صور الصفحة
PDF
النشر الإلكتروني

1. c.), who looked after affairs in the towns, &c., and reported secretly to the king. 7. The Royal Counsellors, who presided over the administration of justice (Strab. I. c.), and kept the archives of the realm. It was not permitted for intermarriages to take place between any of these classes, nor for any one to perform the office allotted to another, except in the case of the first caste (called also that of the piλoooooí), to which class a man might be raised from any of the other classes. (Strab. l. c.; Arrian, Ind. c. 12; Diod. ii. 41; Plin. vi. 19. s. 22.) We may remark that the modern writers on India recognise only four castes, called respectively Brahmans, Kshatryas, Vaisyas, and Sudras, a division which Heeren has suggested (we think without sufficient evidence) to indicate the remains of distinct races. (Asiat. Nat. vol. ii. p. 220.) The lowest of the people (now called Pariahs), as belonging to none of the above castes, are nowhere distinctly mentioned by ancient writers (but cf. Strab. xv. p. 709; Diod. ii. 29; Arrian, Ind. c. 10).

The general description of the Indians, drawn from Megasthenes and others who had lived with them, is very pleasing. Theft is said to have been unknown, so that houses could be left unfastened. (Strab. xv. p. 709.) No Indian was known to speak falsehood. (Strab. I. c.; Arrian, Ind. c. 12.) They were extremely temperate, abstaining wholly from wine (Strab. I. c.), their hatred of drunkenness being so great that any girl of the harem, who should see the king drunk, was at liberty to kill him. (Strab. xv. p. 710.) No class eat meat (Herod. iii. 100), their chief sustenance being rice, which afforded them also a strong drink, i. e. arrak. (Strab. xv. p. 694.) Hence an especial freedom from diseases, and long lives; though maturity was early developed, especially in the female sex, girls of seven years old being deemed marriageable. (Strab. xv. pp. 701706; Arrian, Ind. 9.) The women are said to have been remarkable for their chastity, it being impossible to tempt them with any smaller gifts than that of an elephant (Arrian, Ind. c. 17), which was not considered discreditable by their countrymen; and the usual custom of marriage was for the father to take his daughters and to give them in marriage to the youths who had distinguished themselves most in gymnastic exercises. (Arrian, l. c.; Strab. xv. p. 717.) To strangers they ever showed the utmost hospitality. (Diod. ii. 42.) As warriors they were notorious (Arrian, Ind. c. 9; Exped. Alex. v. 4; Plut. Alex. c. 59, 63): the weapons of the footsoldiers being bows and arrows, and a great twohanded sword; and of the cavalry, a javelin and a round shield (Arrian, Ind. c. 16; Strab. xv. p. 717; Curt. viii. 9.) In the Panjab, it is said that the Macedonians encountered poisoned arrows. (Diod. xvii. 103.) Manly exercises of all kinds were in Vogue among them. The chase was the peculiar privilege of royalty (Strab. xv. pp. 709-712; Ctes. Ind. 14; Curt. viii. 9, seq.); gymnastics, music, and dancing, of the rest of the people (Strab. xv. p. 709; Arrian, Exp. Alex. vi. 3); and juggling and slight of hand were then, as now, among their chief amusements. (Aelian, viii. 7; Juven. vi. 582.) Their usual dress befitted their hot climate, and was of white linen (Philost. Vit. Apoll. ii. 9) or of cottonstuff (Strab. xv. p. 719; Arrian, Ind. c. 16); their heads and shoulders partially covered (Arrian, l. c.; Curt. viii. 9, 15) or shaded from the sun by umbrellas (Arrian, l. c.); with shoes of white leather, with very thick and many-coloured soles. (Arrian, 1. c.) Gold and ivory rings and ear-rings were in

|

common use; and they were wont to dye their beards, not only black and white, but also red and green. (Arrian, l. c.) In general form of body, they were thin and elegantly made, with great litheness (Arrian, Ind. c. 17; Strab. ii. p. 103, xv. p. 695), but were larger than other Asiatics. (Arrian, Exped. Alex. v. 4; Plin. vii. 2.)

