course of the Nar, so that it should no longer flow | into the Tiber. (Tac. Ann. i. 79.) In the civil war between Vitellius and Vespasian it was occupied by the troops of the former while their head-quarters were at Narnia, but was taken with little resistance by Arrius Varus. (Id. Hist. iii. 61, 63.) Inscriptions sufficiently attest the continued municipal importance of Interamna under the Roman empire; and, though its position was some miles to the right of the great Flaminian highway, which proceeded from Narnia direct to Mevania (Strab. v. p. 227; Tac. Hist. ii. 64), a branch line of road was carried from Narnia by Interamna and Spoletium to Forum Flamini, where it rejoined the main highroad. This line, which followed very nearly that of the present highroad from Rome to Perugia, appears to have latterly become the more important of the two, and is given in the Antonine and Jerusalem Itineraries to the exclusion of the true Via Flaminia. (Itin. Ant. p. 125; Itin. Hier. p. 613; Tab. Peut.) The great richness of the meadows belonging to Interamna on the banks of the Nar is celebrated by Pliny, who tells us that they were cut for hay no less than four times in the year (Plin. xviii. 28. s. 67); and Tacitus also represents the same district as among the most fertile in Italy (Tac. Ann. i. 79). That great historian himself is generally considered as a native of Interamna, but without any distinct authority: it appears, however, to have been subsequently the patrimonial residence, and probably the birthplace, of his descendants, the two emperors Ta- | citus and Florianus. (Vopisc. Florian. 2.) In A. D. 193, it was at Interamina that a deputation from the senate met the emperor Septimius Severus, when on his march to the capital (Spartian. Sever. 6); and at a later period (A. D. 253) it was there that the two emperors, Trebonianus Gallus and his son Volusianus, who were on their march to oppose Aemilianus in Moesia, were put to death by their own soldiers. (Eutrop. ix. 5; Vict. Caes. 31, Epit. 31.) Itineraries, but we know that it was an episcopal see and a place of some importance under the Roman empire. The name is already corrupted in our MSS. of the Liber Coloniarum into Teramne, whence its modern form of Teramo. But in the middle ages it appears to have been known also by the name of Aprutium, supposed to be a corruption of Praetutium, or rather of the name of the people Praetutii, applied (as was so often the case in Gaul) to their chief city. Thus we find the name of Abrutium among the cities of Picenum enumerated by the Geographer of Ravenna (iv. 31); and under the Lombards we find mention of a comes Aprutii." The name has been retained in that of Abruzzo, now given to the two northernmost provinces of the kingdom of Naples, of one of which, called Abruzzo Ulteriore, the city of Teramo is still the capital. Vestiges of the ancient theatre, of baths and other buildings of Roman date, as well as statues, altars, and other ancient remains, have been discovered on the site: numerous inscriptions have been also found, in one of which the citizens are designated as "Interamnites Praetutiani." (Romanelli, vol iii. pp. 297-301; Mommsen, I. R. N. pp. 329–331.) There is no foundation for the existence of a fourth city of the name of Interamna among the Frentani, as assumed by Romanelli, and, from him, by Cramer, on the authority of a very apocryphal inscription. [FRENTANI.] [E. H. B.] INTERAMNE'SIA (Phlegon. de Longaev. 1: INTERAMNIUM. [ASTURES.] INTERCISA or AD INTERCISA, is the name given in the Itineraries to a station on the Via Flaminia, which evidently derives this name from its being situated at the remarkable tunnel or gallery hewn through the rock, now known as the Passo del Furlo. (Itin. Hier. p. 614; Tab. Peut.) This passage, which is still traversed by the modern highway from Rome to Fano, is a work of the emperor Vespasian, as an inscription cut in the rock informs us, and was constructed in the seventh year of his reign, A. D. 75. (Inscr. ap. Cluver, Ital. p. 619.) It is also noticed among the public works of that emperor by Aurelius Victor, who calls Interamna became the see of a bishop in very early times, and has subsisted without interruption through the middle ages on its