The struggle for power between Antigonus, the son of Aristobulus, and Herod, the son of Antipater, led to the sacking of the city by the Parthians, whose aid had been sought by the former (B. c. 40). Herod, having been appointed king by the senate, only secured possession of his capital after a long siege, in which he was assisted by Sosius, Antony's lieutenant, and the Roman legionaries. Mention has been already made of the palace in the Upper City and the fortress Antonia, erected, or enlarged and beautified, by Herod. He also undertook to restore the Temple to a state of magnificence that should rival the glory of Solomon's; and a particular description is given of this work by the Jewish historian (Ant. xv. 11.) The erection of a theatre and circus, and the institution of quinquennial games in honour of the emperor, went far to conform his city to a pagan capital. On the death of Herod and the banishment of his son Archelaus, Judaea was reduced to a Roman province, within the praefecture of Syria, and subject to a subordinate governor, to whom was intrusted the power of life and death. His ordinary residence at Jerusalem was the fortress Antonia; but Caesarea now shared with Jerusalem the dignity of a metropolis. Coponius was the first procurator (A. D. 7), under the praefect Cyrenius. The only permanent monument left by the procurators is the aqueduct of Pontius Pilate (A. D. 26—36), constructed with the sacred Corban, which he seized for that purpose. This aqueduct still exists, and conveys the water from the Pools of Solomon to the Mosk at Jerusalem (Holy City, vol. ii. pp. 498-501). The particulars of the siege by Titus, so fully detailed by Josephus, can only be briefly alluded to. It occupied nearly 100,000 men little short of five months, having been commenced on the 14th of Xanthicus (April), and terminated with the capture and conflagration of the Upper City on the 8th of Gorpeius (September). This is to be accounted for by the fact that, not only did each of the three walls, but also the Fortress and Temple, require to be taken in detail, so that the operations involved five distinct sieges. The general's camp was established close to the Psephine Tower, with one legion, the twelfth; the tenth was encamped near the summit of Mount Olivet: the fifth opposite to the Hippic Tower, two stadia distant from it. The first assault was made apparently between the towers Hippicus and Psephinus, and the outer wall was carried on the fifteenth day of the the siege. This new wall of Agrippa was immediately demolished, and Titus encamped within the New City, on the traditional camping-ground of the Assyrians. Five days later, the second wall was carried at its northern quarter, but the Romans were repulsed, and only recaptured it after a stout resistance of three days. Four banks were then raised,-two against Antonia, and two against the northern wall of the Upper City. After seventeen days of incessant toil the Romans discovered that their banks had been undermined, and their engines were destroyed by fire. It was then resolved to surround the city with a wall, so as to form a complete blockade. The line of circumvallation, 39 furlongs in circuit, with thirteen redoubts equal to an additional 10 furlongs, was completed in three days. Four fresh banks were raised in twenty-one days, and the Antonia was carried two months after the occupation of the Lower City. Another month elapsed before they could succeed in gaining the Inner Sanctuary, when the Temple was accidentally fired by the Roman soldiers. The Upper City still held out. Two banks were next raised against its eastern wall over against the Temple. This occupied eighteen days; and the Upper City was at length carried, a month after the Inner Sanctuary This memorable siege has been thought worthy of special mention by Tacitus, and his lively abridgment, as it would appear, of Josephus's detailed narrative, must have served to raise his countrymen's ideas, both of the military prowess and of the powers of endurance of the Jews. had already become a favourite place of pilgrimage to the Christians, was furnished with new attractions by that emperor and his mother, and the erection of the Martyry of the Resurrection inaugurated a new aera of the Holy City, which now recovered its ancient name, after it had apparently fallen