perfect state of our knowledge of the inscriptions in question, it is somewhat hazardous to draw from them positive conclusions as to proper names; but it seems that we may fairly infer the mention of several small towns or communities in the immediate neighbourhood of Iguvium. These were, however, in all probability not independent communities, but pagi, or villages dependent upon Iguvium itself. Of this description were: Akerunia or Acerronia (probably answering to the Latin Aquilonia), Clavernia (in Lat. Clavenna), Curia or Cureia, Casilum, Juviscum, Museia, Pierium (?), Tarsina, and Trebla or Trepla. The last of these evidently corresponds to the Latin name Trebia or Trebula, and may refer to the Umbrian town of that name: the Cureiati of the inscription are evidently the same with the Curiates of Pliny, mentioned by him among the extinct communities of Umbria (Plin. iii. 14. s. 19); while the names of Museia and Casilum are said to be still retained by two villages called Museia and Casilo in the immediate neighbourhood of Gubbio. Chiaserna, another neighbouring village, is perhaps the Claverna of the Tables. The coins of Iguvium, which are of bronze, and of large size (so that they must be anterior to the reduction of the Italian As), have the legend IKVVINI, which is probably the original form of the name, and is found in the Tables, though we here meet also with the softened and probably later form “Ijovina," or "liovina." [E. H. B.] montorium ILA, in Scotland, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3. §5) as the first river south of the Berubium ProFirth of Dornoch. [R. G. L.] ILARAU'GATAE. [HISPANIA; ILERGETES.] ILARCU'RIS. [CARPETANI.] ILARGUS, a river of Rhaetia Secunda, flowing from west to east, and emptying itself into the Danube. (Pedo Albinov. Eleg. ad Liv. 386, where the common reading is Itargus; others read Isargus, and regard it as the same as the river Atagis ("Arayis) mentioned by Strabo, iv. p. 207, with Groskurd's note, vol. i. p. 356.) It would, however, appear that Ilargus and Isargus were two different rivers, since in later writers we find, with a slight change, a river Ililara (Vita S. Magni, 18), answering to the modern Iller, and another, Ysarche (Act. S. Cassiani, ap. Resch. Annal. Sabion. iv. 7), the modern Eisach, which flows in a southern direction, and empties itself into the Athesis. [L. S.] ILATTIA ('IaTTia, Polyb. ap. Steph. B. s. v.), a town of Crete, which is probably the same as the ELATUS of Pliny (iv. 12). Some editions read Clatus, incorrectly classed by him among the inland towns. (Höck, Kreta, vol. i. p. 432.) [E. B. J.] ILDUM. [EDETANI.] ILEI. [HERMIONE.] ILEOSCA. [OSCA.] ILERCA'ONES ('IAеркάoves, Ptol. ii. 6. §§ 16, 64; Ilercaonenses, Liv. xxii. 21; Illurgavonenses, Caes. B. C. i. 60: in this, as in so many other Spanish names, the c and g are interchangeable), a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, occupying that portion of the sea-coast of EDETANIA which lay between the rivers UDUBA and IBERUS. Their exact boundaries appear to have been a little to the N. of each of these rivers. They possessed the town of Dertosa (Tortosa), on the left bank of the Iberus, and it was their chief city. [DERTOSA.] Their other towns, according to Ptolemy, were: ADEBA ("Adeba: Amposta ?), TIARIULIA (Tapiovλía: Teari Julienses, ap. Plin. iii. 3. s. 4: Trayguera), BISCARGIS (Biokapyís; Biscargitani civ. Rom., Plin.: Berrus), SIGARRA (Ziyappa: Segarra, Marca, Hisp. ii. 8), CARTHAGO VETUS (Kapжnowv raλaid: Carta Vieja, Marca, ibid.), and THEAVA (@eaúa). Ukert also assigns to them, on the N. of the Iberus, TRAJA CAPITA, OLEASTRUM, TARRACO, and other places, which seem clearly to have belonged to the COSETANI. The name of their country, ILERCAVONIA, occurs on the coins of their city IBERA. [P.S.] ILERDA ('Iλépda, and rarely Elxépda; Hilerda, Auson. Epist. xxv. 59: Eth. 