called because black beetles could not live there. OMANA (Ouava, Peripl. Mar. Erythr. c. 27, 36; Marcian, Peripl. c. 28, ed. Müller, 1855), a port of some importance on the coast of Carmania, which is noticed also by Pliny (vi. 28. s. 32). Its position was near the modern bay of Tshubar, perhaps where Mannert has suggested, at Cape Tanka (v. 2. p. 421). Vincent places it a little to the E. of Cape Iask. In Ptolemy, the name has been corrupted into Commana (vi. 8. § 7). [V.] OMANA (τà Ouava), a deep bay on the south coast of Arabia east of Syagros, 600 stadia in diameter, according to the Periplus, bounded on the east by lofty and rugged mountains (ap. Hudson, Geog. Min. tom. i. p. 18), doubtless identical with the Omanum emporium, which Ptolemy places in long. 77° 40', lat. 19° 45', which must have belonged to the Omanitae mentioned by the same geographer (vi. 15), separated only by the Cattabani from the Montes Asaborum, doubtless the mountains mentioned in the Periplus. If Ras Fartak be correctly taken as the ancient Syagros, the ancient Omana must have been far to the west of the district of Arabia now called by that name, and within the territory of Hadramaut. The modern 'Omán is the south-eastern extremity of the peninsula, and gives its name to the sea outside the mouth of the Persian Gulf, which washes it on the east and south. (Gosselin, Récherches, tom. iii. pp. 32, 33; Vincent, iii. 16; Forster, Geogr. of Arabia, vol. ii. pp. 173, 180, note †.) [G.W.] prince died of a fever, and was succeeded by Polybiades as general, who put an end to the war, B. C. 379. The Olynthians were reduced to such straits, that they were obliged to sue for peace, and, break-with the lion's skin; but Mr. Millingen has engraved ing up their own federation, enrolled themselves as sworn members of the Lacedaemonian confederacy under obligations of fealty to Sparta (Xen. Hell. v. 2. § 12, 3. § 18; Diodor. xv. 21-23; Dem. de Fals. Leg. c. 75. p. 425). The subjugation of Olynthus was disastrous to Greece, by removing the strongest bulwark against Macedonian aggrandisement. Sparta was the first to crush the bright promise of the confederacy; but it was reserved for Athens to deal it the most deadly blow, by the seizure of Pydna, Methone, and Potidaea, with the region about the Thermaic gulf, between B. C. 368-363, at the expense of Olynthus. The Olynthians, though humbled, were not subdued; alarmed at Philip's conquest of Amphipolis, B.C. 358, they sent to negotiate with Athens, where, through the intrigues of the Macedonians, they were repulsed. Irritated at their advances being rejected, they closed with Philip, and received at his hands the district of Anthemus, as well as the important Athenian possession of Potidaea. (Dem. Philipp. ii. p. 71. s. 22). Philip was too near and dangerous a neighbour; and, by a change of policy, Olynthus concluded a peace with Athens B. C. 352. After some time, during which there was a feeling of reciprocal mistrust between the Olynthians and Philip, war broke out in the middle of B. c. 350. | Overtures for an alliance had been previously made by Athens, with which the Olynthians felt it prudent to close. On the first recognition of Olynthus as an ally, Demosthenes delivered the earliest of his memorable harangues; two other Olynthiac speeches followed. For a period of 80 years Olynthus had been the enemy of Athens, but the eloquence and statesman-like sagacity of Demosthenes induced the people to send succours to their ancient foes: and yet he was not able to persuade them to assist Olynthus with sufficient vigour. Still the fate of the city was delayed; and the Olynthians, had they been on | their guard against treachery within, might perhaps have saved themselves. The detail of the capture is unknown, but the struggling city fell, in B.C. 347, into the hands of Philip, "callidus emptor Olynthi" (Juv. xiv. 47), through the treachery of Lasthenes and Euthycrates; its doom was that of one taken by storm (Dem. Philipp. iii. pp. 125-128, Fals. Leg. p. 426; Diod. xvi. 53). All that survivedmen, women, and children-were sold as slaves; the town itself was