into complete oblivion among the government officers in Palaestine itself. (Euseb. de Mart. Palaest. cap. ii.) The erection of his church was commenced the year The city was wholly demolished except the three towers Hippicus, Phasaelus, and Mariamne, and so much of the western wall as would serve to protect the legion left there to garrison the place, and pre-after the Council of Nicaea, and occupied ten years. vent any fresh insurrectionary movements among the Jews, who soon returned and occupied the ruins. The palace of Herod on Mount Sion was probably converted into a barrack for their accommodation, as it had been before used for the same purpose. (Bell. Jud. vii. 1. § 1, ii. 15. § 5, 17. §§ 8, 9.) Sixty years after its destruction, Jerusalem was visited by the emperor Hadrian, who then conceived the idea of rebuilding the city, and left his friend and kinsman Aquila there to superintend the work, A. D. 130. (Epiphanius, de Pond. et Mens. §§ 14, 15.) He had intended to colonise it with Roman veterans, but his project was defeated or suspended by the outbreak of the revolt headed by Barcochebas, his son Rufus, and his grandson Romulus. The insurgents first occupied the capital, and attempted to rebuild the Temple: they were speedily dislodged, and then held out in Bethar for nearly three years. [BETHAR.] On the suppression of the revolt, the building of the city was proceeded with, and luxurious palaces, a theatre, and temples, with other public buildings, fitted it for a Roman population. The Chronicon Alexandrinum mentions Tà dúo dnubσia кal тò éαтрov кal To Tρikάμερον καὶ τὸ τετράνυμφον καὶ τὸ δωδεκάπυλον τὸ πρὶν ὀνομαζόμενον ἀναβαθμοὶ καὶ τὴν κόδραν. A temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, from whom the city derived its new name, occupied the site of the Temple, and a tetrastyle fane of Venus was raised over the site of the Holy Sepulchre. The ruined Temple and city furnished materials for these buildings. The city was divided into seven quarters (aupodas), each of which had its own warden (aupodápxns). Part of Mount Sion was excluded from the city, as at present, and was ploughed as a field." (Micah, iii. 12; St. Jerome, Comment. in loc.; Itinerarium Hierosol. p. 592, ed. Wesseling.) The history of Aelia Capitolina has been made the subject of distinct treatises by C. E. Deyling, "Aeliae Capitolinae Origines et Historia" (appended to his father's Observationes Sacrae, vol. v. p. 433, &c.), and by Dr. Münter, late Bishop of Copenhagen (translated by W. Wadden Turner, and published in Dr. Robinson's Bibliotheca Sacra, p. 393, &c.), who have collected all the scattered notices of it as 66 a pagan city. Its coins also belong to this period, and extend from the reign of Hadrian to Severus. One of the former emperor (IMP. CAES. TRAIAN. HADRIANVS. AVG., which exhibits Jupiter in a tetrastyle temple, with the legend cOL. AEL. CAP.) confirms the account of Dion Cassius (lxix. 12), that a temple to Jupiter was erected on the site of God's temple (Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. pars i. tom. iii. p. 443); while one of Antoninus (ANTONINVS. AVG. PIVS. P. P. TR. P. COS. III., representing Venus in a similar temple, with the legend C. A. C. or COL. AEL. CAP.) no less distinctly confirms the Christian tradition that a shrine of Venus was erected over the Sepulchre of our Lord. (Vaillant, Numismata Aerea Imperat. in Col. pt. i. p. 239; Eckhel, l. c. p. 442.) Under the emperor Constantine, Jerusalem, which It was dedicated on the tricennalia of the emperor, A. D. 336. (Euseb. Vita Constantini, iii. 30—40, iv. 40-47.) Under the emperor Julian, the city again became an object of interest to the pagans, and the account of the defeat of Julian's attempt to rebuild the Temple is preserved by Ammianus Marcellinus, an unexceptional witness (xxiii. 