'IλepoíTai, Ilerdenses: Lerida), the chief city of the ILERGETES, in Hispania Tarraconensis, is a place of considerable importance, historically as well as geographically. It stood upon an eminence, on the right (W.) bank of the river SICORIS (Segre), the principal tributary of the Ebro, and some distance above its confluence with the CINGA (Cinca); thus commanding the country between those rivers, as well as the great road from Tarraco to the NW. of Spain, which here crossed the Sicoris. (Itin. Ant. pp. 391, 452.) Its situation (propter ipsius loci opportunitatem, Caes. B. C. i. 38) induced the legates of Pompey in Spain to make it the key of their defence against Caesar, in the first year of the Civil War (B. c. 49). Afranius and Petreius threw themselves into the place with five legions; and their siege by Caesar himself, as narrated in his own words, forms one of the most interesting passages of military history. The resources exhibited by the great general, in a contest where the formation of the district and the very elements of nature seemed in league with his enemies, have been compared to those displayed by the great Duke before Badajoz; but no epitome can do justice to the campaign. It ended by the capitulation of Afranius and Petreius, who were conquered as much by Caesar's generosity as by his strategy. (Caes. B. C. i. 38, et seq.; Flor. iv. 12; Appian, B. C. ii. 42; Vell. Pat. ii. 42; Suet. Caes. 34; Lucan, Pharsal. iv. 11, 144.) Under the empire, Ilerda was a very flourishing city, and a municipium. It had a fine stone bridge over the Sicoris, on the foundations of which the existing bridge is built. In the time of Ausonius the city had fallen into decay; but it rose again into importance in the middle ages. (Strab. iii. p. 161; Horat. Epist. i. 20. 13; coins, ap. Florez, Med. ii. pp. 451, 646, iii. p. 73; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 44, Suppl. vol. i. p. 89; Sestini, pp. 161, 166; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 51.) [P. S.] ILERGETES ('Iλépynres, Ptol. ii. 6. § 68; Liv. xxi. 23, 61, xxii. 22; Plin. iii. 3. s. 4; 'Iλoupyntes, Polyb. iii. 35) or ILE'RGETAE ('Iλepyérat, Strab. iii. p. 161: doubtless the 'Iλapavyáraι of Hecataeus, ap. Steph. B. s. v.), a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, extending on the N. of the Iberus (Ebro) from the river GALLICUS (Gallego) to both banks of the SICORIS (Segre), and as far É. as the RUBRI CATUS (Llobregat); and having for neighbours the EDETANI and CELTIBERI on the S., the VASCONES panions of Aeneas, who settled in the island, and on the W., on the N. and NE. the small peoples at remained there in quiet until they were compelled the foot of the Pyrenees, as the JACCETANI, CAS- by the Africans, who subsequently occupied the TELLANI, AUSETANI, and CERRETANI, and on the coasts of Sardinia, to take refuge in the more rugged SE. the COSETANI. Besides ILERDA, their chief and inaccessible mountain districts of the interior. cities were:-1 -the colony of CELSA (Velilla, near (Paus. x. 17. § 7.) This tale has evidently oriXelsa), Osca (Huesca), famous in the story of Ser-ginated in the resemblance of the name of Ilienses, in torius; and ATHANAGIA, which Livy (xxi. 61) makes their capital, but which no other writer names. On the great road from Italy into the N. of Spain, reckoning from Tarraco, stood ILERDA, 62 M. P.; TOLOUS, 32 M. P., in the conventus of Caesaraugusta, and with the civitas Romana (Plin.); PERTUSA, 18 M. P. (Pertusa, on the Alcanadre); OscA, 19 M. P., whence it was 46 M. P. to Caesaraugusta (Itin. Ant. p. 391). On a loop of the same road, starting from Caesaraugusta, were:- -GALLICUM, 15 M. P., on the river Gallicus (Zunra, on the Gallego); BORTINAE, 18 M. P. (Boupríva, Ptol.: Torinos); Osca, 12 M. P.; CAUS, 29 M. P.; MENDICULEIA, 19 M. P. (probably Monzon); ILERDA, 22 M. P. (Itin. Ant. pp. 451, 452). On the road from Caesaraugusta, up the valley of the Gallicus, to Benearnum (Orthes) in Gallia, were, FORUM GALLORUM, 30 M. P. (Gurrea), and EBELLINUM, 22 M. P. (Beilo), whence it was 24 M. P. to the summit of the pass over the Pyrenees (Itin. Ant. p.452). Besides these places, Ptolemy mentions BERGUSIA Bepyovola: Balaguer), on the Sicoris; BERGIDUM (Bépyidov); ERGA (Epya); SUCCOSA (Zovккŵσα); GALLICA FLAVIA (гáλλikα Þλaovía: Fraga ?); and ОRGIA ('apкía, prob. Orgagna), a name also found on coins (Sestini, Med. Isp. p. 99), while