destroyed. The fall of Olynthus completed the conquest of the Greek cities from the Thessalian frontier as far as Thrace in all 30 Chalcidic cities. Demosthenes (Philipp. iii. p. 117; comp. Strab. ii. p. 121; Justin. viii. 3), speaking of them about five years afterwards, says that they were so thoroughly destroyed, that it might be supposed that they had never been inhabited. The site of Olynthus at Aio Mamás is, however, known by its distance of 60 stadia from Potidaea, as well as by some vestiges of the city still existing, and by its lagoon, in which Artabazus slew the inhabitants. The name of this marsh was BOLYCA (ʼn Boλvêǹ λíuvn, Ombi was the first city below Syene at which Hegisander, ap. Athen. p. 334). Two rivers, the any remarkable remains of antiquity occur. The AMITAS ('AuíTas) and OLYNTHIACUS ('Oλuvia-Nile, indeed, at this portion of its course, is ill-suited Kós), flowed into this lagoon from Apollonia (Athen. to a dense population. It runs between steep and 1. c.). MECYBERNA was its harbour; and there was a spot near it, called CANTHAROLETHRON (Kav@a. púλepov, Strab. vii. p. 330; Plut. de An. Tranq. 475. 45; Arist. Mirab. Ausc. 120; Plin. xi. 34), so VOL. IL - OMANI or MΑΝΝΙ (Λούγιοι οἱ Ὀμανοί οι 'Ouavvol), a branch of the Lygii, in the NE. of Germany, between the Oder and the Vistula, to the S. of the Burgundiones, and to the N. of the Lygii Diduni (Ptol. ii. 11. § 18). Tacitus (Germ. 43) in enumerating the tribes of the Lygii does not mention the Omani, but a tribe occurs in his list bearing the name of Manimi, which from its resemblance is generally regarded as identical with the Omani. nothing certain can be said. [L. S.] But OMBI (Oμso, Ptol. iv. 5. § 73; Steph. B. s. v.; It. Anton. p. 165; Ombos, Juv. xv. 35; Ambo, Not. Imp. sect. 20: Eth. 'Oμbiтns; comp. Aelian, Hist. An. x. 21), was a town in the Thebaid, the capital of the Nomos Ombites, about 30 miles N. of Syene, and situated upon the E. bank of the Nile; lat. 24° 6' N. Ombi was a garrison town under every dynasty of Aegypt, Pharaonic, Macedonian, and Roman; and was celebrated for the magnificence of its temples and its hereditary feud with the people of Tentyra. narrow banks of sandstone, and deposits but little of its fertilising slime upon the dreary and barren shores. There are two temples at Ombi, constructed of the stone obtained from the neighbouring quarries I I of Hadjar-selseleh. The more magnificent of the two stands upon the top of a sandy hill, and appears to have been a species of Pantheon, since, according to extant inscriptions, it was dedicated to Aroeres (Apollo) and the other deities of the Ombite nome by the soldiers quartered there. The smaller temple to the NW. was sacred to Isis. Both, indeed, are of an imposing architecture, and still retain the brilliant colours with which their builders adorned them. They are, however, of the Ptolemaic age, with the exception of a doorway of sandstone, built into a wall of brick. This was part of a temple built by Thothmes III. in honour of the crocodileheaded god Sevak. The monarch is represented on the door-jambs, holding the measuring reed and chisel, the emblems of construction, and in the act of dedicating the temple. The Ptolemaic portions of the larger temple present an exception to an almost universal rule in Aegyptian architecture. It has no propylon or dromos in front of it, and the portico has an uneven number of columns, in all fifteen, arranged in a triple row. Of these columns thirteen are still erect. As there are two principal entrances, the temple would seem to be two united in one, strengthening the supposition that it was the Pantheon of the Ombite nome. On a cornice above the doorway of one of the adyta is a Greek inscription, recording the erection, or perhaps the restoration of the sekos by Ptolemy Philometor and his sister-wife Cleopatra, B. c. 180-145. The hill on which the Ombite temples stand has been considerably excavated at its base by the river, which here strongly inclines to the Arabian bank. The crocodile was held in especial honour by the people of Ombi; and in the adjacent catacombs are occasionally found