present site; the name being gradually corrupted into its modern form of Terni. It is still a flourishing city, and retains various relics of its ancient importance, including the remains of an amphitheatre, of two temples supposed to have been dedicated to the sun and to Hercules, and some portions of the ancient Thermae. None of these ruins are, however, of much importance or interest. Many inscriptions have also been discovered on the site, and are preserved in the Palazzo Publico.it Petra Pertusa; and the same name (Пéтра πeρAbout 3 miles above Terni is the celebrated cascade of the Velinus, which owes its origin to the Roman M'. Curius; it is more fully noticed under the article VELINUS. 3. (Teramo), a city of Picenum, in the territory of the Practutii, and probably the chief place in the district of that people. The name is omitted by Pliny, but is found in Ptolemy, who distinctly assigns it to the Praetutii; and it is mentioned also in the Liber Coloniarum among the Civitates Piceni." It there bears the epithet of "Palestina." or, as the name is elsewhere written, "Paletina;" the origin and meaning of which are wholly unknown. (Ptol. iii. 1. § 58; Lib. Col. pp. 226, 259.) In the genuine fragments of Frontinus, on the other hand, the citizens are correctly designated as "Interamnates Praetutiani." (Frontin. i. p. 18, ed. Lachm.) Being situated in the interior of the country, at a distance from the highroads, the name is not found in the Touσa) is given to it by Procopius, who has left us a detailed and accurate description of the locality. (Vict. Caes. 9, Epit. 9; Procop. B. G. ii. 11.) The valley of the Cantiano, a tributary of the Metaurus, which is here followed by the Flaminian Way, is at this point so narrow that it is only by cutting the road out of the solid rock that it can be carried along the face of the precipice, and, in addition to this, the rock itself is in one place pierced by an arched gallery or tunnel, which gave rise to the name of Petra Pertusa. The actual tunnel is only 126 feet long, but the whole length of the pass is about half a mile. Claudian alludes to this remarkable work in terms which prove the admiration that it excited. (Claud. de VI. Cons. Hon. 502.) At a later period the pass was guarded by a fort, which, from its completely commanding the Flaminian Way, became a military post of importance, and is repeatedly mentioned during the wars of the Goths with the generals of Justinian. (Procop. B. G. ii. 11, iii. 6. iv. 28, 34.) The Jerusalem Itinerary places the station of Intercisa 9 M. P. from Calles (Cagli), and the same distance from Forum Sempronii (Fossombrone), both of which distances are just about correct. (D'Anville, Analyse de l'Italie, p. 155.) [E. H. B.] INTERNUM MARE, the great inland or Mediterranean Sea, which washes the coasts of Southern Europe, Northern Africa, and Asia Minor. - I. Name. In the Hebrew Scriptures, this sea, on the W. of Palestine, and therefore behind a person facing the E., is called the "Hinder Sea" (Deut. xi. 24; Joel, ii. 20), and also the "Sea of the Philistines" (Exod. xxii. 81), because that people occupied the largest portion of its shores. Pre-eminently it was "the Great Sea" (Num. xxxiv. 6, 7; Josh. i. 4, ix. 1, xv. 47; Ezek. xlvii. 10, 15, 20), or simply "the Sea" (1 Kings, v. 9; comp. 1 Macc. xiv. 34. XV. 11). In the same way, the Homeric poems, Hesiod, the Cyclic poets, Aeschylus, and Pindar, call it emphatically "the Sea." The logographer Hecataeus speaks of it as "the Great Sea" (Fr. 349, ed. Klausen). Nor did the historians and systematic geographers mark it off by any peculiar denomination. The Roman writers call it MARE INTERNUM (Pomp. Mela, i. 1. § 4; Plin. iii. 3) or INTESTINUM (Sall. Jug. 17; Flor. iv. 2; ý čow SáλаTTа, Polyb. iii. 39; ἡ ἐντὸς θάλ., Strab. ii. p. 121, iii. p. 139, ἡ ἐντὸς 'Hрaxλeíwv σтηλv Dáλ., Arist. Met. ii. 1), or more frequently, MARE NOSTRUM (Sall. Jug. 17, 18; Caes. B. G. v. 1; Liv. xxvi. 42; Pomp. Mela, i. 5. § 1; ʼn ráð hμâs đáλ., Strab. ii. p. 121). The epithet "Mediterranean" is not used in the classical writers, and was first employed for this sea by Solinus (c. 22; comp. Isid. Orig. xiii. 16). The Greeks of the present day call it the "White Sea" (Acúpi Oáλaσσa), to distinguish it from the Black Sea. Throughout Europe it is known as the Mediterranean. 