the claims of the ecclesiastics were founded on that charter which was on all hands acknowledged to be derived from heaven.

2. As they proceeded, the indications of approaching land seemed to be more certain, and excited hope in proportion. The birds began to appear in flocks, making towards the south-west. Columbus, in imitation of the Portuguese navigators, who had been guided in several of their discoveries by the motion of birds, altered his course from due west towards that quarter whither they pointed their flight. But, after holding on for several days in this new direction, without any better success than formerly, having seen no object during thirty days but the sea and the sky, the hopes of his companions subsided faster than they had risen; their fears revived with additional force; impatience, rage, and despair appeared in every countenance. All sense of subordination was lost. The officers who had hitherto concurred with Columbus in opinion, and supported his authority, now took part with the private men; they assembled tumultuously on the deck, expostulated with their commander, mingled threats with their expostulations, and required him instantly to tack about and return to Europe.

32. Transposition is the process of changing the order in which the parts of a sentence are arranged, without changing the sense; and allows such alterations on the construction (e. g., from the active to the passive voice, or v. v.) as the new arrangement requires-e. g.

1. The greatness of mind which shews itself in dangers, if it wants justice, is blameable.

2. (Transposed) If the greatness of mind which is shewn in danger wants justice, it is blameable.

Exercise 10.

Transpose the phrases and clauses in the following sentences, without altering the sense :

1. That morning he had laid his books, as usual, on the table in his study. 2. I shall never consent to such proposals while I live. 3. Many changes are now taking place in the vegetable world under our immediate notice, though we are not observant of them. 4. By those accustomed to the civilisation and the warm sun of Italy, it must have been felt as a calamity to be compelled to live, not only in a cold, uncultivated country, but also among a barbarous people. 5. Let us not conclude, while dangers are at a distance, and do not immediately approach us,

* As it is the purpose of these preliminary exercises to explain processes afterwards made use of, the pupil should be required to give as great a variety of arrangement of each sentence as possible.

that we are secure, unless we use the necessary precautions to prevent them. 6. You may set my fields on fire, and give my children to the sword; you may drive myself forth a houseless, childless beggar, or load me with the fetters of slavery; but you never can conquer the hatred I feel to your oppression. 7. Meanwhile Gloucester, taking advantage of the king's indolent disposition, resumed his plots and cabals. 8. In all speculations upon men and human affairs, it is of no small moment to distinguish things of accident from permanent causes. 9. At Bath, the remains of two temples, and of a number of statues, have been dug up, in laying the foundations of new streets and squares.

Exercise 11.

Transpose the following passages from the metrical to the prose order, without altering the sense :—

1. Blest he, though undistinguish'd from the crowd
By wealth or dignity, who dwells secure

2.

Where man, by nature fierce, has laid aside

His fierceness, having learnt, though slow to learn,
The manners and the arts of civil life.-Cowper.

From that bleak tenement

He, many an evening, to his distant home
In solitude returning, saw the hills
Grow larger in the darkness, all alone

Beheld the stars come out above his head,

And travelled through the wood, with no one near

In whom he might confess the things he saw.— -Wordsworth.

3. Some feelings are to mortals given,

With less of earth in them than heaven;

And if there be a human tear

From passion's dross refined and clear,

A tear so limpid and so meek,

It would not stain an angel's cheek,
"Tis that which pious fathers shed,
Upon a duteous daughter's head!-Scott.

4. 'Tis hard to say if greater want of skill
Appear in writing or in judging ill;
But, of the two, less dangerous is the offence
To tire our patience, than mislead our sense:
Some few in that, but numbers err in this;
Ten censure wrong for one who writes amiss.-Pope.

5. The pain of death denounced

Deterred [you] not from achieving what might lead
To happier life,-knowledge of good and evil;
Of good, how just? of evil (if what is evil
Be real), why not known, since easier shunn'd?
God therefore cannot hurt ye, and be just;

Not just, not God; not fear'd then, nor obey'd:
Your fear itself of death removes the fear.-Milton.