the same coins bear the name of AESONES, and inscriptions found near the Sicoris have AESONENSIS and JESSONENSIS (Muratori, Nov. Thes. p. 1021, Nos. 2, 3; Spon, Misc. Erud. Ant. p. 188), with which the GESSORIENSES of Pliny may perhaps have some connection. BERSICAL is mentioned on coins (Sestini, p. 107), and OcTOGESA (prob. La Granja, at the confluence of the Segre and the Ebro) by Caesar (B. C. i. 61; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. pp. 450-453). [P.S.] the form which the Romans gave it, to that of the Trojans; and the latter part of the story was invented to account for the apparent anomaly of a people that had come by sea dwelling in the interior of the island. What the native name of the Ilienses was, we know not, and we are wholly in the dark as to their real origin or ethnical affinities: but their existence as one of the most considerable tribes of the interior at the period of the Roman conquest, is well ascertained; and they are repeatedly mentioned by Livy as contending against the supremacy of Rome. Their first insurrection, in B. C. 181, was repressed, rather than put down, by the praetor M. Pinarius; and in B. C. 178, the Ilienses and Balari, in conjunction, laid waste all the more fertile and settled parts of the island; and were even able to meet the consul Ti. Sempronius Gracchus in a pitched battle, in which, however, they were defeated with heavy loss. In the course of the following year they appear to have been reduced to complete submission; and their name is not again mentioned in history. (Liv. xl. 19, 34, xli. 6, 12, 17.) The situation and limits of the territory occupied by the Ilienses, cannot be determined: but we find them associated with the Balari and Corsi, as inhabiting the central and mountainous districts of the island. Their name is not found in Ptolemy, though he gives a long list of the tribes of the interior. Many writers have identified the Ilienses with the Iolaenses or Iolai, who are also placed in the interior of Sardinia; and it is not improbable that they were really the same people, but ancient authors certainly make a distinction between the two. [E. H. B.j ILIGA. [HELICE.] I'LIPA. 1. (IAma, Strab. iii. pp. 141, seq.; 'Iλλína † Aaîña μueyáλn, Ptol. ii. 4. § 13; Ilipa cognomine Illa, Plin. iii. 1. s. 3, according to the ILE'SIUM. [EILESIUM.] corrupt reading which Sillig's last edition retains I'LICI or ILLICI (Itin. Ant. p. 401; 'Ikiàs for want of a better: some give the epithet in the 'IAXIKís, Ptol. ii. 6. § 62: Elche), an inland city form Ilpa: Harduin reads Ilia, on the authority of of the Contestani, but near the coast, on which it an inscription, which is almost certainly spurious, had a port ('IAλikiтavòs λiμhy, Ptol. l. c. § 14), ap. Gruter, pp. 351,305, and Muratori, p. 1002), lying just in the middle of the bay formed by the a city of the Turdetani, in Hispania Baetica, bePr. Saturni and Dianium, which was called Illici-longing to the conventus of Hispalis. It stood upon. tanus Sinus. The city itself stood at the distance of 52 M. P. from Carthago Nova, on the great road to Tarraco (Itin. Ant. p. 401), and was a Colonia immunis, with the jus Italicum (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4; Paulus, Dig. viii. de Cens.). Its coins are extant of the period of the empire (Florez, Med. de Esp. vol. ii. p. 458; Sestini, p. 166; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 45, Suppl. vol. i. p. 90; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 51). Pliny adds to his mention of the place: in eam contribuuntur Icositani. (Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. pp. 402, 403.) [P.S.] ILIENSES ('I^ieîs, Paus.), a people of the interior of Sardinia, who appear to have been one of the most considerable of the mountain tribes in that island. Mela calls them "antiquissimi in ea populorum," and Pliny also mentions them among the "celeberrimi populorum" of Sardinia. (Mel. ii. 7. § 19; Plin. iii. 7. s. 13.) Pausanias, who terms them 'Ieis, distinctly ascribes to them a Trojan origin, and derives them from a portion of the com the right bank of the Baetis (Guadalquivir), 700 stadia