Some peculiar customs they had, which have lasted to the present day, such as self-immolation by water or fire, and throwing themselves from precipices (Strab. xv. pp. 716, 718; Curt. viii. 9; Arrian, Exped. Alex. vii. 5; Lucan. iii. 42; Plin. vi. 19. s. 20), and the burning of the widow (suttee); not, indeed, agreeably to any fixed law, but rather according to custom. (Strab. xv. pp. 699-714; Diod. xvii. 91, xix. 33; Cic. Tusc. Disp. v. 27.) For writing materials they used the bark of trees (Strab. xv. p. 717: Curt. ix. 15), probably much as the modern Cinghalese use the leaf of the palm. Their houses were generally built of wood or of the bamboo-cane; but in the cold mountain districts, of clay. (Arrian, Ind. c. 10.) It is a remarkable proof of the extent to which civilisation had been carried in ancient India, that there were, throughout great part of the country, high roads, with stones set up (answering to our milestones), on which were inscribed the name of the place and the distance to the next station. (Strab. xv. pp. 689-708; Arrian, Ind. c. 3.) [V.]

INDICUS OCEANUS (ὁ Ινδικός Ωκεανός, Agath. ii. 14; Tò 'Ivdikov Téλayos, Ptol. vii. 1. § 5). The Indian Ocean of the ancients may be considered generally as that great sea which washed the whole of the southern portion of India, extending from the parallel of longitude of the mouths of the Indus to the shores of the Chersonesus Aurea. It seems, indeed, to have been held by them as part, however, of a yet greater extent of water, the limits of which were undefined, at least to the southwards, and to which they gave the generic name of the Southern Sea. Thus Herodotus speaks of ἡ νοτίη θάλασσα in this sense (iv. 37), as does also Strabo (ii. p. 121); Diodorus calls it ǹ кaтà μеonμ¤рíav ¿κeavós (iii 38), while the Erythraean sea, taken in its most extended meaning, doubtless conveyed the same sense. (Herod. ii. 102, iv. 37; compared with Strab. i. p. 33.) Ptolemy gives the distances across this sea as stated by seafaring men; at the same time he guards against their over-statements, by recording his opinion in favour of no more than one-third of their measurements: this space he calls 8670 stadia (i. 13. § 7). The distance along its shores, following the indentations of the coast-line, he estimates, on the same authority, at 19,000 stadia. evident, however, that Ptolemy himself had no clear idea of the real form of the Indian Ocean, and that he inclined to the opinion of Hipparchus, Polybius, and Marinus of Tyre, that it was a vast inland sea, the southern portion of it being bounded by the shores of an unknown land which he supposed to connect Cattigara in the Chersonesus Aurea with the promontory of Prasum (now Cape Delgado) in Africa (comp. iv. 9. §§ 1, 3, vii. 3. §§ 1, 3, 6). The origin of this error it is not easy now to ascertain, but it seems to have been connected with one which is found in the historians of Alexander's expedition, according to which there was a connection between the Indus and the Nile, so that the sources of the Acesines (Chenab) were confounded with those of the Nile. (Arrian, vi. 1.) Strabo, indeed, appears to have had some leaning to a similar view, in that he connected the Erythraean with the Atlantic sea (ii. p. 130); which was also

It is

the opinion of Eratosthenes (Strab. i. p. 64). The Indian Ocean contains at its eastern end three principal gulfs, which are noticed in ancient authors, the SINUS PERIMULICUS (Ptol. vii. 2. § 5), in the Chersonesus Aurea (probably now the Straits of Malacca); the SINUS SABARACUs (Ptol. vii. 2. § 4), now the Gulf of Martaban; and the SINUS GANGETICUS, or Bay of Bengal.

