ORCADES.

p. 33; comp. Poppo, Prolegom. in Thuc. pars i. vol.
ii. p. 321), in consequence, was inclined to believe
Kie-
that there were two mountains of this name.
pert (Karte der Europ. Türkei) identifies Orbelus
with Perin Dagh. The district called Orbelia ('Op-
6nxía, Ptol. iii. 13. § 25), with the town GARES-
CUs, derived its name from the mountain. (Leake,
Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 211, 463.) [E. B. J.]|
O'RCADES ('Оркádes vñσoι, Ptol. ii. 3. § 31),
a group of small islands lying off the northern ex-
tremity of Britannia Barbara. According to Ptolemy
(l. c.) and Mela (iii. 6. § 7) they were 30 in num-
ber; Pliny (iv. 16. s. 30) reckons them at 40;
Orosius (i. 2) at 33, of which 20 were inhabited
and 13 uninhabited. This last account agrees very
nearly with that of Jornandes (B. Get. 1), who
makes them 34 in number. See also Tacitus (Agric.
The modern
10) and the Itinerary (p. 508).
[T. H. D.]
Orkney and Shetland Islands.
ORCAORICI ('Оркаоρiкоl), & place in a rough
district of Galatia, devoid of a sufficient supply of
water, near Pessinus, on the borders of Phrygia,
if not in Phrygia itself (Strab. xii. pp. 567, 568,
[L. S.]
576).
ORCAS ('Орkáя, Ptol. ii. 3. § 1), a promontory
on the N. coast of Britannia Barbara, now Dun-
net Head. It should be remarked, however, that
Ptolemy (1. c.) places it on the E. coast, and
gives it the additional name of Tarvedum (Tapovi-
[T. H. D.]
δούμ).

O'RCELIS (Oрreλís, Ptol. ii. 6. § 61). 1. A town of the Bastitani in Hispania Tarraconensis, sometimes, but erroneously, identified with Oribuela. (Mentelle, Esp. an. p. 186; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 406.)

(Ptol. iii. 2. § 2. An inland town of Thrace. [T. H. D.] 11.) ORCHE'NI ('Opxnvoí), a people of Arabia Deserta, placed by Ptolemy on the Persian Gulf, (Ptol. v. 19. i. e. to the NE. of his Arabia Felix. §2.) They were perhaps the inhabitants of Orchoe [G.W.] mentioned below. ORCHISTE'NE ('Opxiστηvý, Strab. xi. p. 528), a canton of Armenia, which Strabo (l. c.) describes as abounding in horses, but does not mention its position.

[E. B. J.]

O'RCHOE ('Opxón), a city of southern Babylonia, placed by Ptolemy among the marshes in the direction of Arabia Deserta (vi. 20. § 7). There can be little doubt that it is to be identified with one of the great mounds lately excavated in those parts, and that the one now called Warka represents its position. It was supposed that another mound in the immediate neighbourhood, Muqueyer, was the same as the "Ur of the Chaldees;" and there is now good reason for identifying it as the site of that celebrated place. The name of Warka reads on inscriptions lately discovered by Mr. Taylor, Hur or Hurik, which is nearly the same with the 'Opex of the LXX. and the 'Opxón of Ptolemy (l. c.). Moreover, Hur and Warka are constantly connected in the inscriptions, just as It is most Erech and Accad are in the Bible. probable that the Orcheni (Opxnvoí), described in Strabo as an astronomical sect of Chaldaeans, dwelling near Babylon (xxi. p. 739); in Ptolemy, as a people of Arabia, living near the Persian Gulf (v. 19. § 2); and in Pliny, ás an agricultural population, who banked up the waters of the Euplirates and compelled them to flow into the Tigris (vi. 27. s. 31), were really the inhabitants of Orchoe and of

the district surrounding it. We now know that this
country was ruled in very early times by a Chaldaean
race, some of the kings of which Berosus has re-
corded. (Rawlinson, in Athenaeum, 1854, No. 1377;
Euseb. Praepar. Evang. ix. 17.) It is worthy of
notice that Eusebius has preserved an ancient
fragment from Eupolemus, who speaks of a city of
Babylonia, Camarina," which some call Urie (Oupin)."
As the Assyrian name of Warka is written with a
monogram which signifies "the Moon," and as the
name Camarina would naturally be derivable from
the Arabic Kamar, "the Moon," there is an ad-
ditional connection between the two names. (Euseb.
. c.) It is also clear from the inscriptions that the
names of the two cities were constantly inter-
[V.]
changed.