from its mouth, at the point up to which the river was navigable for vessels of small burthen, and where the tides were no longer discernible. [BAETIS.] On this and other grounds it has been identified with the Roman ruins near Peñaflor. There were great silver mines in its neighbourhood. (Strab. I. c., and pp. 174, 175; Plin. l. c.; Itin. Ant. p. 411; Liv. xxxv. 1; Florez, Esp. S. vol. vii, ILIFENSE COIN OF ILIPA. p. 222, vol. ix. p. 24, vol. xii. p. 52; Morales, Antig. p. 88 Mentelle, Esp. Anc. p. 243; Coins ap. Florez, Med. de Esp. vol. ii. p. 468, vol. iii. p. 79; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 15, Suppl. vol. i. p. 28; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 22; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 374.) 2. [ILIPLA.] [P.S.] I'LIPLA (Coins; ILIPA, Itin. Ant. p. 432; probably the 'IAλírovλa of Ptol. ii. 4. § 12: Niebla), a city of the Turdetani, in the W. of Hispania Baetica, on the high road from Hispalis to the mouth of the Anas. (Caro, Antig. Hisp. iii. 81; Coins ap. Florez, Med. vol. ii. p. 471; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 16, Suppl. vol. i. p. 29; Sestini, p. 53; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 22.) [P.S.] ILI'PULA. 1. Surnamed LAUS by Pliny (iii. 1. s. 3), and MAGNA by Ptolemy (IAAíπovλа μeɣáλn, ii. 4. § 12), a city of the Turduli, in Baetica, between the Baetis and the coast, perhaps Loxa. (Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 363.) 2. MINOR (prob. Olvera or Lepe di Ronda, near Carmona), a tributary town of the Turdetani, in Hispania Baetica, belonging to the conventus of Hispalis. (Plin. iii. 1. s. 3; Sestini, Med. Esp. p. 54.) [P.S.] ILI'PULA MONS ('I^íπovλ¤), a range of mountains in Baetica, S. of the Baetis, mentioned only by Ptolemy (ii. 4. § 15), and supposed by some to be the Sierra Nevada, by others the Sierra de Alhama or the Alpujarras. [P.S.] sion by an account of the investigations of modern travellers and scholars to identify the site of the famous city. Our most ancient authority are the Homeric poems; but we must at the very outset remark, that we cannot look upon the poet in every respect as a careful and accurate topographer; but that, admitting his general accuracy, there may yet be points on which he cannot be taken to account as if it had been his professed object to communicate information on the topography of Troy. The city of Ilium was situated on a rising ground, somewhat above the plain between the rivers Scamander and Simois, at a distance, as Strabo asserts, of 42 stadia from the coast of the Hellespont. (Hom. Il. xx. 216, fol.; Strab. xiii. p. 596.) That it was not quite in the plain is clear from the epithets veμóeσσa, aineivý, and oppvóerσa. Behind it, on the south-east, there rose a hill, forming a branch of Mount Ida, surmounted by the acropolis, called Pergamum (Tò Пépyaμov, Hom. Il. iv. 508, vi. 512; also тà Пépyaua, Soph. Phil. 347, 353, 611; or, Пéрyaμos, Hom. Il. v. 446, 460.) This fortified acropolis contained not only all the temples of the gods (II. iv. 508, v. 447,512, vi. 88, 257, xxii. 172, &c.), but also the palaces of Priam and his sons, Hector and Paris (Il. vi. 317, 370, 512, vii. 345). The city must have had many gates, as may be inferred from the expression wão aɩ múλai (Il. ii. 809, and elsewhere), but only one is mentioned by name, viz., the Ekalal múλai, which led to the camp of the Greeks, and must accordingly have been on the northwest part of the city, that is, the part just opposite the acropolis (Il. iii. 145, 149, 263, vi. 306, 392, xvi. 712, &c.). The origin of this name of the "left gate" is unknown, though it may possibly have reference to the manner in which the signs in the heavens were observed; for, during this process, the priest turned his face to the north, so that the north-west would, be on his left hand. Certain minor objects alluded to in the Iliad, such as the tombs of Ilus, Aesyetes, and Myrine, the Scopie and Erineus, or the wild fig-tree, we ought probably not attempt to urge very strongly we are, in fact, prevented from attributing much weight to them by the circumstance that the inhabitants