[V.] INDIGETES, or INDIGETAE, ('Ivoiкnaι, Strab.; Evdiyéтai, Ptol.), a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, in the extreme NE. corner of the peninsula, around the gulf of Rhoda and Emporiae | (Gulf of Ampurias), as far as the Trophies of Pompey (rà Пoμяηtоν трóжаiα, àvalhμaтa тov Пountov), on the summit of the pass over the Pyrenees, which formed the boundary of Gaul and Spain (Strab. iii. p. 160, iv. p. 178). [PомPEII TROPAEA.] They were divided into four tribes. Their chief cities, besides EMPORIAE and RHODA, were: JUNCARIA ('Iovyyapía, Ptol. ii. 6. §73 Junquera, or, as some suppose, Figueras), 16 M P. south of the summit of the Pyrenees (Summum Pyrenaeum, Itin.), on the high road to Tarraco (Itin. Ant. pp. 390, 397); CINNIANA (Cervia), 15 M. P. further S. (Ib.; Tab. Peut.); and DECIANA, near Junquera (Ptol. ii. 6. § 73). On the promontory formed by the E. extremity of the Pyrenees (C. Creus), was a temple of Venus, with a small seaport on the N. side ('Appodioias, Steph. B.; 7ò 'Appodíσtov iepóv, Ptol. ii. 6. § 20; Pyrenaea Venus, Plin. iii. 3. s. 4; Portus Veneris, Mela, ii. 6. § 5; Portus Pyrenaei, Liv. xxxiv. 8: Porte Vendres), which some made the boundary of Gaul and Spain, instead of the Trophies of Pompey. Ptolemy names two small rivers as falling into the gulf of Emporiae, the CLODIANUS (Kλwdiavós: Fluvia) and the SAMBROCAS (Zaμspóка èк6оλаí): Pliny names the TICHIS, which is the small river flowing past Rosas. The district round the gulf of Emporiae was called JUNCARIUS CAMPUS (7ò 'Iovyyápiov medíov), from the abundance of rushes which grew upon its marshy soil. (Strab. iii. pp. 156, 163; Steph. B. s. v. 'IvdiKITα; Eustath. ad I. i. p. 191; Avien. Or. Mar. 523 Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. pp. 315, &c.) [P. S.]

INDOSCYTHIA (Ἰνδοσκυθία : Eth. Ινδοokúėŋs), a district of wide extent along the Indus, which probably comprehended the whole tract watered by the Lower Indus, Cutch, Guzerat, and Saurashtran. It derived its name from the Scythian tribes, who gradually pressed onwards to the south and the sea-coast after they had overthrown the Graeco-Bactrian empire, about A. D. 136. It is first mentioned in the Periplus M. E. (p. 22) as occupying the banks of the Indus; while in Ptolemy is a fuller description, with the names of some of its principal subdivisions, as Pattalene, Abiria, and Syrastrene (Saurashtran), with an extensive list of towns which belonged to it (vii. 1. §§ 55-61). Some of them, as Binagara (properly Minnagara), have been recognised as partially Seythic in form. (Lassen, Pentap, p. 56; cf. Isidor. Char. p. 9.) In Dionysius Periegetes (v. 1088) the same people are described as vÓTIO ZKúbal. As late as the middle of the sixth century A. D.. Cosmas Indicopleustes speaks of White Huns, or Mongolians, as the inhabitants of the Panjab (ii. p. 338). These may be considered as the remains of the same Scythic empire, the predecessors of the hordes who subsequently poured down from the north under Jinghíz Khan. (Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. i. p. 558.)

[V.]