mummies of the sacred animal. Juvenal, in his 15th satire, has given a lively description of a fight, of which he was an eye-witness, between the Ombitae and the inhabitants of Tentyra, who were hunters of the crocodile. On this occasion the men of Ombi had the worst of it; and one of their number, having stumbled in his flight, was caught and eaten by the Tentyrites. The satirist, however, has represented Ombi as nearer to Tentyra than it actually is, these towns, in fact, being nearly 100 miles from each other. The Roman coins of the Ombite nome exhibit the crocodile and the effigy of the crocodile-headed god Sevak. The modern hamlet of Koum-Ombos, or the hill of Ombos, covers part of the site of the ancient Ombi. The ruins have excited the attention of many distinguished modern travellers. Descriptions of them will be found in the following works:Pococke, Travels, vol. iv. p. 186; Hamilton, Aegyptiaca, p. 34; Champollion, Egypte, vol. i. p. 167; Denon, Description de l'Egypte, vol. i. ch. 4, p. 1, foll.; Burckhardt, Nubia, 4to. p. 106; Belzoni, Travels, vol. ii. p. 314. On the opposite side of the Nile was a suburb of Ombi, called Contra-Ombos. [W.B.D.] OMBRIOS INS. [FORTUNATAE INS.] OMBRO'NES ("Oubpaves, Ptol. iii. 5. § 21), a people of European Sarmatia, whose seat appears to have been on the flanks of the Carpathians, about the sources of the Vistula. Schafarik (Slav. Alt. vol. i. pp. 389-391, 407) considers them to be a Celtic people, grounding his arguments mainly upon the identity of their name with that of the Celtic as he considers them to be- Umbrians, or the most ancient inhabitants of the Italian peninsula. Recent inquiry has thrown considerable doubt upon the derivation of the Umbrians from a Gaulish stock. [ITALIA, Vol. II. p. 86, b.] This is one proof, among others, of the futility of the use of names of nations in historical investigations; but, as there can be no doubt that there were Gallic settlements beyond the Carpathians, names of these foreign hordes might still linger in the countries they had once occupied long after their return westward in consequence of the movement of nations from the East. [E. B. J.] OMENO'GARA (Oμevóyapa), a town in the district of Ariaca, in the division of India intra Gangem. There is no reason to doubt that it is the present Ahmed-nagar, celebrated for its rock fortress. (Ptol. vii. 1. § 82; comp. Pott. Etym. Forsch. p. 78.) [V.] OMIRAS. [EUPHRATES.] OMPHA'LIUM ('Oupáλiov), a plain in Crete, so named from the legend of the birth of the babe Zeus from Rhea. The scene of the incident is laid near Thenae, Cnossus, and the river Triton. (Callim. Hymn. ad Jov. 45; Diod. v. 70; Schol. ad Nicand. Alexipharm. 7; Steph. B. s. v.; Hück, Kreta, vol. i. pp. 11, 404; Pashley, Trac. vol. i. p. 224.) [E. B. J.] OMPHALIUM COμpáλiov), one of the inland cities of the Chaones in Epeirus. (Ptol. iii. 14. § 7.) Stephanus B. (s. v.) erroneously calls it a city of Thessaly. Leake places it at Premedi, in the valley of the Viósa (the Aous). (Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 120.) ON. [HELIOPOLIS.] ONCAE. [THEBAE.] ONCEIUM (Oykelov), a place in Arcadia upon the river Ladon, near Thelpusa, and containing a temple of Demeter Erinnys. (Paus. viii. 25. § 4; Steph. B. s. r.) The Ladon, after leaving this temple, passed that of Apollo Oncaeates on the left, and that of the boy Asclepius on the right. (Paus. viii. 25. § 11.) The name is derived by Pausanias from Oncus, a son of Apollo, who reigned at this place. Leake supposes that Tumbiki, the only remarkable site on the right bank of the Ladon between Thelpusa and the Tuthoa, is the site of the temple of Asclepius. (Morea, vol. ii. p. 103.) Other writers mention a small town ОNCAE ('Oуkai) in Arcadia, which is probably the same as Onceium. (Tzetzes, ad Lycophr. 