ORCHO'MENUS. 1. (Opxouevós; in insc. and
coins, Ερχομενός: Eth. 'Ορχομένιος, Ερχομένιος),
usually called the MINYEAN ORCHOMENUS (OPxo-
evòs Mivveios, Hom. Il. ii. 511; Thuc. iv. 76; Strab.
ix. p. 414), a city in the north of Boeotia, and in
ante-historical times the capital of the powerful
kingdom of the Minyae. This people, according to
tradition, seem to have come originally from Thessaly.
We read of a town Minya in Thessaly (Steph. B.
8. v. Mivúa), and also of a Thessalian Orchomenus
Minyeus. (Plin. iv. 8. s. 15.) The first king of the
Boeotian Orchomenus is said to have been Andreus,
a son of the Thessalian river Peneius, from whom
the country was called Andreis. (Paus. ix. 34. § 6;
oi 'Оpxoμévio àжоiкоí elσi Oeσσ aλŵv, Schol. ad
Apoll. Rhod. ii. 1190.) Andreus assigned part of his
territory to the Aetolian Athamas, who adopted two
of the grandchildren of his brother Sisyphus: they
gave their names to Haliartus and Coroneia. Andreus
was succeeded in the other part of his territory by
his son Eteocles, who was the first to worship the
Charites (Graces) in Greece. Upon the death of
Eteocles the sovereignty devolved upon the family of
Halmus or Almus, a son of Sisyphus. (Paus. ix.
34. §7-ix. 35.) Halmus had two daughters, Chryse
and Chrysogeneia. Chryse by the god Ares became
the mother of Phlegyas, who succeeded the childless
Eteocles, and called the country Phlegyantis after
himself. He also gave his name to the fierce and
sacrilegious race of the Phlegyae, who separated
themselves from the other Orchomenians. and at-
tempted to plunder the temple of Delphi. They were
however all destroyed by the god, with the exception
of a few who fled into Phocis. Phlegyas died with-
out children, and was succeeded by Chryses, the son
of Chrysogeneia by the god Poseidon. Chryses was
the father of the wealthy Minyas, who built the
treasury, and who gave his name to the Minyan race.
Minyas was succeeded by his son Orchomenus, after
whom the city was named. (Paus. ix. 36. §§ 1-6.)
Some modern scholars have supposed that the Minyae
were Aeolians (Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vol. i. p.
91); but as they disappeared before the historical
is impossible to predicate anything certain
period,
respecting them. There is, however, a concurrence
of tradition to the fact, that Orchomenus was in the
earliest times not only the chief city of Boeotia, but
one of the most powerful and wealthy cities of
Greece. It has been observed that the genealogy of
Orchomenus glitters with names which express the
traditional opinion of his unbounded wealth (Chryses,
Chrysogeneia). Homer even compares the treasures
which flowed into the city to those of the Egyptian
Thebes (Il. ix. 381; comp. Eustath. I. c.) It would
seem that at an early period Orchomenus ruled over

II 4

Orchomenus remained a long time in ruins, though the Athenians were anxious for its restoration, for the purpose of humbling Thebes. (Dem. Megal. pp. 203, 208.) It appears to have been rebuilt during the Phocian War, when the Phocians endeavoured to expel the Thebans from the northern parts of Boeotia. In B. C. 353 we find the Phocian leader Onomarchus in possession of Orchomenus and Coroneia (Diod. xvi. 33, 35); and in the following year Phayllus was defeated in the neighbourhood of these towns. (Diod. xvi. 37.) Orchomenus, Coro. neia, and Corsiae were the three fortified places in Boeotia, which the Phocians had in their power (Diod. xvi. 58); and from which they made their devastating inroads into the other parts of Boeotia. On the conclusion of the Sacred War, B. C. 346, Orchomenus was given by Philip to its implacable enemy the Thebans, who, under Philip's eyes, destroyed the city a second time, and sold all its inhabitants as slaves. (Aesch. de Fals. Leg. p. 309; Dem. Phil. ii. p. 69, de Pace, p. 62, de Fals. Leg. p. 375.) It did not, however, remain long in ruins; for after the defeat of the Thebans and Athenians at the battle of Chaeroneia, B. C. 338, it was rebuilt by Philip's order (l'aus. iv. 27. § 10, ix. 37. § 8; according to Arrian, Anab. i. 9, it was rebuilt by Alexander the Great after the destruction of Thebes). From this time the name of Orchomenus is seldom mentioned in history Under the Romans it shared the common fate of the Boeotian towns, all of which were, in Strabo's time, only ruins and names, with the exception of Thespiae and Tanagra.