INDUS (ó 'Ivdós), one of the principal rivers of

| Asia, and the boundary westward of India. It is
mentioned first in ancient authors by Hecataeus of
Miletus (Fragm. 144, ed. Klausen), and subse-
quently by Herodotus (iv. 44), who, however, only
notices it in connection with various tribes who, he
states, lived upon its banks. As in the case of
India itself, so in that of the Indus, the first real
description which the ancients obtained of this river
was from the historians of Alexander the Great's
marches. Arrian states that its sources were in the
lower spurs of the Paropamisus, or Indian Caucasus
(Hindú-Kúsh); wherein he agrees with Mela (iii. 7.
§ 6), Strabo (xv. p. 690), Curtius (viii. 9. §3), and
other writers. It was, in Arrian's opinion, a vast
stream, even from its first sources, the largest river
in the world except the Ganges, and the recipient
of many tributaries, themselves larger than any other
known stream. It has been conjectured, from the
descriptions of the Indus which Arrian has preserved,
that the writers from whom he has condensed his
narrative must have seen it at the time when its
waters were at their highest, in August and Sep-
tember. Quoting from Ctesias (v. 4, 11), and with the
authority of the other writers (v. 20), Arrian gives
40 stadia for the mean breadth of the river, and 15
stadia where it was most contracted; below the con-
fluence of the principal tributaries he considers its
breadth may be 100 stadia, and even more than this
when much flooded (vi. 14). Pliny, on the other
hand, considers that it is nowhere more than 50
stadia broad (vi. 20. s. 23); which is clearly the
same opinion as that of Strabo, who states, that
though those who had not measured the breadth put
it down at 100 stadia, those, on the other hand, who
had measured it, asserted that 50 stadia was its
greatest, and 7 stadia its least breadth (xv. p. 700).
Its depth, according to Pliny (l. c.), was nowhere
less than 15 fathoms. According to Diodorus, it was
the greatest river in the world after the Nile (ii. 35).
Curtius states that its waters were cold, and of the
colour of the sea (viii. 9. § 4). Its current is held by
some to have been slow (as by Mela, iii. 7. § 6); by
others, rapid (as by Eustath. in Dionys. Perieg. v.
1088). Its course towards the sea, after leaving the
mountains, was nearly SW. (Plin. vi. 20. s. 23); on
its way it received, according to Strabo (xv. p. 700)
and Arrian (v. 6), 15, according to Pliny, 19
other tributary rivers (l. c.). About 2000 stadia
from the Indian Ocean, it was divided into two
principal arms (Strab. xv. p. 701), forming thereby
a Delta, like that of the Nile, though not so large,
called Pattalene, from its chief town Pattala (which
Arrian asserts meant, in the Indian tongue, Delta
(v. 4); though this statement may be questioned).
(Cf. also Arrian, Ind. 2; Dionys. Perieg. v. 1088.)
The flat land at the mouths of rivers which flow
from high mountain-ranges with a rapid stream, is
ever changing: hence, probably, the different ac-
counts which we receive of the mouths of the Indus
from those who recorded the history of Alexander,
and from the works of later geographers.
former (as we have stated), with Strabo, gave the
Indus only two principal outlets into the Indian
Ocean, - at a distance, the one from the other, ac-
cording to Aristobulus (ap. Strab. xv. p. 690), of
1000 stadia, but, according to Nearchus (1. c.), of
1800 stadia. The latter mention more than two
mouths: Mela (iii. 7. § 6) speaking of " plura
ostia," and Ptolemy giving the names of seven (vii.
1. § 28), in which he is confirmed by the author of
the Periplus Maris Erythraei (p. 22). The names

The

few miles below Chivasso, but on the right bank of
the river, where excavations have brought to light
numerous coins and objects of ancient art, some of
them of great beauty, as well as several inscriptions,
which leave no doubt that the remains thus dis-
covered are those of Industria. They also prove
that it enjoyed municipal rank under the Roman
empire. (Ricolvi e Rivautella, Il sito dell' antica
città d'Industria, &c., Torino, 1745, 4to.; Millin, Voy.
en Piémont, vol. i. pp. 308–311.) [E. H. B.]
INESSA. [AETNA.]

INFERUM MARE. [TYRRHENUM MARE.]
INGAEVONES. [GERMANIA and HELLEVIO-

NES.]

of these mouths, in a direction from W. to E., are: 1. Záуanа σтóμa (the Pitti or Lohari), not improbably in the arm of the stream by which Alexander's fleet gained the Indian Ocean; 2. Zívdwv σróua (the Rikala); 3. Xpvσoûv στóμa (the Hagamari or Kukavari), whereby merchandise and goods ascended to Tatta; 4. Xápipov σтóua (the Mala?); 5. Zá#apa; 6. Zásaλa or Zasáλaoa (the Pinyari or Sir); 7. Awvicápn (probably Lonívári, the Púrana, Darja or Kori). For the conjectural identifications of these mouths, most of which are now closed, except in high floods, see Lassen's Map of Ancient India. The principal streams which flowed into the Indus are:-on the right or western bank of the river, the Choaspes, called by Arrian the Guraeus, and by INGAUNI (Iyyavvo), a Ligurian tribe, who Ptolemy the Suastus (the Attok); and the Cophen inhabited the sea-coast and adjoining mountains, (Cabul river), with its own smaller tributary the at the foot of the Maritime Alps, on the W. side of Choes (the Kow); and, on the left or eastern bank, the Gulf of Genoa. Their position is clearly identhe greater rivers, — which give its name to the Pan-tified by that of their capital or chief town, Albium jab (or the country of the Five Rivers),-the Acesines (Chenab), the Hydaspes or Bidaspes (Jelum), the Hydraotes (Ravi); and the Hypanis or Hyphasis (the Sutledge). [See these rivers under their respective names.] As in the case of the Ganges, so in that of the Indus, it has been left to modern researches to determine accurately the real sources of the river: it is now well known that the Indus rises at a considerable distance on the NE. side of the Himalaya, in what was considered by the Hindus their most sacred land, and which was also the district in which, on opposite sides of the mountains, the Brahmaputra, the Ganges, and the Jumna, have their several sources. From its source, the Indus flows NW. to Iskardu, and thence W. and SW., till it bursts through the mountain barriers, and descends into the plain of the Panjab, passing along the western edge of Cashmir. (Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. v. p. 216; Moorcroft, Travels in Ladakh and Cashmir, 1841.) The native name Sindhu has been preserved with remarkable accuracy, both in the Greek writers and in modern times. Thus, in the Periplus, we find Zweós (p. 23); in Ptolemy, Zivewv (vii. 1. § 2), from which, by the softening of the Ionic pronunciation, the Greeks obtained their form Ivdos. (Cf. Plin. vi. 20; Cosmas, Indic. p. 337.) The present name is Sind or Sindhu. (Ritter, vol. v. pp. 29, 171.) [V.]