1: all the historical notices are collected by Bishop Warburton, in his work on the subject, entitled Julian.) In 451, the see of Jerusalem was erected into a patriarchate; and its subsequent history is chiefly occupied with the conflicting opinions of its incumbents on the subject of the heresies which troubled the church at that period. In the following century (cir. 532) the emperor Justinian emulated the zeal of his predecessor Constantine by the erection of churches and hospitals at Jerusalem, a complete account of which has been left by Procopius. (De Aedificiis Justin ani, v. 6.) In A. D. 614, the city with all its sacred places was desolated by the Persians under Chosroes II., when, according to the contemporary records, 90,000 Christians, of both sexes and of all ages, fell victims to the relentless fury of the Jews, who, to the number of 26,000, had followed the Persians from Galilee to Jerusalem to gratify their hereditary malice by the massacre of the Christians. The churches were immediately restored by Modestus; and the city was visited by Heraclius (A. D. 629) after his defeat of the Persians. Five years later (A. D. 634) it was invested by the Saracens, and, after a defence of four months, capitulated to the khalif Omar in person; since which time it has followed the vicissitudes of the various dynasties that have swayed the destinies of Western Asia. It remains to add a few words concerning the modern city and its environs. V. THE MODERN CITY. El-Kods, the modern representative of its most ancient name Kadeshah, or Cadytis, "is surrounded by a high and strong cut-stone wall, built on the solid rock, loop-holed throughout, varying from 25 to 60 feet in height, having no ditch." It was built by the sultan Suliman (A. D. 1542), as is declared by many inscriptions on the wall and gates. It is in circuit about 2 miles, and has four gates facing the four cardinal points. 1. The Jaffa Gate, on the west, called by the natives Bab-el-Hallil, i. e. the Hebron Gate. 2. The Damascus Gate, on the north, Bab-el-'Amûd, the Gate of the Column. 3. The St. Stephen's Gate, on the east, Bab-SittiMiryam, St. Mary's Gate. 4. The Sion Gate, on the south, Bab-en-Nebi Daûd, the Gate of the Prophet David. A fifth gate, on the south, near the mouth of the Tyropoeon, is sometimes opened to facilitate the introduction of the water from a neighbouring well. A line drawn from the Jaffa Gate to the Mosk, along the course of the old wall, and another, cutting this at right angles, drawn from the Sion to the Damascus Gate, could divide the city into the four quarters by which it is usually | circle concentric with a circular funnel-shaped hall distinguished. 24 feet in diameter, with which it is connected by three passages. They are popularly called "the Tombs of the Prophets," but no satisfactory account has been given of these extensive excavations. (Plans are given by Schultz, Krafft, and Tobler, in the works referred to below.) Dr. Schultz was inclined to identify this with the rock weρiστýρiov, mentioned by Josephus in his account of the Wall of Circumvallation (B. J. v. 12), which he supposes to be a translation of the Latin Columbarium. (See Dict. Ant. art. Funus, p. 561, b.) These four quarters are: (1) The Armenian Quarter at the SW.; (2) the Jew's Quarter at the SE.,-both these being on Mount Sion; (3) the Christian Quarter at the NW.; (4) the Mahometan Quarter, occupying the remainder of the city on the west and north of the great Haram-es-Sherif, the noble Sanctuary, which represents the ancient Temple area. The Mosk, which occupies the grandest and once most venerated spot in the world, is, in its architectural design and proportions, as it was formerly in its details, worthy of its site. It was built for Abd-el Melik Ibn-Marwan, of the house of Ommiyah, the tenth khalif. It was commenced in A. D. 688, and completed in three years, and when the vicissitudes it has undergone within a space of nearly 1200 years are considered, it is perhaps rather a matter of astonishment that the fabric should have been preserved so entire than that the adornment should exhibit in parts marks of ruinous decay. The Church of Justinian,-now the Mosk ElAksa, to the south of the same area, is also a conspicuous object in the modern city; and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, with its appendages, occupies a considerable space to the west. The greater part of the remaining space is occupied with the Colleges or Hospitals of the Moslems, in the vicinity of the Mosks, and with the Monasteries of the several Christian communities, of which the Patriarchal Convent of St. Constantine, belonging to the Greeks, near the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and that of the Armenians, dedicated to St. James, on the highest part of Mount Sion, are the most considerable. The population