2. Extent, Shape, and Admeasurements.— -The Mediterranean Sea extends from 6° W. to 36° E. of Greenwich, while the extreme limits of its latitude are from 30° to 46° N.; and, in round numbers, its length, from Gibraltar to its furthest extremity in | Syria, is about 2000 miles, with a breadth varying from 80 to 500 miles, and, including the Euxine, with a line of shore of 4500 leagues. The ancients, who considered this sea to be a very large portion of the globe, though in reality it is only equal to one-seventeenth part of the Pacific, assigned to it a much greater length. As they possessed no means for critically measuring horizontal angles, and were unaided by the compass and chronometer, correctness in great distances was unattainable. On this account, while the E. shores of the Mediterranean approache.i a tolerable degree of correctness, the relative positions and forms of the W. coasts are erroneous. Strabo, a philosophical rather than a scientific geographer, set himself to rectify the errors of Eratosthenes (ii. pp. 105, 106), but made more mistakes: though he drew a much better" contour" of the Mediterranean, yet he distorted the W. parts, by placing Massilia 131° to the S. of Byzantium, instead of 24° to the N. of that city. Ptolemy also fell into great errors, such as the flattening-in of the N. coast of Africa, to the amount of 44° to the S., in the latitude of Carthage, while Byzantium was placed 2° to the N. of its true position; thus increasing the breadth in the very part where the greatest accuracy might be expected. Nor was this all; for the extreme length of the Internal Sea was carried to upwards of 20° beyond its true limits. The maps of Agathodaemon which accompany the Geography of Ptolemy, though indifferently drawn, preserve a much better outline of this sea than expressed in the Theodosian or Peutingerian Table, where the Mediterranean is so reduced in breadth as to resemble a canal, and the site, form, and dimensions of its islands are displaced and disfigured. The latitudes were estimated by the ancient observers in stadia reckoned from the equator, and are not so discordant as might be expected from such a method. The length between the equinoctial line and Syracuse, or rather the place which they called the "Strait of Sicily," is given as follows: Eratosthenes Stadia 25.450 25.600 25,400 26,075 26,833 Their longitudes run rather wild, and are reckoned from the "Sacrum Promontorium" (Cape St. Vincent), and the numbers given are as the arc from thence to Syracuse: Eratosthenes Marinus of Tyre Stadia 11,800 16,300 14,000 18,583 29,000 In Admiral Smyth's work (The Mediterranean, p. 375) will be found a tabular view of the abovementioned adineasurements of the elder geographers, along with the determination resulting from his own observations; assuming, for a reduction of the numbers, 700 stadia to a degree of latitude, for a plane projection in the 36° parallel, and 555 for the corresponding degree of longitude. (Comp. Gosselin, Geographie des Grecs, 1 vol. Paris, 1780; Geographie des Anciens, 3 vols. Paris, 1813; Mesures Itinéraires, vol. Paris, 1813.) 3. Physical Geography. - A more richly-varied and broken outline gives to the N. shores of the Mediterranean an advantage over the S. or Libyan coast, which was remarked by Eratosthenes. (Strab. ii. p. 109.) The three great peninsulas, - the Iberian, the Italic, and the Hellenic, with their sinuous and deeply indented shores, form, in combination with the neighbouring islands and opposite coasts, many straits and isthmuses. Exclusive of the Euxine (which, however, must be considered as part of it), this sheet of water is naturally divided into two vast basins; the barrier at the entrance of the straits marks the commencement of the W. basin, which descends to an abysmal depth, and extends as far as the central part of the sea, where it flows over another barrier (the subaqueous Adventure Bank, discovered by Admiral Smyth), and again falls into the yet unfathomed Levant basin. Strabo (ii. pp. 122-127) marked off this expanse by three smaller closed basins. The westerninost, or Tyrrhenian basin, comprehended the space between