INDUS, a river of the south-east of Caria, near the town of Cibyra. On its banks was situated, according to Livy (xxxviii. 14), the fort of Thabusion. Pliny (v. 29) states that sixty other rivers, and upwards of a hundred mountain torrents, emptied themselves into it. This river, which is said to have received its name from some Indian who had been thrown into it from an elephant, is probably no other than the river Calbis (Káλsis, Strab. xiv. p. 651; Ptol. v. 2. § 11; Pomp. Mela, i. 16), at present called Quingi, or Tavas, which has its sources on Mount Cadmus, above Cibyra, and passing through Caria empties itself into the sea near Caunus, opposite to the island of Rhodes.

[L. S.]

INDUSTRIA, a town of Liguria, situated on the right bank of the Padus, about 20 miles below Turin. It is mentioned only by Pliny, who tells us that its ancient name was BODINCOMAGUS, which he connects with Bodincus, the native name of the Padus [PADUS], and adds that it was at this point that river first attained a considerable depth. (Plin iii. 16. s. 20.) Its site (which was erroneously fixed by earlier writers at Casale) has been established beyond question at a place called Monteù di Po, a

[ocr errors]

Ingaunum, still called Albenga. They appear to have been in early times one of the most powerful and warlike of the Ligurian tribes, and bear a prominent part in the long-continued wars of the Romans with that people. Their name is first mentioned in B. C. 205, on occasion of the landing of Mago, the brother of Hannibal, in Liguria. They were at that time engaged in hostilities with the Epanterii, a neighbouring tribe who appear to have dwelt further inland: the Carthaginian general concluded an alliance with them, and supported them against the mountaineers of the interior; he subse quently returned to their capital after his defeat by the Romans in Cisalpine Gaul, and it was from thence that he took his final departure for Africa, B. C. 203. (Liv. xxviii. 46, xxx. 19.) After the close of the Second Punic War, B. C. 201, a treaty was concluded with the Ingauni by the Roman consul, C. Aelius (Id. xxxi. 2); but sixteen years later (in B. c. 185) we find them at war with the Romans, when their territory was invaded by the consul Appius Claudius, who defeated them in several battles, and took six of their towns. (Id. xxxix. 32.) But four years afterwards, B. c. 181, they were still in arms, and were attacked for the second time by the proconsul Aemilius Paullus. This general was at first involved in great perils, · the Ingauni having surprised and besieged him in his camp; but he ultimately obtained a great and decisive victory, in which 15,000 of the enemy were killed and 2500 taken prisoners. This victory procured to Aemilius the honour of a triumph, and was followed by the submission of the whole people of the Ingauni ("Ligurum Ingaunorum omne nomen "), while all the other Ligurians sent to Rome to sue for peace. (Liv. xl. 25-28, 34.) From this time we hear nothing more of the Ingauni in history, probably on account of the loss of the later books of Livy; for that they did not long remain at peace with Rome, and that hostilities were repeatedly renewed before they were finally reduced to submission and settled down into the condition of Roman subjects, is clearly proved by the fact stated by Pliny, that their territory was assigned to them, and its boundaries fixed or altered, no less than thirty times. ("Liguribus Ingaunis agro tricies dato," Plin. iii. 5. s. 6.) They appear to have been much addicted, in common with other maritime Ligurian tribes, to habits of piracy, a tendency which they retained down to a late period. (Liv. xl. 28, 41; Vopisc. Procul. 12.) We find them still existing and recognised as a separate tribe in the days of

Strabo and Pliny; but we have no means of fixing |
the extent or limits of their territory, which evi-
dently comprised a considerable portion of the sea-
coast on each side of their capital city, and probably
extended on the W. till it met that of the Intemelii.
It must have included several minor towns, but
their capital, of which the name is variously written
Albium Ingaunum and Albingaunum, is the only
town expressly assigned to them by ancient writers.
[ALBIUM INGAUNUM.] (Strab. iv. p. 202; Plin.
iii. 5. s. 6.)