of the modern city has been variously estimated, some accounts stating it as low as 10,000, others as high as 30,000. It may be safely assumed as about 12,000, of which number nearly half are Moslems, the other half being composed of Jews and Christians in about equal proportions. It is governed by a Turkish pasha, and is held by a small garrison. Most of the European nations are there represented by a consul. VI. ENVIRONS. A few sites of historical interest remain to be noticed in the environs of Jerusalem: as the valleys which environ the city have been sufficiently described at the commencement of the article, the mountains may here demand a few words. The Scopus, which derived its name, as Josephus informs us, from the extensive view which it commanded of the surrounding country, is the high ground to the north of the city, beyond the Tombs of the Kings, 7 stadia from the city (B. J. ii. 19. § 4, v. 2. § 3), where both Cestius and Titus first encamped on their approach to the city (l. cc.): this range is now occupied by a village named Shaphat, the Semitic equivalent to the Greek σкоTÓя. On the east of the city is the Mount of Olives, extending along the whole length of its eastern wall, conspicuous with its three summits, of which the centre is the highest, and is crowned with a pile of buildings occupying the spot where Helena, the mother of Constantine, built a Basilica in commemoration of the Ascension of our Lord. (Eusebius, Vita Constantini, iii. 12, Laudes, $9.) A little below the southern summit is a remarkable gallery of sepulchral chambers arranged in a semi In the bed of the Valley of Jehoshaphat, immediately beneath the centre summit of Mount Olivet, where the dry bed of the brook Kedron is spanned by a bridge, is the Garden of Gethsemane, with its eight venerable olive-trees protected by a stone wall; and close by is a subterranean church, in which is shown the reputed tomb of the Virgin, who, however, according to an ancient tradition, countenanced by the Council of Ephesus (A. D. 431), died and was buried in that city. (Labbe, Concilia, tom. iii. col. 573.) A little to the south of this, still in the bed of the valley, are two remarkable monolithic sepulchral monuments, ascribed to Absalom and Zechariah, exhibiting in their sculptured ornaments a mixture of Doric, Ionic, and perhaps Egyptian architecture, which may possibly indicate a change in the original design in conformity with later taste. Connected with these are two series of sepulchral chambers, one immediately behind the Pillar of Absalom, called by the name of Jehoshaphat; the other between the monoliths, named the Care of St. James, which last is a pure specimen of the Doric order. (See A General View in Holy City, vol. ii. p. 449, and detailed plans, &c. in pp. 157, 158, with Professor Willis's description.) To the south of Mount Olivet is another rocky eminence, to which tradition has assigned the name of the Mount of Offence, as "the hill before Jerusalem" where king Solomon erected altars for idolatrous worship (1 Kings, xi. 7). In the rocky base of this mount, overhanging the Kedron, is the rockhewn village of Siloam, chiefly composed of sepulchral excavations, much resembling a Columbarium, and most probably the rock Peristerium of Josephus. Immediately below this village, on the opposite side of the valley, is the intermitting Fountain of the Virgin, at a considerable depth below the bed of the valley, with a descent of many steps hewn in the rock. Its supply of water is very scanty, and what is not drawn off here runs through the rocky ridge of Ophel, by an irregular passage, to the Pool of Siloam in the mouth of the Tyropoeon. This pool, which is mentioned in the New Testament (St. John, ix. 7, &c.), is now filled with earth and cultivated as a garden, a small tank with columns built into its side serves the purpose of a pool, and represents the "quadriporticum" of the Bordeaux Pilgrim (A. D. 333), who also mentions "Alia piscina grandis foras." This was probably identical with Hezekiah's Pool "between the two walls" (Is. xxii. 11), as it certainly is with the "Pool of Siloah by the king's garden" in Nehemiah (iii. 15, ii. 14; comp. 2 Kings, xxv. 4. ments are fully stated in the Holy City, vol. ii. pp. 474-480. M. de Sauley accepts the identification.) The king's gardens are still represented in a verdant spot, where the concurrence of the three valleys, Hinnom, Jehoshaphat, and Tyropoeon The argu forms a small plain, which is cultivated by the villagers of Siloam. In the mouth of the southern valley which forms the continuation of these three valleys towards the Dead Sea, is a deep well, variously called the Well of Nehemiah, of Job, or Joab; supposed to be identical with Enrogel, "the well of the spies," mentioned in the borders of Judah and Benjamin, and elsewhere (Josh. xv. 7, xviii. 