1225; Etym. M. p. 613; Phavorin. s. v.) ONCHESMUS (Оукñσμоs), a port-town of Chaonia in Epeirus, opposite the north-western point of Corcyra, and the next port upon the coast to the south of Panormus. (Strab. vii. p. 324; Ptol. iii. 14. § 2.) It seems to have been a place of importance in the time of Cicero, and one of the ordinary points of departure from Epeirus to Italy, as Cicero calls the wind favourable for making that passage an Onchesmites. (Cic. ad Att. vii. 2.) According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Ant. Rom. i. 51) the real name of the place was the Port of Anchises ('Arxioov Xiμhy), named after Anchises, the father of Aeneas; and it was probably owing to this tradition that the name Onchesmus assumed the form of Anchiasmus under the Byzantine emperors. Its site is that of the place now called the Forty Saints. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. i. p. 11.) ONCHESTUS. 1. (Ογχηστός: Eth. Ογχήσε Tios), an ancient town of Boeotia in the territory of Haliartus, said to have been founded by Onchestus, a son of Poseidon. (Paus. ix. 26. § 5; Steph. B. s. v.) It possessed a celebrated temple and grove of Poseidon, which is mentioned by Homer ('07χηστόν θ', ἱερὸν Ποσιδήτον, ἀγλαὸν ἄλσος, Ι. ii. 506), and subsequent poets. (Pind. Isthm. i. 44, | D’Anville (Notice, &c.) ingeniously supposes that iv. 32; Lycophr. 645.) Here an Amphictyonic Onobrisates ought to be Onobusates, which is the council of the Boeotians used to assemble. (Strab. least possible correction; and he thinks that he disix. p. 412.) Pausanias (l. c.) says that Onchestus covers the old name in the modern Nébousan, the was 15 stadia from the mountain of the Sphinx, name of a canton on the left side of the Neste tothe modern Fagá; and its position is still more ac- wards the lower part of its course. The Neste is curately defined by Strabo (1. c.). The latter one of the branches of the Garonne, and rises in writer, who censures Alcaeus for placing Onchestus the Pyrenees. [G. L.] at the foot of Mt. Helicon, says that it was in the Haliartia, on a naked hill near the Teneric plain and the Copaic lake. He further maintains that the grove of Poseidon existed only in the imagination of the poets; but Pausanias, who visited the place, mentions the grove as still existing. The site of Onchestus is probably marked by the Hellenic remains situated upon the low ridge which separates the two great Boeotian basins, those of lake Copais and of Thebes, and which connects Mount Fagá with the roots of Helicon. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 213, seq.; Gell, Itiner. p. 125.) 2. A river of Thessaly, flowing near Scotussa, through the battle-field of Cynoscephalae into the lake Boebeis. It was probably the river at the sources of which Dederianí stands, but which bears no modern name. (Liv. xxxiii. 6; Polyb. xviii. 3; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 473.) It is perhaps the same river as the ONOCHONUS ('Ovoxwvos, Herod. vii. 129; Plin. iv. 8. s. 15), whose waters were exhausted by the army of Xerxes. It is true that Herodotus describes this river as flowing into the Peneius; but in this he was probably mistaken, as its course must have been into the lake Boebeis. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 514.) ONEIA. [CORINTHUS, Vol. I. p. 674.] ONEUM (Ovalov, Ptol. ii. 16. § 4; Peut. Tab.; Geog. Rav.), a town of Dalmatia, which has been identified with Almissa, at the mouth of the Cettina. (Neigebaur, Die Sud-Slaven, p. 25.) [E. B. J.] ONINGIS. [AURINX.] ONI'SIA, an island near Crete, on the E. side of the promontory Itanus. (Plin. iv. 12. s. 20.) O'NOBA AESTUA'RIA (“Ovoɓa Aloтovápia, Ptol. ii. 4. § 5), called also simply ONOBA (Strab. iii. p. 143; Mela, iii. 1. § 5). 1. A maritime town of the Turdetani in Hispania Baetica, between the rivers Anas and Baetis. It was seated on the estuary of the river Luxia, and on the road from the mouth of the Anas to Augusta Emerita. (Itin. Ant. p. 431.) It is commonly identified with Huelva, where there are still some Roman remains, especially of an aqueduct; the vestiges of which, however, are fast disappearing, owing to its being used as a quarry by the boorish agriculturists of the neighbourhood. (Murray's Handbook of Spain, p. 170.) Near it lay Herculis Insula, mentioned by Strabo (iii. p. 170), called 'Hpákλeia by Steph. B. (s. v.), now Saltes. Onoba had a mint; and many coins have been found there bearing the name of the town, with a slight alteration in the spelling, Onuba. (Florez. Med. ii. pp. 510, 649; Mionnet, i. p. 23, Suppl. p. 39; Sestini, Med. Isp. p. 75, ap. Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 340.) 2. Another town of Baetica, near Corduba. (Plin. iii. 1. s. 3.) In an inscription in Gruter (p. 1040. 5) it is called Conoba. Ukert (vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 366) places it near Villa del Carpio. [T. H. D.] ONOBALAS. [ACESINES, No. 1.] ONOBRISATES, a people of Aquitania, as the name stands in the common texts of Pliny (iv. 19); who has "Onobrisates, Belendi, Saltus l'yrenaeus." ONOCHO'NUS. [ONCHESTUS, No. 2.] ONUGNATHUS ("Ovov yvábos), "the jaw of an ass," the name of a peninsula and promontory in the south of Laconia, distant 200 stadia south of Asopus. It is now entirely surrounded with water, and is called Elafonisi; but it is in reality a peninsula, for the isthmus, by which it is connected with the mainland, is only barely covered with water. It contains a harbour, which Strabo mentions; and Pausanias saw a temple of Athena in ruins, and the sepulchre of Cinadus, the steersman of Menelaus. (Paus. iii. 22. § 10, iii. 23. § 1; Strab. viii. pp. 363, 364; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 295.) ONU'PHIS ("Ovovpis, Herod. ii. 166; Steph. B. 8. v.; Ptol. iv. 5. § 51; Plin. v. 9. s. 9: Eth. 'Orovpirns), was the chief town of the Nomos Onuphites, in the Aegyptian Delta. The exact position of this place is disputed by geographers. D'Anville believes it to have been on the site of the modern Banoub, on the western bank of the Sebennytic arm of the Nile. Mannert (vol. x. pt. i, p. 573) places it south of the modern Mansour. Belley (Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscript. tom. xxviii. p. 543) identifies it with the present village of Nouph, in the centre of the Delta, a little to the E. of Buto, about lat. 31° N. Champollion, however, regards the site of this nome as altogether uncertain (l'Egypte sous les Pharaohs, vol. ii. p. 227). The Onuphite nome was one of those assigned to the Calasirian division of the native Aegyptian army. Coins of Onuphis of the age of Hadrian-obverse a laureated head of that emperor, reverse a female figure, probably Isis, with extended right hand- -are described in Rasche (Lex. R. Num. III. pars posterior, s. v.). This town is mentioned by ecclesiastical writers, e. g. by Athanasius. (Athanas. Opera, tom. i. pt. ii. p. 776, ed. Paris, 1698; Le Quien, Oriens Christian. tom. ii. p. 526, Paris, 1740; comp. Pococke, Travels in the East, fol. vol. i. p. 423.) [W.B.D.] OONAE. [OAEONES.] OPHARUS, a small river of Sarmatia Asiatica, mentioned by Pliny (vi. 7. s. 7) as a tributary of the Lagous, which flowed into the Palus Maeotis. Herodotus mentions two streams, which he calls the Lycus and Oarus, which had the same course and direction (iv. 123, 124). It is likely that the rivers in Pliny and Herodotus are the same. It is not possible now to identify them with accuracy. [V.] OPHEL. [JERUSALEM, p. 20, b.] OPHIO'DES ('Opiwons, Strab. xvi. p. 770; Diod. iii. 39; Agatharch, ap. Hudson, Geog Graec. Min. p. 54), or Serpent-isle, was an island in the Red Sea, in Foul Bay, nearly opposite the mouth of the harbour of Berenice; lat 24° N. The topazes produced in this island were greatly prized both in the Arabian and Aegyptian markets; and it seems from Pliny (v. 29. s. 34) to have been by some denominated Topaz-isle (Topazos). The cause of its more usual name is doubtful; but there has always been a tradition in the East that serpents and precious stones are found near one another. The island of Agathon, i. e. the good genius ('Ayάowvos voos, Ptol. iv. 5. § 77) was probably the same | with Ophiodes, and answers to the present Zamargat. The isle of Karnaka, opposite the headland of Ras-el-Anf, is, indeed, by some geographers supposed to be the true Ophiodes Insula. (Castro. Hist. Gen. des Voyages, vol. i. p. 205.) [W.B.D.] OPHIONENSES or OPHIENSES. [AETOLIA, p. 65, a.] Sophara, which is used in the Septuagint with OPHIS ("Opis), a river of Pontus, the mouth of which was 90 stadia