of New Ilium, who believed that their town stood on the site of the ancient city, boasted that they could show close to their walls these doubt ILISSUS. [ATTICA, p. 323, a.] ILISTRA (IMOтpa: Illisera), a town in Lycaonia, on the road from Laranda to Isaura, which is still in existence. (Hierocl. p. 675; Concil. Ephes. p. 534; Concil. Chalced. p. 674; Hamilton, Researches, vol.ii. p. 324; Leake, Asia Minor, p. 102.) [L. S.] ILITHYIA (Eixeiovías móλis, Strab. xviii. p. 817: Elanovías, Ptol. iv. 5. § 73), a town of the Egyptian Heptanomis, 30 miles NE. of Apollinopolis Magna. It was situated on the eastern bank of the Nile, in lat. 25° 3' N. According to Plutarch (Isis et Osir. c. 73), Ilithyia contained a temple dedicated to Bubastis, to whom, as to the Taurian Artemis, human victims were, even at a comparatively recent period, sacrificed. A bas-relief (Minutoi, p. 394, seq.) discovered in the temple of Bubastis at ElKab, representing such a sacrifice, seems to confirm Plutarch's statement. The practice of human sacrifice among the Aegyptians is, indeed, called in ques-ful vestiges of antiquity. (Strab. xiii. p. 599.) The tion by Herodotus (ii. 45); yet that it once prevailed among them is rendered probable by Manetho's statement of a king named Amosis having abolished the custom,and substituted a waxen image for the human victim. (Porphyr. de Abstinent. ii. p. 223; Euseb. Praep. Evang. iv. 16; comp. Ovid, Fast. v. 621.) The singularity in Plutarch's story is the recent date of the imputed sacrifices. [W. B. D.] ILITURGIS. [ILLITURGIS.] I'LIUM, I'LIOS ("Iλiov, † “Íλtos: Eth. 'Ixie's, f. 'Liás), sometimes also called TROJA (Tpoía), whence the inhabitants are commonly called Tpŵes, and in the Latin writers Trojani. The existence of this city, to which we commonly give the name of Troy, cannot be doubted any more than the simple fact of the Trojan War, which was believed to have ended with the capture and destruction of the city, after a war of ten years, B. C. 1184. Troy was the principal city of the country called Troas. As the city has been the subject of curious inquiry, both in ancient and modern times, it will be necessary, in the first instance, to collect and analyse the statements of the ancient writers; and to follow up this discus VOL. II. walls of Ilium are described as lofty and strong, and as flanked with towers; they were fabled to have been built by Apollo and Poseidon (Il. i. 129, ii. 113, 288, iii. 153, 384, 386, vii. 452, viii. 519). These are the only points of the topography of Ilium derivable from the Homeric poems. The city was destroyed, according to the common tradition, as already remarked, about B. c. 1184; but afterwards we hear of a new Ilium, though we are not informed when and on what site it was built. Herodotus (vii. 42) relates that Xerxes, before invading Greece, offered sacrifices to Athena at Pergamum, the ancient acropolis of Priam; but this does not quite justify the inference that the new town of Ilium was then already in existence, and all that we can conclude from this passage is, that the people at that time entertained no doubt as to the sites of the ancient city and its acropolis. Strabo (xiii. p. 601) states that Ilium was restored during the last dynasty of the Lydian kings; that is, before the subjugation of Western Asia by the Persians: and both Xenophon (Hellen. i. 1. § 4) and Scylax (p. 35) seem to speak of Ilium as a town actually existing in their days. D of Ilium, we shall have to speak in the article TROAS. (Comp. Spohn, de Agro Trojano, Lipsiae, 1814, 8vo.; Rennell, Observations on the Topography of the Plain of Troy, London, 1814, 4to.; Choiseul-Gouffier, Voyage Pittoresque de la Grèce, Paris, 1820, vol. ii. p. 177, foll.; Leake, Asia Minor, p. 275, foll.; Grote Hist. of Greece, vol. i. p. 436, foll.; Eckenbrecher, über die Lage des Homerischen Ilion, Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. ii. pp. 1-49, where a very good plan of the district of Ilion is given. See also, Welcker, Kleine Schriften, vol. ii. p. 1, foll.; C. Maclaren, Dissertation on the Topography of the Trojan War, Edinburgh, 1822; Mauduit, Découvertes dans