16; 2 Sam. xvii. 17; 1 Kings, i. 9). On the opposite side of the valley, over against the Mount of Offence, is another high rocky hill, facing Mount Sion, called the Hill of Evil Council, from a tradition that the house of Annas the highpriest, father-in-law to Caiaphas (St. John, xviii. 13, 24), once occupied this site. There is a curious coincidence with this in a notice of Josephus, who, in his account of the wall of circumvallation, mentions the monument of Ananus in this part (v. 12. § 2); which monument has lately been identified with an ancient rock-grave of a higher class,-the Aceldama of ecclesiastical tradition, a little below the ruins on this hill; which is again attested to be "the Potter's Field," by a stratum of white clay, which is still worked. (Schultz, Jerusalem, p. 39.) This grave is one of a series of sepulchres excavated in the lower part of this hill; among which are several bearing Greek inscriptions, of which all that is clearly intelligible are the words THC. ATIAC. CIWN., indicating that they belonged to inhabitants or communities in Jerusalem. (See the Inscriptions in Krafft, and the comments on his decipherments in the Holy City, Memoir, pp. 56 -60). Higher up the Valley of Hinnom is a large and very ancient pool, now called the Sultan's (Birket-esSultan), from the fact that it was repaired, and adorned with a handsome fountain, by Sultan Suliman IbnSelim, 1520-1566, the builder of the present citywall. It is, however, not only mentioned in the mediaeval notices of the city, but is connected by Nehemiah with another antiquity in the vicinity, called En-nebi Daúd. On Mount Sion, immediately above, and to the east of the pool, is a large and irregular mass of building, supposed by Christians, Jews, and Moslems, to contain the Tomb of David, and of his successors the kings of Judah. It has been said that M. de Sauley has attempted an elaborate proof of the identity of the Tombs of the Kings, at the head of the Valley of Jehoshaphat, with the Tomb of David. His theory is inadmissable; for it is clear, from the notices of Nehemiah, that the Sepulchres of David were not far distant from the Pool of "Siloah," close to "the pool that was made," and, consequently, on that part of Mount Sion where they are now shown. (Nehem. iii. 16-19.) The memory of David's tomb was still preserved until the destruction of Jerusalem (Josephus, Ant. xiii. 8. § 4, xvi. 7. § 1; Acts, ii. 29), and is noticed occasionally in the middle ages. (See Holy City, vol. ii. pp. 505-513.) In the same pile of buildings, now occupied by the Moslems, is shown the Coenaculum where our Lord is said to have instituted the Last Supper. Epiphanius mentions that this church was standing when Hadrian visited Jerusalem (Pond, et Mens. cap. xiv.), and there St. Cyril delivered some of his catechetical lectures (Catech. xvi. 4). It was in this part of the Upper City that Titus spared the houses and city wall to form barracks for the soldiers of the garrison. (Vide sup.) Above the Pool of the Sultan, the Aqueduct of Pontius Pilate, already mentioned, crosses the Valley of Hinnom on nine low arches; and, being carried along the side of Mount Sion, crosses the Tyropoeon by the causeway into the Haram. The water is conveyed from Etham, or the Pools of Solomon, about two miles south of Bethlehem. (Josephus, B. J. ii. 9. § 4.) The mention of this aqueduct recalls a notice of Strabo, which has been perpetually illustrated in the history of the city; viz., that it was evròs uèv evüdpov ἐκτὸς δὲ παντελῶς διψηρόν .. αὐτὸ μὲν εὔυδρον, τὴν δὲ κύκλῳ χώραν ἔχον λυπρὰν καὶ ἄνυδρον. (xvi. p. 723.) Whence this abundant supply was derived it is extremely difficult to imagine, as, of course, the aqueduct just mentioned would be immediately cut off in case of siege; and, without this, the inhabitants of the modern