the Pillars of Hercules and Sicily, including the Iberian, Ligurian, and Sardinian seas; the waters to the W. of Italy were also called, in reference to the Adriatic, the "Lower Sea," as that gulf bore the name of the Upper Sea." The second was the Syrtic basin, E. of Sicily, including the Ausonian or Siculian, the Ionian, and the Libyan seas: on the N. this basin runs up into the Adriatic, on the S. the gulf of Libya penetrates deeply into the African continent. The E. part of this basin is interrupted by Cyprus alone, and was divided into the Carpathian, Pamphylian, Cilician, and Syrian seas. The third or Aegean portion is bounded to the S. by a curved line, which, commencing at the coast of Caria in Asia Minor, is formed by the islands of Rhodes, Crete, and Cythera, joining the Peloponnesus not far from Cape Malea, with its subdivisions, the Thracian, Myrtoan, Icarian, and Cretan seas. From the Aegean, the "White Sea" of the Turks, the channel of the Hellespont leads into the Propontis, connected by the Thracian Bosporus with the Euxine: to the NE. of that sheet of water lies the Palus Maeotis, with the strait of the Cimmerian Bosporus. The configuration of the continents and of the islands (the latter either severed | from the main or volcanically elevated in lines, as if over long fissures) led in very early times to cosmological views respecting eruptions, terrestrial revolutions, and overpourings of the swollen higher seas into those which were lower. The Euxine, the Hellespont, the straits of Gades, and the Internal Sea, with its many islands, were well fitted to originate such theories. Not to speak of the floods of Ogyges and Deucalion, or the legendary cleaving of the pillars of Hercules by that hero, the Samothracian traditions recounted that the Euxine, once an inland lake, swollen by the rivers that flowed into it, had broken first through the Bosporus and afterwards the Hellespont. (Diod. v. 47.) A reflex of these Samothracian traditions appears in the "Sluice Theory" of Straton of Lampsacus (Strab. i. pp. 49, 50), according to which, the swellings of the waters of the Euxine first opened the passage of the Hellespont, and afterwards caused the outlet through the Pillars of Hercules. This theory of Straton led Eratosthenes of Cyrene to examine the problem of the equality of level of all external seas, or seas surrounding the continents. (Strab. I. c.; comp. ii. p. 104.) Strabo (i. pp. 51, 54) rejected the theory of Straton, as insufficient to account for all the phenomena, and proposed one of his own, the profoundness of which modern geologists are only now beginning to appreciate. "It is not," he says (L. c.), "because the lands covered by seas were originally at different altitudes, that the waters have risen, or subsided, or receded from some parts and inundated others. But the reason is, that the same land is sometimes raised up and sometimes depressed, so that it either overflows or returns into its own place again. We must therefore ascribe the cause to the ground, either to that ground which is under the sea, or to that which becomes flooded by it; but rather to that which lies beneath the sea, for this is more moveable, and, on account of its wetness, can be altered with greater quickness." (Lyell, Geology, p. 17; Humboldt, Cosmos, vol. ii. p. 118, trans., Aspects of Nature, vol. . pp. 73-83, trans.) The fluvial system of the Internal Sea, including the rivers that fall into the Euxine, consists, besides many secondary streams, of the Nile, Danube, Borysthenes, Tanais, Po, Rhone, Ebro, and Tyras. The general physics of this sea, and their connection with ancient speculations, do not fall within the scope of this article; it will be sufficient to say that the theory of the tides was first studied on the coast of this, which can only in poetical language be called "a tideless sea." The mariner of old had his charts and sailing directories, was acquainted | with the bewildering currents and counter-currents of this sea, - the Typhon" (Tupév), and the "Prester" (pnoTp), the destroyer of those at sea, of which Lucretius (vi. 422-445) has given so terrific a description, · and hailed in the hour of danger, as the "Dioscuri" who played about the mast-head of his vessel (Plin. ii. 437; Sen. Nat. Quaest. ii.), the fire of St. Elmo, "sacred to the seaman." Much valuable information upon the winds, climate, and other atmospheric phenomena, as recorded by the ancients, and compared with modern investigations, is to be found in Smyth (Mediterranean, pp. 210-302). Forbiger's section upon Physical Geography (vol. i. pp. 576— 655) is useful for the references to the Latin and Greek authors. Some papers, which appeared in Fraser's Magazine for the years 1852 and 1853, upon the fish known to the ancients, throw considerable light upon the ichthyology of this sea. Recent inquiry has confirmed the truth of many instructive and interesting facts relating to the fish of the Mediterranean which have been handed down by Aristotle, Pliny, Archestratus, Aelian, Ovid, Oppian, Athenaeus, and Ausonius. 4. Historical Geography.-To trace the progress of discovery on the waters and shores of this sea would be to give the history of civilisation,-"nullum sine nomine saxum." Its geographical position has eminently tended towards the intercourse of nations, and the extension of the knowledge of the world. The three peninsulas-the Iberian, Italic, and Hellenic-run out to meet that of Asia Minor projecting from the E. coast, while the islands of the Aegean have served as stepping stones for the passage of the peoples from one continent to the other; and the great Indian Ocean advances by the fissure between Arabia, Aegypt, and Abyssinia, under the name of the Red Sea, so as only to be divided by a narrow isthmus from the Delta of the Nile valley and the SE. coast of the Mediterranean. We," says Plato in the Phaedo (p. 109, b.), "who dwell from the Phasis to the Pillars of Hercules, inhabit only a small portion of the earth in which we have settled round the (Interior) sea, like ants or frogs round a marsh." And yet the margin of this contracted basin has been the site where civilisation was first developed, and the theatre of the greatest events in the early history of the world. Religion, intellectual culture, law, arts, and manners nearly everything that lifts us above the savage, have come from these coasts. The earliest civilisation on these shores was to the S., but the national character of the Aegyptians was opposed to intercourse with other nations, and their navigation, such as it was, was mainly confined to the Nile and Arabian gulf. The Phoenicians were the first great agents in promoting the communion of peoples, and their flag waved in every part of the waters of the Internal Sea. Carthage and Etruria, though of less importance than Phoenicia in connecting nations and extending the geographical horizon, exercised great influence commercial intercourse with the W. coast of Africa and the N. of Europe. The progressive movement propagated itself more widely and enduringly through the Greeks and Romans, especially after the latter had broken the Phoenico-Carthaginian power. on In the Hellenic peninsula the broken configuration of the coast-line invited early navigation and commercial intercourse, and the expeditions of the Samians (Herod. iv. 162) and Phocaeans (Herod. i. 163) laid open the W. coast of this sea. During the period of the Roman Universal Empire, the Mediterranean was the lake of the imperial city. Soon after the conclusion of the First Mithridatic War, piracy, which has always existed from the earliest periods of history to the present day in the Grecian waters, was carried on systematically by large armies and fleets, the strongholds of which were Cilicia and Crete. From these stations the pirates directed their expeditions over the greater part of the Mediterranean. (Appian, Bell. Mithr. 