the whole of Northern Boeotia; and that even Thebes | 15. § 3.) This atrocious act of vengeance remained was for a time compelled to pay tribute to Erginus, as an indelible stigma upon the Theban character king of Orchomenus. From this tribute, however, (Dem. c. Leptin. p. 490.) the Thebans were delivered by Hercules, who made war upon Orchomenus, and greatly reduced its power. (Paus. ix. 37. § 2; Strab. ix. p. 414; Diod. iv. 18.) In the Homeric catalogue Orchomenus is mentioned along with Aspledon, but distinct from the other Boeotian towns, and as sending 30 ships to the Trojan War (Il. ii. 511). Sixty years after the Tro an War, according to the received chronology, the sovereignty of the Minyae seems to have been overthrown by the Boeotian immigrants from Thessaly; and Orchomenus became a member of the Boeotian confederacy. (Strab. ix. p. 401; comp. Thuc. i. 12.) The city now ceased to be the Minyeian and became the Boeotian Orchomenus (Thuc. iv. 76); | but it still remained a powerful state, and throughout the whole historical period was second only to Thebes in the Boeotian confederacy. The town of Chaeroneia appears to have been always one of its dependencies. (Thuc. iv. 76.) In the Persian War Orchomenus, together with the other Boeotian towns, with the exception of Thespiae and Plataeae, deserted the cause of Grecian independence. Orchomenus possessed an aristocratical government, and continued on friendly terms with Thebes, as long as the aristocratical party in the latter city had the direction of public affairs. But when, after the close of the Peloponnesian War, a revolution placed the government of Thebes in the hands of the democracy, Orchomenus became opposed to Thebes. Accordingly, when war broke out between Sparta and Thebes, and Lysander invaded Boeotia in B. C. 395, Orchomenus revolted from Thebes, and sent troops to assist Lysander in his siege of Haliartus (Plut. Lys. 28; Xen. Hell. iii. 5. § 6, seq.; Diod. xiv. 81; Corn. Nepos, Lys. 3.) In the following year (B. C. 394), when all the other Boeotians joined the Thebans and Athenians at the battle of Coroneia, the Orchomenians fought in the army of Agesilaus, who arrayed them against the Thebans. (Xen. Hell. iv. 3. § 15, Ages. 2. § 9.) It was now the object of the Spartans to deprive Thebes of her supremacy over the Boeotian cities. This they effected by the peace of Antalcidas, B. C. 387, by which Thebes was obliged to acknowledge the independence of Orchomenus and of the cities of Boeotia. (Xen. Hell. v. 1. § 31.) The battle of Leuctra (B. c. 371) changed the position of affairs, and made Thebes the undisputed master of Boeotia. Orchomenus was now at the mercy of the Thebans, who were anxious to destroy the city, and reduce the inhabitants to slavery. Epaminondas, however, dissuaded them from carrying their wishes into effect, and induced them to pardon Orchomenus, and readmit it as a member of the Boeotian confederation. (Diod. xv. 57.) The Thebans appear to have yielded with reluctance to the generous advice of Epaminondas; and they took advantage of his absence in Thessaly, in B. c. 368, to carry their original design into effect. The pretext was that the 300 knights at Orchomenus had entered into a conspiracy with some Theban exiles to overthrow the democratical constitution of Thebes. It is not improbable that the whole story was a fiction; but the Thebans eagerly listened to the accusation, condemned the 300 Orchomenians, and decreed that the city should be destroyed. A Theban army was immediately sent against it, which burnt it to the ground, put all the male inhabitants to the sword, and sold all the women and children into slavery. (Diod. xv. 79; Paus. ix.