city are almost entirely dependent on rain-water. But the accounts of the various sieges, and the other historical notices, as well as existing remains, all testify to the fact that there was a copious source of living water introduced into the city from without, by extensive subterranean aqueducts. The subject requires, and would repay, a more accurate and careful investigation. (See Holy City, vol. ii. p. 453-505.) Besides the other authorities cited or referred to in the course of this article, the principal modern sources for the topography of Jerusalem are the following:-Dr. Robinson's Biblical Researches, vols. i. and ii; Williams's Holy City; Dr. Wilson's Lands of the Bible; Dr. E. G. Schultz, Jerusalem; W. Krafft, Die Topographie Jerusalems; Carl Ritter, Die Erdkunde von Asien, &c., Palästina, Berlin, 1852, pp. 297-508: Dr. Titus Tobler, Golgotha, 1851; Die Siloahquelle und die Oelberg, 1852; Denkblätter aus Jerusalem, 1853; F. de Sauley, Voyage autour de la Mer Morte, tom. 2. [G. W.] COINS OF AELIA CAPITOLINA (JERUSALEM). IGILGILI (Iyayıλi, Ptol.: Jijeli), a sea-port of Mauretania Caesariensis, on the Sinus Numidicus, made a Roman colony by Augustus. It stands on a headland, on the E. side of which a natural roadstead is formed by a reef of rocks running parallel to the shore; and it was probably in ancient times the emporium of the surrounding country. (Itin. Ant. p. 18; Plin. v. 2. s. 1; Ptol. iv. 2. § 11; Ammian. Marc. xxix. 5; Tab. Peut.; Shaw, Travels, p. 45; Barth, Wanderungen, fc., p. 66.) [P.S.] IGILIUM (Giglio), an island off the coast of as well as by Pliny and Ptolemy (Plin. iii. 14. s. 19; Ptol. iii. 1. § 53), and it is probable that in Strabo also we should read 'Iyoútov for the corrupt name ITоupov of the MSS. and earlier editions. (Strab. v. p. 227; Cluver. Ital. p. 626.) But its secluded position in the mountains, and at a distance of some miles from the line of the Via Flaminia, was probably unfavourable to its prosperity, and it does not seem to have been a place of much importance. Silius Italicus speaks of it as very subject to fogs (viii. 459). It early became the see of a bishop, and retained its episcopal rank throughout the middle ages, when it rose to be a place of considerably more importance than it had enjoyed under the Roman empire. Etruria, directly opposite to the Mons Argentarius | one of the "xv. populi Umbriae" (Orell. Inscr. 98), and the port of Cosa. It is, next to Ilva, the most considerable of the islands near the coast of Etruria, being 6 miles long by about 3 in breadth, and consists of a group of mountains of considerable elevation. Hence Rutilius speaks of its silvosa cacumina." (Itin. i. 325.) From that author we learn that, when Rome was taken by Alaric (A. D. 410), a number of fugitives from the city took refuge in Igilium, the insular position of which afforded them complete security. Caesar also mentions it, during the Civil War, in conjunction with the neighbouring port of Cosa, as furnishing a few vessels to Domitius, with which that general sailed for Massilia. (Caes. B. C. i. 34; Plin. iii. 6. s. 12; Mela, ii. 7. $19.) It is evident, therefore, that it was inhabited in ancient as well as modern times. [E. H. B.] IGLETES, IGNETES. [HISPANIA.] IGULLIO'NES, in European Sarmatia, mentioned by Ptolemy as lying between the Stavani and Coistoboci, and to the east of the Venedi (iii. 5. § 21). Now the Stavani lay south of the Galindae and Sudini, populations of which the locality is known to be that of the Galinditae and Sudovitae of the middle ages, i. e. the parts about the Spirding-see in East Prussia. This would place the Igulliones in the southern part of Lithuania, or in parts of Grodno, Podolia, and Volhynia, in the country of the Jazwingi of the thirteenth century,- there or thereabouts. Zeuss has allowed himself to consider some such form as 'Irvyyiwves as the truer reading; and, so doing, identifies the names, as well as the localities, of the two populations ("Iτvyyíwv, Jacwing), -the varieties of form being very numerous. The Jacwings were Lithuanians-Lithuanians as opposed to Slavonians; and in this lies their ethnological importance, inasmuch as the southward extension of that branch of the Sarmatian stock is undetermined. (See Zeuss, s. v. Jazwingi.) [R. G. L.] IGU'VIUM (Iyovïov: Eth. Iguvinus: Gubbio), an ancient