I'NGENA. [ABRINCATUI.]

[E. H. B.]

INI CERUM, a town in Lower Pannonia, in the neighbourhood of which there was a praetorium, or place of rest for the emperors when they travelled in those parts. (Itin. Ant. pp. 260, 265.) Some identify it with the modern Possega. [L. S.]

INO'PUS. [DELOS.] INSA'NI MONTES (Tà Maivóueva opn, Ptol. iii. 3. § 7), a range of mountains in Sardinia, mentioned by Livy (xxx. 39) in a manner which seems to imply that they were in the NE. part of the island; and this is confirmed by Claudian, who speaks of them as rendering the northern part of Sardinia rugged and savage, and the adjoining seas stormy and dangerous to navigators. (Claudian, B. Gild. 513.) Hence, it is evident that the name was applied to the lofty and rugged range of mountains in the N. and NE. part of the island: and was, doubtless, given to them by Roman navigators, on account of the sudden and frequent storms to which they gave rise. (Liv. l. c.). Ptolemy also places the Maóueva opna name which is obviously translated from the Latin one-- in the interior of the island, and though he would seem to consider them as nearer the W. than the E. coast, the position which he assigns them may still be referred to the same range or mass of mountains, which extends from the neighbourhood of Olbia (Terra Nova) on the E. coast, to that of Cornus on the W. [SARDINIA.] [E. H. B.] I'NSUBRES, a people both in Gallia Transalpina and Gallia Cisalpina. D'Anville, on the authority of Livy (v. 34), places the Insubres of Gallia Transalpina in that part of the territory of the Aedui where there was a town Mediolanum, between Forum Segusianorum [FORUM SEGUSIANORUM] and Lugdunum (Lyon). This is the only ground that there is for supposing that there existed a people or a pagus in Gallia Transalpina named Insubres. Of the Insubres in Gallia Cisalpina, an account is given elsewhere [Vol. I. p. 936].

[G. L.] I'NSULA, or I'NSULA ALLO’BROGUM, in Gallia Narbonensis. Livy (xxi. 31), after describing Hannibal's passage of the Rhone, says that he directed his march on the east side towards the inland parts of Gallia. At his fourth encampment he came to the Insula, "where the rivers Arar and the Rhodanus, flowing down from the Alps by two different directions, comprise between them some tract of country, and then unite: it is the level country between them which is called the Insula. The Allobroges dwell near." One might easily see that there must be some error in the word Arar; for Hannibal could not have reached the latitude of Lugdunum (Lyon) in four days from the place where he crossed the Rhone; and this is certain, though we do not know the exact place where he did cross the Rhone. Nor, if he had got to the junction of the Arar and Rhodanus, could Livy say that he reached a place near which the Allobroges dwell; for, if he had

marched from the Isara (Isère) to the junction of the Saône and Rhone, he would have passed through the country of the Allobroges. [ALLOBROGES.] Nor does the Arar (Saône) flow from the Alps, though the Isara does. Besides this, if Hannibal had gone so far north as the part between the Saône and Rhone, he would have gone much further north than was necessary for his purpose, as Livy describes it. It is therefore certain, if we look to the context only, that we must read "Isara" for " Arar;" and there is a reading of one MS., cited by Gronovius, which shows that Isara may have once been in the text, and that it has been corrupted. (Walckenaer, Géog. &c. vol. i. p. 135.) Livy in this passage copied Polybius, in whose MSS. (iii. 49) the name of the river is Scoras or Scaras; a name which the editors ought to have kept, instead of changing it into Isaras (Ioápas), as Bekker and others before him have done, though the Isara or Isère is certainly the river. In the latest editions of Ptolemy (ii. 10. § 6) the Isara appears in the form Isar (Ioap); but it is certain that there are great variations in the MSS. of Ptolemy, and in the editions. Walckenaer (vol. i. p. 134) says that the edition of Ulm of 1482 has Sicarus, and that there is "Sicaros" in the Strassburg editions of 1513, 1520, 1522. The editio princeps of 1475 has "Cisar;" and others have "Tisar" and "Tisara." The probable conclusion is, that "Isc-ar" is one of the forms of the name, which is as genuine a Celtic form as "Is-ar" or "Isara," the form in Cicero (ad Fam. x. 15, &c.). "Isc-ara" may be compared with the British forms "Isaca" (the Exe), Isca, and Ischalis; and Is-ara with the names of the Italian rivers Ausar and Aesis.