Orchomenus was famous for the worship of the Charites or Graces, and for the festival in their honour, celebrated with musical contests, in which poets and musicians from all parts of Greece took part. Hence Pindar calls Orchomenus the city of the Charites (Pyth. xii. 45), and Theocritus describes them as the goddesses who love the Minyeian Orchomenus (xvi. 104). An ancient inscription records the names of the victors in this festival of the Charites. (Müller, Orchomenos, p. 172, seq.) Pindar's fourteenth Olympic ode, which was written to commemorate the victory of Asopichus, an Orchomenian, is in reality a hymn in honour of these goddesses, and was probably sung in their temple. It was in the marshes in the neighbourhood of Orchomenus that the auletic or flute-reeds grew, which exercised an important influence upon the development of Greek music. [See Vol. I. p. 414, b.]

The ruins of Orchomenus are to be seen near the village of Skripu. The city stood at the edge of the marshes of the Copaic lake, and occupied the triangular face of a steep mountain. The Cephissus "winds like a serpent" round the southern base of the mountain (δι ̓ Ορχομενοῦ εἰλιγμένος εἶσι, δράκων ὥς, Hes. ap. Strab. ix. p. 424). At its northern base are the sources of the river Melas. [See Vol. I. p. 413, a.] Leake observes that the upper part of the hill, forming a very acute angle, was fortified differently from the customary modes. Instead of a considerable portion of it having been enclosed to form an acropolis, there is only a small castle on the summit, having a long narrow approach to it from the body of the town, between walls which, for the last 200 yards, are almost parallel, and not more than 20 or 30 yards asunder. Below this approach to the citadel the breadth of the hill gradually

in Greece, vol. i. p. 223, seq.; Ulrichs, Reisen in Griechenland, p. 178, seq.)

the Peloponnesian War, the Lacedaemonians deposited in Orchomenus the hostages they had taken from the Arcadians; but the walls of the city were then in a dilapidated state; and accordingly, when the Athenians and their Peloponnesian allies advanced against the city in B. C. 418, the Orchomenians dared not offer resistance, and surrendered the hostages. (Thuc. v. 61.) At the time of the foundation of Megalopolis, we find the Orchomenians exercising supremacy over Theisoa, Methydrium, and Teuthis; but the inhabitants of these cities were then trans. ferred to Megalopolis, and their territories assigned to the latter. (Paus. viii. 27. § 4.) The Orchomenians, through their enmity to the Mantineians, refused to join the Arcadian confederacy, and made war upon the Mantineians. (Xen. Hell. vi. 5. § 11, seq.; Diod. xv. 62.) Henceforth Orchomenus lost its

2. An ancient city of Arcadia, called by Thucydides (v. 61) the ARCADIAN ( 'Аpradiκós), to distinguish it from the Boeotian town. It was situated in a plain surrounded on every side by mountains. This plain was bounded on the S. by a low range of hills, called Anchisia, which separated it from the territory of Mantineia; on the N. by a lofty chain, called Oligyrtus, through which lie the passes into the territories of Pheneus and Stymphalus; and on the E. and W. by two parallel chains running from N. to S., which bore no specific name in antiquity: the eastern range is in one part 5400 feet high, and the western about 4000 feet. The plain is divided into two by hills projecting on either side from the eastern and western ranges, and which approach so close as to allow space for only a nar-political importance; but, from its commanding situa row ravine between them. The western hill, on account of its rough and rugged form, was called Trachy (Tpaxú) in antiquity; upon the summit of the western mountain stood the acropolis of Orchomenus. The northern plain is lower than the southern; the waters of the latter run through the ravine between Mount Trachy and that upon which Orchomenus stands into the northern plain, where, as there is no outlet for the waters, they form a considerable lake. (Paus. viii. 13. § 4.)