and important town of Umbria, situated on the W. slope of the Apennines, but not far from their central ridge, and on the left of the Via Flaminia. Its existence as an ancient Umbrian city is sufficiently attested by its coins, as well as by a remarkable monument presently to be noticed; but we find no mention of it in history previous to the period of its subjection to Rome, and we only learn incidentally from Cicero that it enjoyed the privileged condition of a "foederata civitas," and that the terms of its treaty were of a highly favourable character. (Cic. pro Balb. 20, where the reading of the older editions, "Fulginatium," is certainly erroneous: see Orelli, ad loc.) The first mention of its name occurs in Livy (xlv. 43, where there is no doubt we should read Iguvium for "Igiturvium ") as the place selected by the Roman senate for the confinement of the Illyrian king Gentius and his sons, when the people of Spoletium refused to receive them. Its natural strength of position, which was evidently the cause of its selection on this occasion, led also to its bearing a conspicuous part in the beginning of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, when it was occupied by the praetor Minucius Thermus with five cohorts; but on the approach of Curio with three cohorts, Thermus, who was apprehensive of a revolt of the citizens, abandoned the town without resistance. (Caes. B. C. i. 12; Cic. ad Att. vii. 13, b.) Under the Roman dominion Iguvium seems to have lapsed into the condition of an ordinary municipal town: we find it noticed in an inscription as The modern city of Gubbio contains no ruins of ancient date; but about 8 miles to the E. of it, at a place now called La Schieggia, on the line of the ancient Flaminian Way, and just at the highest point of the pass by which it crosses the main ridge of the Apennines, some vestiges of an ancient temple are still visible, which are supposed with good reason to be those of the temple of Jupiter Apenninus. This is represented in the Tabula Peutingeriana as existing at the highest point of the pass, and is noticed also by Claudian in describing the progress of Honorius along the Flaminian Way. (Claudian, de VI. Cons. Hon. 504; Tab. Peut.) The oracle consulted by the emperor Claudius "in Apennino" (Treb. Poll. Claud. 10) may perhaps have reference to the same spot. Many bronze idols and other small objects of antiquity have been found near the ruins in question; but a far more important discovery, made on the same site in 1444, was that of the celebrated tables of bronze, commonly known as the Tabulae Eugubinae, which are still preserved in the city of Gubbio. These tables, which are seven in number, contain long inscriptions, four of which are in Etruscan characters, two in Latin, and one partially in Etruscan and partially in Latin characters; but the language is in all cases apparently the same, and is wholly distinct from that of the genuine Etruscan monuments on the one hand, as well as from Latin on the other, though exhibiting strong traces of affinity with the older Latin forms, as well as with the existing remains of the Oscan dialects. There can be no doubt that the language which we here find is that of the Umbrians themselves, who are represented by all ancient writers as nationally distinct both from the Etruscans and the Sabellian races. The ethnological and linguistic inferences from these important monuments will be more fully considered under the article UMBRIA. It is only of late years that they have been investigated with care; early antiquaries having formed the most extravagant theories as to their meaning: Lanzi had the merit of first pointing out that they evidently related only to certain sacrificial and other religious rites to be celebrated at the temple of Jupiter by the Iguvians themselves and some neighbouring communities. The interpretation has since been carried out, as far as our imperfect knowledge will permit, by Lepsius, Grotefend, and still more recently in the elaborate work of Aufrecht and Kirchhoff. (Lanzi, Saggio di Lingua Etrusca, vol. iii. pp. 657-768; Lepsius, de Tabulis Eugubinis, 1833; Inscriptiones Umbricae et Oscae, Lips. 1841; Grotefend, Rudimenta Linguae Umbricae, Hannov. 1835-1839; Aufrecht u. Kirchhoff, Die Umbrischen Sprach. Denkmäler, 4to. Berlin, 1849.) In the still im |