la Troiade, fc., Paris & Londres, 1840.) [L. S.] It is also certain that in the time of Alexander New Ilium did exist, and was inhabited by Aeolians. (Demosth. c. Aristocr. p. 671; Arrian, Anab. i. 11. $7; Strab. xiii. p. 593, foll.) This new town, which is distinguished by Strabo from the famous ancient city, was not more than 12 stadia, or less than two English miles, distant from the sea, and was built upon the spur of a projecting edge of Ida, separating the basins of the Scamander and Simois. It was at first a place of not much importance (Strab. xiii. pp. 593, 601), but increased in the course of time, and was successively extended and embellished by Alexander, Lysimachus, and Julius Caesar. During the Mithridatic War New Ilium was taken by Fimbria, in B. c. 85, on which occasion it suffered greatly. (Strab. xiii. p. 594; Appian, Mithrid. 53; Liv. Epit. lxxxiii.) It is said to have been once destroyed before that time, by one Charidemus (Plut. Sertor. 1.; Polyaen. iii. 14): but we neither know when this happened, nor who this Charidemus was. Sulla, however, favoured the town extremely, in consequence of which it rose, under the Roman dominion, to considerable prosperity, and enjoyed exemption from all taxes. (Plin. v. 33.) These were the advantages which the place owed to the tradition that it occupied the identical site of the ancient and holy city of Troy: for, it may here be observed, that no ancient author of Greece or Rome ever doubted the identity of the site of Old and New Ilium until the time of Demetrius of Scepsis, and Strabo, who adopted his views; and that, even afterwards, the popular belief among the people of Ilium itself, as well as throughout the world generally, remained as firmly established as if the criticism of Demetrius and Strabo had never been heard of. These critics were led to look for Old Ilium farther inland, because they considered the space between New Ilium and the coast far too small to have been the scene of all the great exploits described in the Iliad; and, although they are obliged to own that not a vestige of Old Ilium was to be seen anywhere, yet they assumed that it must have been situated about 42 stadia from the sea-coast. They accordingly fixed upon a spot which at the time bore the name of Ἰλιέων κώμη. This view, with its assumption of Old and New Ilium as two distinct places, does not in any way remove the difficulties which it is intended to remove; for the space will still be found far too narrow, not to mention that it demands of the poet what can be demanded only of a geographer or an historian. On these grounds we, in common with the general belief of all antiquity, which has also found able advocates among modern critics, assume that Old and New Hium occupied the same site. The statements in the Hiad which appear irreconcilable with this view will disappear if we bear in mind that we have to do with an entirely legendary story, which is little concerned about geographical accuracy. ILLI'BERIS (IAA6epís, Ptol. ii. 4. § 11), or ILLI'BERI LIBERINI (Plin. iii. 1. s. 3), one of the chief cities of the Turduli, in Hispania Baetica, between the Baetis and the coast, is identified by inscriptions with Granada. It is probably the Elibyrge (EASúpyn) of Stephanus Byzantinus. (Inser. ap. Gruter, p. 277, No. 3; Florez, Esp. S. vol. v. p. 4, vol. xii. p. 81; Mentelle, Geogr. Comp. Esp. Mod. p. 163; Coins ap. Florez, Med. vol. iii. p. 75; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 15, Suppl. vol. i. p. 28; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 22.) [P.S.] The site of New Ilium (according to our view, identical with that of Old Ilium) is acknowledged by all modern inquirers and travellers to be the spot covered with ruins now called Kissarlik, between the villages of Kum-kioi, Kalli-fatli, and Tchiblak, a little to the west of the last-mentioned place, and not far from the point where the Simois once joined the Scamander. Those who maintain that Old Ilium was situated in a different locality cannot, of course, be expected to agree in their opinions as to its actual site, it being impossible to fix upon any one spot agreeing