to the east of port Hyssus, and which separated Colchis from the country of the Thianni. (Arrian, Peripl. Pont. Eux. p. 6; Ano OPHIR (Οὐφίρ ; Οὐφείρ; Σουφίρ; Σουφείρ; Σωφίρ; Σωφιρά ; Σωφαρά ; Σωφηρά : Σαπφείρ; 'Onpeip; 'peip, LXX.; Joseph. Ant. viii. 6. § 4), a district, the name of which first occurs in the ethnographic table of Genesis, x. 29. Solomon caused a fleet to be built in the Edomite ports of the Red Sea, and Hiram supplied him with Phoenician mariners well acquainted with navigation, and also Tyrian vessels," ships of Tarshish." (1 Kings, ix. 28; 2 Chron. viii. 18.) The articles of merchandise which were brought back once innym. Peripl. p. 14, where it is called 'Opious.) three years from Ophir were gold, silver, red sandalwood ("almuggim," 1 Kings, x. 11; "algummim," 2 Chron. ix. 10), precious stones, ivory, apes, ("kophim "), and peacocks (“ thŭkyim," 1 Kings, x. 22; "thûkyim," 1 Chron. ix. 21). The gold of Ophir was considered to be of the most precious quality. (Job, xx. 11, 24, xxviii. 16; Ps. xlv. 9; Isa. xiii. 12; Eccles. vii. 18). In Jer. x. 9, the gold from Uphaz," and in Dan. x. 5, " the fine gold of Uphaz," is, by a slight change of pronunciation, the same as that of Ophir. [L. S.] This river still bears the name of Of. 2. An island off the coast of Crete (Plin. iv. 20), which is probably represented by Gardapoulo or Anti-Gozzo, unless it be the same as the OXEIA INS. ('Oeia, Stadiasm. 321), which the anonymous Coast-describer places near Leben. [E. B. J.] OPHIUSSA ('Opioûσσa), a small island in the Propontis, off the coast of Mysia, is mentioned only by Pliny (iv. 44) and Stephanus B. (s. v. Béσbikos, where it is called 'Opióeσσa); it still bears its ancient name under the corrupt form of Afzia. (Pococke, Travels, iii. p. 167.) [L. S.] OPHRADUS, a river mentioned by Pliny (vi. 25. s. 23) as belonging to the province of Drangiana. Forbiger conjectures that it may be a tributary of the Erymandrus (Ilmend), now called the Khash Rud. [V.] Many elaborate treatises have been written upon the details of these voyages. The researches of Gesenius (Thesaur. Linguae Hebr. vol. i. p. 141; and in Ersch und Grüber's Encycl. art. Ophir), Benfey (Indien, pp. 30—32) and Lassen OPHLIMUS ("Opλuos), a branch of Mount (Ind. Alt. vol. i. pp. 537-539) have made it ex- Paryadres in the north-west of Pontus, enclosing tremely probable that the W. shores of the Indian with Mount Lithrus, the extensive and fertile dispeninsula were visited by the Phoenicians, who, by trict called Phanaroea. (Strab. xii. p. 556.) Actheir colonies in the Persian Gulf, and by their in-cording to Hamilton (Researches, i. p. 439), it tercourse with the Gerrhaei, were early acquainted now bears the name of Kemer Dagh and Oktaz with the periodically blowing monsoons. In favour Dagh. [L. S.] of this Indian hypothesis is the remarkable circumstance that the names by which the articles of merchandise are designated are not Hebrew but Sanscrit. The peacock, too, is an exclusively Indian bird; although from their gradual extension to the W. they were often called by the Greeks Median and Persian birds;" the Samians even supposed them to have originally belonged to Samos, as the bird was reared at first in the sanctuary dedicated to Hera in that island. Silks, also, which are first mentioned in Proverbs, xxxi. 22, could alone have been brought from India. Quatremère (Mém. de l'Acad. des Inser. vol. xv. pt. ii. 1845, pp. 349-402) agrees with Heeren (Researches, vol. ii. pp. 73, 74, trans.), who places Ophir on the E. coast of Africa, and explains "thukyim" to mean not peacocks, but parrots or guinea-fowls. Ptolemy (vi. 7. § 41) speaks of a SAPHARA (Zárpapa) as a metropolis of Arabia, and again of a SOUPARA (Zoυñáρa, vii. 1. § 6) in India, on the Barygazenus Sinus, or Gulf of Cambay, a name which in Sanscrit signifies "fair-shore." (Lassen, Dissert. de Taprobane Ins. p. 18; comp. Ind. Alt. vol. i. p. 537.) Sofala, on the E. coast of Africa, opposite to the island of Madagascar (London Geog. Journ. vol. iii. p. 207), is described by Edrisi (ed. Jaubert, vol. i. p. 67) as a country rich in gold, and subsequently by the Portuguese, after Gama's voyage of discovery. The letters r and so frequently interchanged make the name of the African Sofala equivalent for that of OPHRAH, a city of Benjamin, written 'Eppadà by the LXX. (Joshua, xviii. 