92: Plut. Pomp. 24.) Piracy, crushed by Pompeius, was never afterwards carried on so extensively as to merit a place in history, but was not entirely extirpated even by the fleet which the Roman emperors maintained in the East, and that cases still occurred is proved by inscriptions. (Böckh, Corp. Inser. Graec. nn. 2335, 2347.) The Romans despised all trade, and the Greeks, from the time of Hadrian, their great patron, till the extinction of the Roman power in the East, possessed the largest share of the commerce of the Mediterranean. Even after the Moslem conquests, the Arabs, in spite of the various expeditions which they fitted out to attack Constantinople, never succeeded in forming a maritime power; and their naval strength declined with the numbers and wealth of their Christian subjects, until it dwindled into a few piratical squadrons. The emperors of Constantinople really remained masters of the sea. On all points connected with this sea, see Admiral Smyth, The Mediterranean, London, 1854. [E. B. J.] INTEROCREA ('IvтEрокрéα, Strab.), a sina!l town or village of the Sabines, between Amiternum and Reate. It was placed on the Via Salaria, at the junction of its two branches, one of which led eastwards to Amiternum, the other, and principal one, up the valley of the Velinus, to Asculum. It is now called Antrodoco, and is a position of great military importance, from its commanding the entrance to the two passes just mentioned, which must in all ages have formed two of the principal lines of communication across the Apennines. It seems, however, to Jave been in ancient times but a small place: Strabo calls it a village; and its name is otherwise found only in the Itineraries, which place it at 14 M. P. from Reate, a distance that coincides with the position of Antrodoco. (Strab. v. p. 228; Itin. Ant. p. 307; Tab. Peut.) Its ancient name is evidently derived from its position in a deep valley between rugged mountains; for we learn from Festus (p. 181, ed. Müll.) that Ocris was an ancient word for a mountain: and it is interesting to find this form still preserved in the name of the Montagne di Ocra, a lofty and rugged group of the Apennines, near Aquila. (Zannoni, Carta del Regno di Napoli, 3. fol.) [E. H. B.] INTERPROMIUM, a village of the Marrucini, forming a station on the Via Claudia Valeria between Corfinium and Teate. It is repeatedly mentioned in the Itineraries, but the distances are variously given. (Itin. Ant. pp. 102,310; Tab. Peut.) The line of the ancient highroad is, however, well ascertained, and the position of Interpromium is fixed by ancient remains, as well as mediaeval records, at a place on the right bank of the Aternus, just below the narrow gorge through which that river flows below Popoli. The site is now marked only by a tavern called the Osteria di S. Valentino, from the little town of that name on the hill above; it is distant 12 Roman miles from Corfinium (S. Pellino), and 13 from Teate (Chieti), or 21 from Pescara, at the mouth of the Aternus. (Holsten. Not. ad Cluv. p. 143; D'Anville, Analyse de l'Italie, p. 178; Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 117.) An inscription also mentions Interpromium under the name of Pagus Interprominus (Orell. Inscr. 144; Romanelli, l. c.); it is called "Interpromium vicus" in the Itinerary of Antoninus (p. 102), and was evidently a mere village, probably a dependency of Teate. [E. H. B.] INTI BILI. 1. [EDETANI.] 2. A town of Hispania Baetica, near Illiturgis, the scene of a battle gained by the Romans over the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War. (Liv. xxiii. 49; Frontin. Stratag. iii. 3.) [P.S.] INUI CASTRUM. [CASTRUM INUI.] INYCUM or INYCUS (IVUKOV, Steph. B., but IVUKOS, Herod.: Eth. 'Ivukivos), a town of Sicily, situated in the SW. of the island, on the river Hypsas. It is principally known from its connection with the mythical legends concerning Minos and Daedalus; the capital of the Sicanian prince Cocalus, who afforded a shelter to the fugitive Daedalus against the Cretan monarch, being placed by some writers at Inycum, and by others at Camicus. (Paus. vii. 4. § 6; Charax, ap. Steph. B. v. Kaμikós.) It is mentioned in historical times by Herodotus as the place of confinement to which Scythes, the ruler of Zancle, was sent by Hippocrates, who had taken him prisoner. (Herod. vi. 23, 24.) Aelian, who copies the narrative of Herodotus, represents Scythes as a native of Inycum; but this is probably a mistake. (Ael. V. H. viii. 17.) Plato speaks of Inycum as still in existence in his time, but quite a small place (xwplov Távu σμкpóv); notwithstanding which he makes the sophist Hippias boast that he had derived from it a sum of 20 minae. (Plat. Hipp. M. p. 282, e.) It is evident that it always continued to be an inconsiderable place, and was probably