in every particular with the poet's description. Respecting the nationality of the inhabitants NATOERN COIN OF ILLIBERIS (IN SPAIN). ILLI'BERIS or ILLIBERRIS ('I^i6epis), a town in the country of the Sordones, or Sardones, or Sordi, in Gallia Aquitania. The first place that Hannibal came to after passing through the Eastern Pyrenees was Illiberis. (Liv. xxi. 24.) He must have passed by Bellegarde. Illiberis was near a small river Illiberis, which is south of another small stream, the Ruscino, which had also on it a town named Ruscino. (Strab. p. 182.) Mela (ii. 5) and Pliny (iii. 4) speak of Illiberis as having once been a great place, but in their time being decayed. The road in the Antonine Itin. from Arelate (Arles) through the Pyrenees to Juncaria passes from Ruscino (CastelRousillon) to Ad Centuriones, and omits Illiberis; but the Table places Illiberis between Ruscino and Ad Centenarium, which is the same place as the Ad Centuriones of the Itin. [CENTURIONES, AD.] Illiberis is Elne, on the river Tech. There Illiberis or Illiberris is an Iberian name. is another place, Climberris, on the Gallic side of the Pyrenees, which has the same termination. [AUSCI.] It is said that berri, in the Basque, means "a town." The site of Illiberis is fixed at Elne by the Itins.; and we find an explanation of the name Elne in the fact that either the name of | ('IAλupís, Hecat. Fr. 65; Polyb. iii. 16; Strab. ii. Illiberis was changed to Helena or Elena, or Helena pp. 108, 123, 129, vii. p. 317; Dionys. Per. 96; was a camp or station near it. Constans was mur- Herodian, vi. 7; Apollod. ii. 1. § 3; Ptol. viii. 7. dered by Magnentius "not far from the Hispaniae, § 1), but the more ancient writers usually employ in a castrum named Helena." (Eutrop. x. 9.) Vic- the name of the people, of 'IXAúpioi (èv тoîs 'IÀλUtor's Epitome (c. 41) describes Helena as a town píois, Herod. i. 196, iv. 49; Scyl. pp. 7, 10). The very near to the Pyrenees; and Zosimus has the name ILLYRIA ('I^λupía) very rarely occurs. (Steph. same (ii. 42; and Orosius, vii. 29). It is said by B. s. v.; Prop. i. 8. 2.) By the Latin writers it some writers that Helena was so named after the generally went under the name of "Illyricum place was restored by Constantine's mother Helena, (Caes. B. G. ii. 35, iii. 7; Varr. R. R. ii. 10. §7; or by Constantine, or by some of his children; but Cic. ad Att. x. 6; Liv. xliv. 18, 26; Ovid, Trist. i. the evidence of this is not given. The river of Illi- 3. 121; Mela, ii. 3. § 13; Tac. Ann. i. 5, 46, ii. beris is the TICHIS of Mela, and TECUM of Pliny, 44, 53, Hist. i. 2, 9, 76; Flor. i. 18, iv. 2; Just. now the Tech. In the text of Ptolemy (ii. 10) the vii. 2; Suet. Tib. 16; Vell. Pat. ii. 109), and the name of the river is written Illeris. general assent of geographers has given currency to this form. Some geographers have supposed Illiberis to be Collioure, near Port Vendre, which is a plain mistake. [G. L.] ILLICI. [ILICI.] ILLIPULA. [ILIPULA.] ILLITURGIS, ILITURGIS, or ILITURGI (probably the 'Ixoupyís of Ptol. ii. 4. § 9, as well as the 'Loupyeía of Polybius, ap. Steph. B. s. v., and the 'IXupyia of Appian, Hisp. 32: Eth. Illurgitani), a considerable city of Hispania Baetica, situated on a steep rock on the N. side of the Baetis, on the road from Corduba to Castulo. 20 M. P. from the latter, and five days' march from Carthago Nova. In the Second Punic War it went over to the Romans, like its neighbours, Castulo and Mentesa, and endured two sieges by the Carthaginians, both of which were raised; but, upon the overthrow of the two Scipios, the people of Illiturgis and Castulo revolted to the Carthaginians, the former adding to their treason the crime of betraying and putting to death the Romans who had fled to them for refuge. At least such is the Roman version of their offence, for which a truly Roman vengeance was taken by Publius Scipio, B.C. 206. After a defence, such as might be expected when despair of mercy was added to national fortitude, the city was stormed and burnt over the slaughtered corpses of all its inhabitants, children and women as well as men. (Liv. xxiii. 49, xxiv. 41, xxvi. 17, 41, xxviii. 