23) and Topepà (1 Sam. xiii. 17). It is placed by Eusebius and S. Jerome v. M. P. east of Bethel. (Onomast. 8. v. Aphra.) Dr. Robinson says that this accords well with the position of Et-Taiyibeh, a village of Greek Christians, on a conical hill on a high ridge of land, which would probably not have been left unoccupied in ancient times. (Bib. Res. vol. ii. pp. 123-125.) 2. Ophrah of the Abiezrites ('Eppa@à #atpòs Toû 'Eodpí, LXX.; Judges, vi. 11, 24, viii. 27; in ver. 32. 'A6l 'Eodpí), a town in the half-tribe of Manasseh, west of Jordan, the native place of Gideon, where also he was buried. [G. W.] OPHRY'NIUM ('Oppúveiov), a small town in the north of Troas, near lake Pteleos, and between Dardanus and Rhoeteum, with a grave sacred to Ajax. (Herod. vii. 43; Xenoph. Anab. vii. 8. § 5, where it is called 'Oppúviov; Strab. xiii. p. 595.) It is probably the modern Fren-Kevi. (Comp. Rasche, Lexic. Rei Num. iii. 2. p. 136.) [L. S.] OPICI. [OSCI.] OPIS COIS, Herod. i. 189), a city of Babylonia, mentioned first by Herodotus, who simply states that the river Tigris flowed by it. Xenophon, in the of Pontus, probably on or near the mouth of the Retreat of the Ten Thousand, speaks of it as a large river Ophis. (Ptol. v. 6. § 6; Tab. Peuting.) It city situated upon the Physcus (now Adhem), and ap- is placed 120 stadia west of the river Rhizius, parently at some distance from its junction with the although its name seems to indicate that it was Tigris. Arrian, describing the return of Alexander situated further west, near the river Ophis. [L. S.] from the East, states that he sailed up the Tigris to ΟΡΟΝΕ (Οπώνη; Οπώνη ἐμπόριον, Ptol. iv. 7. Opis, destroying on his way the dams which (it was § 11; Peripl. Mar. Erythr. p. 9), the modern Hasaid) the Persians had placed across the river to foon or Afun, was a town situated upon the eastern prevent any naval force ascending the stream. At coast of Africa, immediately N. of the region called Opis he is said to have held a great assembly of all | Azania (Khazúyin), lat. 9° N. The author of the his troops, and to have sent home those who were Periplus, in his account of this coast, says that no longer fit to serve. (Anab. vii. 7.) Strabo speaks Opone stood at the commencement of the highland of it as in his time a small village, but places it, like called by the ancients Mount Elephas. He Herodotus and Arrian, upon the Tigris (ii. p. 80, further defines its position by adding that since xi. p. 529, xvi. p. 739). Captain Lynch, in his there was only an open roadstead at the Aromatum account of the Tigris between Baghdad and Súmar- Emporium - the cape Guardafui or Jerdaffoon of rah, considers that some extensive ruins he met with modern charts- ships in bad weather ran down to near the angle formed by the Adhem and Tigris, Tabae for shelter,-the promontory now known as and the remains of the Nahr-awan canal, mark Ras Bannah, where stood the town called by Ptolemy the site of Opis. But the change in the course of (i. 17. § 8, iv. 7. § 11) Пavŵv kúμŋ, the Bannah the Tigris there observable has led to the de- of the Arabians. From thence a voyage of 400 struction of great part of the ancient city. (Lynch, stadia round a sharply projecting peninsula termiGeogr. Journ. ix. p. 472; comp. Rawlinson, Geogr. nated at the emporium of Opone. Here ended to Journ. x. p. 95.) S. the Regio Aromata of the ancients. [V.] OPITE'RGIUM COлITÉруiov: Eth. Opiterginus: Oderzo), a city of Venetia, situated about 24 miles from the sea, midway between the rivers Plavis (Piave) and Liquentia (Livenza), on a small stream (now called the Fratta) flowing into the latter. No mention of it is found before the Roman conquest of Venetia; but it appears to have under their rule become a considerable municipal town, and is mentioned by Strabo as a flourishing place, though not a city of the first class. (Strab. v. p. 214.) In