a mere dependency of Selinus. Hence we never again meet with its name, though Stephanus tells us that this was still preserved on account of the excellence of its wine. (Steph. B. s. v. "IvvкOV; Hesych. s. v.) Vibius Sequester is the only author that affords any clue to its position, by telling us that the river Hypsas (the modern Belici) flowed by it (Vib. Sequest. p. 12, according to Cluver's emen dation); but further than this its site cannot be determined. [E. H. B.] IOBACCHI. [MARMARICA.] IOL, afterwards CAESAREA (Ἰωλ Καισάρεια, Ptol. ii 4. § 5; Kaιoάpeia, Strab., &c.), originally an obscure Phoenician settlement on the N. coast of Africa, became afterwards famous as the capital of Bocchus and of Juba II. [MAURETANIA.] The latter king enlarged and adorned the city, and gave it the name of Caesarea, in honour of his patron Augustus. Under the Romans it gave its name to the province of Mauretania Caesariensis, of which it was the capital. It was made a colony by the emperor Claudius. Under Valens it was burnt by the Moors; but it was again restored; and in the 6th century it was a populons and flourishing city. It occupied a favourable position midway between Carthage and the Straits, and was conveniently situated with refe.ence to Spain, the Balearic islands, and Sardinia; and it had a natural harbour, protected by a small island. To the E. of the city stood the royal mausoleum. (Strab. xvii. p. 831; Dion Cass. lx. 9; Mela, i. 6. § 1; Plin. v. 2. s. 1; Eutrop. vii. 5; Itin. Ant. pp. 5, 15, 25, 31; Oros. vii. 33; Ammian. xxix. 5; Procop. B. Vand. ii. 5.) Caesarea is now identified, beyond all doubt, with the magnificent ruins at Zershell on the coast of Algier, in a little more than 20 E. long. The Arabic name is simply an abbreviation of Caesarea Iol; a fact clear to the intuitive sagacity of Shaw, and which, in connection with the statements of the ancients, led that incomparable traveller to the truth. Unfortunately, however, nearly all subsequent writers preferred to follow the thick-headed Mannert, who was misled by an error in the Antonine Itinerary, whereby all the places along this coast, for a considerable distance, are thrown too far to the W.; until the researches which followed the French conquest of the country revealed inscriptions which set the question at rest for ever. There exist few stronger examples of that golden rule of criticism:"Ponderanda sunt testimonia, non numeranda." (Shaw, Travels, vol. i. pt. 1. c. 3; Barth, Wanderungen, p. 56; Pellissier, in the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie, vol. vi. p. 349.) [P. S.] IOLAI or IOLAENSES (16λao, Paus.; 'IoAάetot, Diod.; 'Ioλaeis, Strab. v. p. 225), a people of Sardinia, who appear to have been one of the indigenous or native tribes of the island. According to Strabo, they were the same people who were called in his day Diagesbians or Diagebrians (Alaynspeîs or Alaynσbeîs), a name otherwise unknown: and he adds that they were a Tyrrhenian people, a statement in itself not improbable. The commonly received tradition, however, represented them as a Greek race, composed of emigrants from Attica and Thespiae, who had settled in the island under the command of Iolaus, the nephew of Hercules. (Paus. x. 17. § 5; Diod. iv. 30, v. 15.) It is evident that this legend was derived from the resemblance of the name (in the form which it assumed according to the Greek pronunciation) to that of Iolaus: what the native form of the name was, we know not; and it is not mentioned by any Latin author, though both Pausanias and Diodorus affirm that it was still retained by the part of the island which had been inhabited by the Iolai. Hence, modern writers have assumed that the name is in reality the same with that of the Ilienses, which would seem probable enough; but Pausanias, the only writer who mentions them both, expressly distinguishes the two. That author speaks of Olbia, in the NE. part of the island, as one of their chief towns. Diodorus represents them, on the contrary, as occupying the plains and most fertile portions of the island, while the district adjoining Olbia is one of the most rugged and mountainous in Sardinia. [E. H. B.] IOLCUS (Ιωλκός, Ep. Ιαωλκός, Dor. Ἰαλκός: Eth. Ἰώλκιος, fem. Ιωλκίς, Ἰωλκίας), an