The acropolis of Orchomenus, stood upon a lofty, steep, and insulated hill, nearly 3000 feet high, resembling the strong fortress of the Messenian Ithome, and, like the latter, commanding two plains. [See Vol. II. p. 338.] From its situation and its legendary history, we may conclude that it was one of the most powerful cities of Arcadia in early times. Pausanias relates that Orchomenus was founded by an eponymous hero, the son of Lycaon (viii. 3. § 3); but there was a tradition that, on the death of Arcas, his dominions were divided among his three sons, of whom Elatus obtained Orchomenus as his portion. (Schol. ad. Dionys. Per. 415.) The kings of Orchomenus are said to have ruled over nearly all Arcadia. (Heraclid. Pont. ap. Diog. Laert. i. 94.) Pausanias also gives a list of the kings of Orchomenus, whom he represents at the same time as kings of Arcadia. One of these kings, Aristocrates, the son of Aechmis, was stoned to death by his people for violating the virgin priestess of Artemis Hymnia. Aristocrates was succeeded by his son Hicetas, and Hicetas by his son Aristocrates II., who, having abandoned the Messenians at the battle of the Trench in the second war against Sparta, experienced the fate of his grandfather, being stoned to death by the Arcadians. He appears to have been the last king of Orchomenus, who reigned over Arcadia, but his family was not deprived of the kingdom of Orchomenus, as is stated in some authorities, since we find his son Aristodemus represented as king of the city. (Paus. viii. 5; Polyb. iv. 3; Heracl. Pont. 1. c.) It would appear, indeed, that royalty continued to exist at Orchomenus long after its abolition in most other Grecian cities, since Theophilus related that Peisistratus, king of Orchomenus, was put to death by the aristocracy in the Peloponnesian War. (Plut. Parall. 32.)

Orchomenus is mentioned by Homer, who gives it the epithet of oλúundos (Il. ii. 605); and it is also called ferax by Ovid (Met. vi. 416), and apveós by Apollonius Rhodius (iii. 512). In the Persian wars Orchomenus sent 120 men to Thermopylae (Herod. viii. 102), and 600 to Plataeae (ix. 28). In

tion, its possession was frequently an object of the
belligerent powers in later times. In the war
between Cassander and Polysperchon, it fell into the
power of the former, B. c. 313. (Diod. xix. 63.)
It subsequently espoused the side of the Aetolians,
was taken by Cleomenes (Polyb. ii. 46), and was
afterwards retaken by Antigonus Doson, who placed
there a Macedonian garrison. (Polyb. ii. 54, iv. 6;
Plut. Arat. 5.) It was given back by Philip to the
Achaeans. (Liv. xxxii. 5.) Strabo mentions it
among the Arcadian cities, which had either disap-
peared, or of which there were scarcely any traces
left (viii. p. 338); but this appears from Pausanias
to have been an exaggeration. When this writer
visited the place, the old city upon the summit of
the mountain was in ruins, and there were only some
vestiges of the agora and the town walls; but at the
foot of the mountain there was still an inhabited

town. The upper town was probably deserted at a
very early period; for such is the natural strength of
its position, that we can hardly suppose that the Or-
chomenians were dwelling there in the Peloponnesian
War, when they were unable to resist an invading force.
Pausanias mentions, as the most remarkable objects
in the place, a source of water, and temples of Posei-
don and Aphrodite, with statues of stone. Close to
the city was a wooden statue of Artemis, enclosed in
a great cedar tree, and hence called Cedreatis.
Below the city were several heaps of stones, said to
have been erected to some persons slain in battle.
(Paus. viii. 13.)

|
The village of Kalpáki stands on the site of the
lower Orchomenus. On approaching the place from
the south the traveller sees, on his left, tumuli,
chiefly composed of collections of stones, as described
by Pausanias. Just above Kalpáki are several
pieces of white marble columns, belonging to an
ancient temple. There are also some remains of a
temple at a ruined church below the village, near
which is a copious fountain, which is evidently the
one described by Pausanias. On the summit of the
hill are some remains of the walls of the more
ancient Orchomenus.

In the territory of Orchomenus, but adjoining that of Mantineia, consequently on the northern slope of Mt. Anchisia, was the temple of Artemis Hymnia, which was held in high veneration by all the Arcadians in the most ancient times. (Paus. viii. 5. § 11.) Its site is probably indicated by a chapel of the Virgin Mary, which stands east of Levidhi.

In the southern plain is an ancient canal, which conducts the waters from the surrounding mountains