Polybius compares the country in the angle between the Rhone and the Isara (Isère) to the Delta of Egypt in extent and form, except that in the Delta the sea unites the one side and the channels of the streams which form the two other sides; but here mountains almost inaccessible form the third side of this Insula. He describes it as populous, and a corn country. The junction of the Isar, as Strabo calls the river (p. 185), and the Rhone, was, according to him, opposite the place where the Cévennes approach near to the banks of the Rhone.

[ocr errors]

The Isère, one of the chief branches of the Rhone, rises in the high Pennine Alps, and flows through the valleys of the Alpine region by a very winding course past St. Maurice, Moutiers, Conflans, Montmeilian, where it begins to be navigable, Grenoble, the Roman Cularo or Gratianopolis, and joins the Rhone a few miles north of Valentia (Valence). Its whole course is estimated at about 160 miles. Hannibal, after staying a short time in the country about the junction of the Rhone and the Isère, commenced his march over the Alps. It is not material to decide whether his whole army crossed over into the Insula or not, or whether he did himself, though the words of Polybius imply that he did. It is certain that he marched up the valley of the Isère towards the Alps; and the way to find out where he crossed the Alps is by following the valley of the Isère. [G. L.]

INSURA. [MYLAE.]

INTELE'NE ('Ivтnλný), one of the five provinces W. of the Tigris, ceded, in A. D. 297, by Narses to Galerius and the Romans. (Petr. Patr. Fr. 14, Fragm. Hist. Graec. ed. Müller; Gibbon, c. xiii.) St. Martin, in his note to Le Beau (Bas Empire, vol. i. p. 380), would read for Intelene,

Ingilene ('Iyyiλhvn), the name of a small province of Armenia near the sources of the Tigris mentioned by Epiphanius (Haeres. LX. vol. i. p. 505, ed Valesius; comp. St. Martin, Mém. sur l'Armenie, vol. i. pp. 23, 97.)

[E. B. J.] INTEME'LII (IVTEμéλio), a maritime people of Liguria, situated to the W. of the Ingauni, at the foot of the Maritime Alps. They are but little known in history, being only once mentioned by Livy, in conjunction with their neighbours, the Ingauni, as addicted to piratical habits, to repress which their coast was visited by a Roman squadron in B. c. 180. (Liv. xl. 41.) Strabo speaks of them as a still existing tribe (Strab. iv. p. 202); and their capital, called Albium Intemelium or Albintemelium, now corrupted into Vintimiglia, was in his time a considerable city. [ALBIUM INTEMELIUM.] We have no means of determining the extent or limits of their territory; but it seems to have bordered on that of the Ingauni on the E., and the Vediantii on the W.: at least, these are the only tribes mentioned as existing in this part of Liguria by writers of the Roman Empire. It probably comprised also the whole valley of the RUTUBA or Roja, one of the most considerable of the rivers, or rather mountain torrents, of Liguria, which rises at the foot of the Col di Tenda, and falls into the sea at Vintimiglia. [E. H. B.] INTERAMNA ('Ivтépauva: Eth. Interamnas, -ātis), was the name of several cities in different parts of Italy. Its obvious etymology, already pointed out by Varro and Festus, indicates their position at the confluence of two streams ("inter amnes," Varr. L. L. v.28, Fest. v. Amnes, p. 17, Müll.); which is, however, but partially borne out by their actual situation. The form INTERAMNIUM ('Ivтepάuviov), and the ethnic form Interamnis, are also found, but more rarely.