19, 20.) Ten years later it had recovered sufficiently to be again besieged by the Romans, and taken with the slaughter of all its adult male population. (Liv. xxxiv. 10.) Under the Roman empire it was a considerable city, with the surname of FORUM JULIUM. Its site is believed to have been in the neighbourhood of Andujar, where the church of S. Potenciana now stands. (Itin. Ant. p. 403; Plin. iii. 1. s. 3; Priscian. vi. p. 682, ed. Putsch; Morales, Antig. p. 56, b.; Mentelle, Esp. Mod. p. 183; Laborde, Itin. vol. ii. p. 113; Florez, Esp. S. vol. xii. p. 369; Coins, ap. Florez, Med. vol. iii. p. 81; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 16; Sestini, p. 56; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 23; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 380.) [P.S.] ILLURCO or ILURCO, a town in the W. part of Hispania Baetica, near Pinos, on the river Cubillas. (Inser. ap. Gruter, pp. 235, 406; Muratori, p. 1051, Nos. 2, 3; Florez, Esp. S. vol. xii. p. 98; Coins, ap. Florez, Med. de Esp. vol. ii. p. 472; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 17; Sestini, Med. Isp. p. 57; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 23.) [P. S.] ILLURGAVONENSES. [ILERCAONES.] ILLYRIA, ILLYRICUM.] ILLY'RICUM (тd 'IAλupikóv: Eth. and Adj. Ιλλύριος, Ιλλυρικός, Illyrius, Illyricus), the eastern coast of the Adriatic sea. 1. The Name. The Greek name is ILLYRIS 2. Extent and Limits. The Roman Illyricum was of very different extent from the Illyris or oi 'IXXúpio of the Greeks, and was itself not the same at all times, but must be considered simply as an artificial and geographical expression for the bor derers who occupied the E. coast of the Adriatic, from the junction of that gulf with the Ionic sea, to the estuaries of the river Po. The earliest writer who has left any account of the peoples inhabiting this coast is Seylax; according to whom (c. 19-27) the Illyrians, properly so called (for the Liburnians and Istrians beyond them are excluded), occupy the sea-coast from Liburnia to the Chaonians of Epirus. The Bulini were the northernmost of these tribes, and the Amantini the southernmost. Herodotus (i. 196) includes under the name, the Heneti or Veneti, who lived at the head of the gulf; in another passage (iv. 49) he places the Illyrians on the tributary streams of the Morava in Servia. It is evident that the Gallic invasions, of which there are several traditions, threw the whole of these districts and their tribes into such confusion, that it is impossible to harmonise the statements of the Periplus of Scylax, or the far later Scymnus of Chios, with the descriptions in Strabo and the Roman historians. On a In consequence of this immigration of the Gauls, Appian has confounded together Gauls, Thracians, Paeonians, and Illyrians. A legend which he records (Illyr. 1) makes Celtus, Illyrius, and Gala, to have been three brothers, the sons of the Cyclops Polyphemus, and is grounded probably on the intermixture of Celtic tribes (the Boii, the Scordisci, and the Taurisci) among the Illyrians: the Iapodes, a tribe on the borders of Istria, are described by Strabo (iv. p. 143) as half Celts, half Illyrians. rough estimate, it may be said that, in the earliest times, Illyricum was the coast between the Naro (Neretva) and the Drilo (Drin), bounded on the E. by the Triballi. At a later period it comprised all the various tribes from the Celtic Taurisci to the Epirots and Macedonians, and eastward as far as Moesia, including the Veneti, Pannonians, Dalmatians, Dardani, Autariatae, and many others. This is Illyricum in its most extended meaning in the ancient writers till the 2nd century of the Christian era: as, for instance, in Strabo (vii. pp. 313-319), during the reign of Augustus, and in Tacitus (Hist. i. 2, 9, 76, ii. 86; comp. Joseph. B. J. ii. 16), in his account of the civil wars which preceded the fall of Jerusalem. When the boundary of Rome reached to the Danube, the "Illyricus Limes" (as it is designated in the "Scriptores Historiae Augustae"), or Illyrian frontier," comprised the following provinces: - Noricum, Pannonia Superior, Pannonia 66 |