ancient city of Magnesia in Thessaly, situated at the head of the Pagasaean gulf and at the foot of Mt. Pelion (Pind. Nem. iv. 88), and celebrated in the heroic ages as the residence of Jason, and the place where the Argonauts assembled. [See Dict. of Biogr. artt. JASON and ARGONAUTAE.] It is mentioned by Homer, who gives it the epithets of UKTIμévη and eupúxopos (Il. ii. 712, Od. xi. 256). It is said to have been founded by Cretheus (Apollod. i. 9. § 11), and to have been colonised by Minyans from Orchomenos. (Strab. ix. p. 414.) Iolcus is rarely mentioned in historical times. It was given by the Thessalians to Hippias, upon his expulsion from Athens. (Herod. v. 94.) The town afterwards suffered from the dissensions of its inhabitants, but it was finally ruined by the foundation of Demetrias in B. C. 290, when the inhabitants of Iolcos and of other adjoining towns were removed to this place. (Strab. ix. p. 436.) It seems to have been no longer in existence in the time of Strabo, since he speaks of the place where Iolcos stood (ô Tŷjs 'Iwλkoû tóños, ix. p. 438). The position of Iolcos is indicated by Strabo, who says that it was on the road from Boebe to Demetrias, and at the distance of 7 stadia from the latter (ix. p. 438). In another passage he says that Iolcos is situated above the sea at the distance of 7 stadia from Demetrias (ix. p. 436). Pindar also, as we have already seen, places Iolcos at the foot of Mt. Pelion, consequently a little inland. From these descriptions there is little doubt that Leake is right in placing Iolcos on the steep height between the southernmost houses of Volo and Vlakho-makhalá,, upon which stands a church called Episkopi. There' are at present no ancient remains at this place; but some large squared blocks of stone are said to have formerly existed at the foot of the height, and to have been carried away for the construction of buildings elsewhere. Moreover, it is the only spot in the neighbourhood which has any appearance of being an ancient site. It might indeed appear, from Livy (xliv. 12, 13), that Iolcus was situated upon the coast; but in this passage, as well as in Strabo (ix. p. 436), the name of Iolcos seems to have been given to this part of the coast as well as to the city itself. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 379; Mézières, Mémoire sur le Pelion et l'Ossa, p. 11.) JOMANES (Plin. vi. 17. s. 21), the most important of the affluents of the Ganges, into which it flows near the city of Allahabad (Pratishthána). There can be no doubt that Arrian means the same river when he speaks of Iobares (Ind. c. 8); and Ptolemy expresses nearly the same sound, when he names the Diamuna (vii. 1. § 29). It is now calied the Jamuna or Jumna. The Jumna rises in the highest part of the Himalaya, at no great distance from the sources of the Sutledge and Ganges, respectively, in the neighbourhood of Jamunáratári (Jumnotri), which is probably the most sacred spot of Hindu worship. It enters the Indian plain country at Fyzabad, and on its way to join the Ganges it passes the important cities of Dehli (Indraprastha) and Agra (Crishmapura), and receives several large tributaries. These affluents, in order from W. to E., are the Sambus (Arrian, Ind. c. 4), (probably the Carmanvati or Cambal), the Betwa (or Vetravati), and the Cainas (Arrian, l. c.; Plin. vi. 19. s. 21: now Cayana or Céna). The last has been already mentioned as one of the tributaries of the Ganges. [V.] IOMNIUM. [MAURETANIA.] ION (Iv), a river of Tymphaea in Thessaly, rising in the Cambunian mountains, and flowing into the Peneius: now river of Krátzova. (Strab. vii. p. 327, Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv p. 546.) ION MONS. [LIBYA.] IONES. [IONIA.] IONIA (Iwvía), also called Ionis, the country of Asia Minor inhabited by Ionian Greeks, and comprising the western coast from Phocaca in the north to Miletus in the south. (Herod. i. 142; Strab. xiv. init.; Plin. v. 31.) Its length from north to south, in a straight line, amounted to 800 stadia, while the length of its much indented coast amounted to 3430; and the distance from Ephesus to Smyrna, in a straight line, was only 320 stadia, while along the coast it reached the large number of 2200. (Strab. |