a municipium; and we find repeated mention of it
as a municipal town, apparently of some consequence.
(Cic. Phil. ii. 41, pro Mil. 17; Strab. v. p. 237;
Plin. iii. 5. s. 9.) It received a colony under the
Second Triumvirate, but does not appear to have en-
joyed colonial rank, several inscriptions of imperial
times giving it only the title of a municipium. (Lib.
Col. p. 234; Orell. Inscr. 2357, 3828.)
Its posi-
tion at some distance from the line of the Via Latina
was probably unfavourable to its prosperity in later
times: from the same cause its name is not found in
the Itineraries, and we have no means of tracing its
existence after the fall of the Roman Empire. The
period at which it was ruined or deserted is unknown;
but mention is found in documents of the middle
ages of a "Castrum Terame," and the site of the
ancient city, though now entirely uninhabited, is
still called Terame. It presents extensive remains
of ancient buildings, with vestiges of the walls, streets,
and aqueducts; and numerous inscriptions and other
objects of antiquity have been discovered there,
which are preserved in the neighbouring villages.
(Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 384; Cluver, Ital. p. 1039.
The inscriptions are given by Mommsen, Inscr. Regn.
Neap. pp. 221, 222.)

The

Pliny calls the citizens of this Interamna "Interamnates Succasini, qui et Lirinates vocantur." former appellation was evidently bestowed from their situation in the neighbourhood of Casinum, but is not adopted by any other author. They are called in inscriptions "Interamnates Lirinates," and sometimes "Lirinates" alone: hence it is probable that we should read "Lirinatum" for "Larinatum" in Silius Italicus (viii. 402), where he is enumerating Volscian cities, and hence the mention of Larinum would be wholly out of place.

2. (Terni), a city of Umbria, situated on the river Nar, a little below its confluence with the Velinus, and about 8 miles E. from Narnia. It was surrounded by a branch of the river, so as to be in fact situated on an island, whence it derived its name. The inhabitants are termed by Pliny "Interamnates cognomine Nartes," to distinguish them from those of the other towns of the name; and we find them designated in inscriptions as Interamnates Nartes and Nahartes; but we do not find this epithet applied to the city itself. No mention is found of Interamna in

1. A Roman colony on the banks of the Liris, thence called, for distinction's sake, INTERAMNA LIRINAS. It was situated on the left or northern bank of the Liris, near the junction of the little river which flows by Aquinum (confounded by Strabo with the Melpis, a much more considerable stream), and was distant 6 miles from the latter city, and 7 from Casinum. Its territory, which was included in Latium, according to the more extended use of that name, must have originally belonged to the Volscians, but we have no men-history previous to its passing under the Roman tion of Interamna as a Volscian city, nor indeed any evidence of its existence previous to the establishment of the Roman colony there, in B. C. 312. This took place at the same time with that at the neighbouring town of Casinum, the object of both being obviously to secure the fertile valley of the Liris from the attacks of the Samnites. (Liv. ix. 28; Diod. xix. 105; Vell. Pat. i. 14.) Hence we find, in B. C. 294, the territory of Interamna ravaged by the Samnites, who did not, however, venture to attack the city itself; and, at the opening of the following campaign, it was from Interamna that the consul Sp. Carvilius commenced his operations against Samnium. (Liv. x. 36, 39.) Its territory was at a later period laid waste by Hannibal during his march by the Via Latina from Capua upon Rome, B. c. 212 (Liv. xxvi. 9): and shortly afterwards the name of Interamna appears among the twelve refractory colonies which declared themselves unable to furnish any further supplies, and were subsequently (B. C. 204) loaded with heavier burdens in consequence (Id. xxvii. 9, xxix. 15). After the Social War it passed, in common with the other Latin colonies, into the state of

[ocr errors]

yoke; but there is no doubt that it was an ancient Umbrian city, and an inscription of the time of Tiberius has preserved to us the local tradition that it was founded in B. C. 672, or rather more than 80 years after Rome. (Orell. Inser. 689.) When we first hear of Interamna in history it appears as a flourishing municipal town, deriving great wealth from the fertility of its territory, which was irrigated by the river Nar. Hence it is said to have been, as early as the civil wars of Marius and Sulla, one of the "florentissima Italiae municipia" (Florus, iii. 21); and though it suffered a severe blow upon that occasion, its lands being confiscated by Sulla and portioned out among his soldiers, we still find it mentioned by Cicero in a manner that proves it to have been a place of importance (Cic. ad Att. iv. 15). Its inhabitants were frequently engaged in litigation and disputes with their neighbours of Reate, on account of the regulation of the waters of the Velinus, which joins the Nar a few miles above Interamna; and under the reign of Tiberius they were obliged to enter an energetic protest against a project that had been started for turning aside the

« السابقةمتابعة »