the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey a body of troops furnished by the Opitergini is mentioned as displaying the most heroic valour, and offering a memorable example of self-devotion, in a naval combat between the fleets of the two parties. (Liv. Ep. cx.; Flor. iv. 2. § 33; Lucan, iv. 462-571.) Tacitus also notices it as one of the more considerable towns in this part of Italy which were occupied by the generals of Vespasian, Primus, and Varus. (Tac. Hist. iii. 6.) It is mentioned by all the geographers, as well as in the Itineraries; and though Ammianus tells us it was taken and destroyed by an irruption of the Quadi and Marcomanni in A. D. 372, it certainly recovered this blow, and was still a considerable town under the Lombards. (Plin. iii. 19. s. 23; Ptol. iii. 1. § 30; Itin. Ant. p. 280; Tab. Peut.; Ammian. xxix. 6. § 1; P. Diac. iv. 40.) In an inscription of the reign of Alexander Severus, Opitergium bears the title of a Colonia; as it is not termed such either by Pliny or Tacitus, it probably obtained that rank under Trajan. (Orell. Inscr. 72; Zumpt, de Colon. p. 402.) It was destroyed by the Lombard king Rotharis in A. D. 641, and again, in less than 30 years afterwards, by Grimoaldus (P. Diac. iv. 47, v. 28); but seems to have risen again from its ruins in the middle ages, and is still a considerable town and an episcopal see. Opitergium itself stood quite in the plain; but its territory, which must have been extensive, comprised a considerable range of the adjoining Alps, as Pliny speaks of the river Liquentia as rising "ex montibus Opiterginis" (Plin. iii. 18. s. 22). The Itinerary gives a line of cross-road which proceeded from Opitergium by Feltria (Feltre) and the Val Sugana to Tridentum (Trent). (Itin. Ant. p. 280.) [E. H. B.] O'PIUS (Onious), a small port-town on the coast Opone was evidently a place of some commercial importance. The region in which it stood was from remotest ages the seat of the spice trade of Libya. Throughout the range of Mount Elephas the valleys that slope seawards produce frankincense, while inland the cassia or cinnamon of the ancients attained perfection. But the Greeks, until a comparatively late period, were unacquainted with this coast, and derived from the Arabians its distinctive local appellations. Opone, which doubtless occupied the site, probably, therefore, represents also the Arabic name of a town called Afun or Hafoon, i. e. Afaon, fragrant gums and spices; which, again, is nearly equivalent to the Greek designation of the spice-land of Eastern Libya-Aromata. And this derivation is rendered the more probable, when taken in connection with the neighbouring bluff or headland of Guardafui or Jerdaffoon, since Afún enters into the composition of both names, and Jerd or Guard resembles the Punic word Kartha, a headland. Thus Jerd-Affoon is the promontory of Opone. Ptolemy (iv. 7. § 11) places Opone too far S. of cape Jerdaffoon. The author of the Periplus more correctly sets it a degree further N., six days' voyage from a river which runs at the southern base of Wady Halfa, or Mount Elephas. The characteristics of the entire tract, of which Opone formed one extremity, are those of an elevated ridge lying between two seas,-the Red Sea and the ocean,-and which, from its elevation and exposure to the NE. monsoon, is humid and fertile,affording a marked contrast to the generally sterile and arid shore above and below the highland of Elephas. S. of Opone there is no trace of ancient commerce. The articles of export from this emporium were, according to the author of the Periplus, cinnamon, distinguished as "native," aroma, fragrant gums generally, motò, or cinnamon of inferior quality; slaves of a superior kind (Aovλika крeioσova), principally for the Aegyptian market; and tortoise-shell of a superior quality and in great abundance. (See Vincent, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients, vol. ii. p. 152-157.) [W. B. D.] OPPIDUM NOVUM (Οππιδον Νέον, Ptol. iv. 2. § 25), a town of Mauretania, colonised in the reign of the emperor Claudius, by the veterans (Plin. v. 1), which Ptolemy 7. c places 10' to the E. of |