7. Spencer's Red-Cross Knight (Book I. of Fairy Queen). 8. Sir Guyon (Book II. of Fairy Queen). 9. Milton's Paradise Lost (Books 1-4). 5-8). 12. Wordsworth's Wanderer (Excursion, Book I.). 13. Scott's Ivanhoe. 14. ... Heart of Midlothian. 15. Bacon's Advancement of Learning (Book I.). 16. One Book of Homer, or Virgil, &c. Chapter II.-Descriptive Themes. 118. The aim of the Descriptive Theme is to convey a clear notion of what the thing described is. It may therefore be regarded as an expansion of the descriptive paragraph (§ 86), amplified by the occasional introduction of narrative and reflective elements. Each of the particulars mentioned in the schemes for descriptive paragraphs (§§ 87, 89, 92), may thus be expanded and amplified so as to form a separate paragraph by itself. Thus, in speaking of the species to which an object belongs, some sentences of narration may be introduced to illustrate the history either of the species, or of the particular object under consideration. An enumeration of its properties, in like manner, will give rise to reflections regarding its qualities, its uses, and the feelings or associations which either the whole object or any part of it suggests. 119. The subjects of Descriptive Themes, as of Descriptive Paragraphs, may be 1. Individual objects. 2. Class objects. 3. Moral qualities. A Model Scheme for each kind of subject is given in the follow ing sections. 120. Model Scheme for an Individual Object. 1. The species-A citadel.1 1R. Comparison.-The capitol; the Acropolis; the Bastile; the citadel of Antwerp, &c. 1N. Its history-William the Conquerer; Rufus; Charles II. 2R. Purpose-To overawe the city, and command the river. N. Place of execution of state prisoners. R. Queen Elizabeth's armoury. "N. The lions in the Tower "R. The princes murdered by 10N. Its history, built in 1826, D. and R. The different purposes to which it is now applied. Exercise 51. Subjects for Descriptive Themes (Individual Objects) : 1. The Houses of Parliament. 2. Westminster Abbey. 3. St Paul's Cathedral. 4. St Peter's, at Rome. 5. The Bastile. 6. The town of Chester. 121. 7. York Minster. 8. Stonehenge. 9 The Giant's Causeway. 10. The Bass Rock. 11. The Isle of Wight. 12. The International Exhibition. Model Scheme for a Class Object. A CAMERA OBSCURA. 1. The species.-(1.) Genus. Opti- 'N. Its discovery, improvecal instruments. (2.) Difference. Receives images of external things. ment. *R. Resembles the human eye. 2. Its properties.-Used for photographics purposes; presents the image inverted and reversed; small aperture for light to enter; size, various. 3. Its paris-1. The lens 2. The chamber:* & The ground glasat * ★. The banks. —Starkmary; portae: storescopic matroscopic; mach "N. History of the art; and R. The lens of the eye. R. The retina; images made permanent by chemistry. PD. Solid pictures. Exercise 52. Subjects for Descriptive Phones Class Cbjects). 1. A Steam Pengh. à a per-mad ng machine. 7. A Distillery. $ 31 Cbservsm0ry. 9. Telegraphic apparatus. 20. A Bank Gas making apparatus.. Model Scheme for an Abstrset Quailty. 122. Chapter III.-Reflective Themes. 123. In a Reflective Theme each of the particulars mentioned in § 98, as elements of a paragraph, should be so amplified as to form a separate paragraph by itself. The composition may also be relieved by the introduction of narrative and descriptive elements. The particulars referred to (§ 98) were : 1. The cause, origin, or motive. 2. The effect or consequence. 8. The illustration, including comparison. 4. The feelings excited by the subject. 5. The application, its influence on life and conduct; the moral inculcated. 124. Model Scheme.-Magna Charta.* 1. The cause. The king weak and tyrannical; the nobles powerful; disgusted with his conduct; their motive, to weaken his power; his motive, to stave off a crisis, and deceive them into a false security, &c. 2. The effects. Great good to the nation; laid the foundation of British freedom; secured property and personal liberty, &c. 3. The illustration. Compare it to the planting of a noble tree, or to the discovery of the law of gravitation in physics, &c. 4. The feelings. Hearty approval; admiration of the men who secured it; gratitude to them for associating the people with them, &c. 5. The application Good brought out of evil; we cannot see the end at the beginning; patriotism a duty, &c. | N. Previous history of D. Its articles and D.Langton, Pembroke, *To shew the different treatment which a subject should receive in a Paragraph and in a Theme, we here give the same subject as is ana. lysed for a Paragraph in ? 99. 125. The distinction generally drawn between the theme and the essay is, that the latter is less restrained than the former by fixed rules or a rigid plan. To the class of essays, in this view, these discursive themes may be said to belong. It is not intended that they should be written without any plan; only that they cannot, as in the previous cases, be written according to a uniform plan. No essay should be written without a previous systematic laying out of the subject; but the subjects are so various in kind, and many of them are so complex, that each of them will require, or at least admit of, a different mode of treatment. In the following exercise a few model schemes are given as specimens. From these the first essays should be written. Afterwards, the pupils should be required to prepare an outline of each subject, and submit it to the teacher for approval before writing the essay. Exercise 55. 1. On Cruelty to Animals. OUTLINE. a. The obligations of man to the lower animals. The ingratitude of maltreating his benefactors. b. The goodness of God in providing these animals for our use, and in giving man "dominion over them." The injustice and |