6. To satisfy the sharp desire I had

Of tasting those fair apples, I resolv'd

Not to defer: hunger and thirst at once,
Powerful persuaders, quickened at the scent

Of that alluring fruit, urged me so keen.-Milton.

7. But, that thou shouldst my firmness therefore doubt
To God or thee, because we have a foe

May tempt it, I expected not to hear.
His violence thou fear'st not, being such
As we (not capable of death or pain)

Can either not receive, or can repel.-Milton.

8. They heard, and were abash'd, and up they sprung
Upon the wing; as when men, wont to watch

On duty sleeping found by whom they dread,
Rouse and bestir themselves ere well awake.-Milton.

9. If you would consider the true cause

Why all these fires, why all these gliding ghosts;
Why birds and beasts, from quality and kind;
Why old men, fools, and children calculate;
Why all these things change from their ordinance,
Their natures, and pre-formed faculties,

To monstrous quality: why, you shall find
That heaven hath infus'd them with these spirits,
To make them instruments of fear and warning
Unto some monstrous state.-Shakespeare.

10. That you do love me I am nothing jealous;
What you would work me to I have some aim;
How I have thought of this, and of these times,
I shall recount hereafter: for this present

I would not,— -so with love I might entreat you,-
Be any further moved.-Shakespeare.

33. A DIRECT SPEECH gives the words exactly as spoken, the

speaker employing the pronouns of the first person; an INDIRECT SPEECH gives the words as reported by another. E.g.:

Direct. I have frequently said to myself, "I shall never

be happy till I have atoned for this offence."

Indirect. He had frequently said to himself that he would never be happy till he had atoned for that offence. 34. In transposing a speech from the direct to the indirect form, the following rules must be observed :—

1. The first and second persons must be changed to the third. E. g.:-I assure you ;—He assured them.

2. Each present tense must be turned into its correspondE. g. :—

ing past.
I know well.

I told you last year.

I have now explained, &c.

I shall endeavour, &c.

He knew well.

He had told them last year.

He had now explained.
He would endeavour, &c.

3. The nearer demonstrative this is changed into the more remote that. E. g.:

I shall never forget this day.

He would never forget that day.

Exercise 12.

Transpose the following passages from the direct to the indirect form:

1. The Chancellor of the Exchequer :-"There is no commodity of more universal use than paper. It is a great error to suppose, as my right honourable friend has supposed, that paper is consumed exclusively by the rich."

2. "The rich, no doubt, are the largest consumers for writing purposes; but paper is consumed to an enormous extent by the poor, who can scarcely purchase a single article of daily consumption which is not wrapped in paper that enhances its price."

3. " Yes, I repeat, that enhances its price,-not in the same degree, I admit, as the paper consumed by the rich, who use the better sorts of writing paper, and finely printed books, that are taxed at the rate of 3, 4, and 5 per cent."

4. Mr Macaulay :-"I am so sensible, Sir, of the kindness with which the House has listened to me, that I will not detain you longer. I will only say this, that if the measure before us should pass, and should produce one-tenth part of the evil which it is calculated to produce, and which I fully expect it to produce, there will soon be a remedy, though of a very objectionable kind."

5. Mr Macaulay:-"I could scarcely believe my ears when I heard this part of our plan condemned in another place. I should have thought that it would have been received with peculiar favour in that quarter where it has met with the most severe condemnation. What, at present, is the case? If the supreme Court and the Government differ on a question of jurisdiction, or on a question of legislation, within the towns which are the seats of Government, there is absolutely no umpire but the imperial Parliament."

6. Mr Pitt:" The atrocious crime of being a young man, which the honourable gentleman has, with such spirit and decency, charged upon me, I shall neither attempt to palliate nor to deny; but content myself with wishing that I may be one of those whose follies cease with their youth, and not of that number who are ignorant in spite of experience. Whether youth can be imputed to any man as a reproach, I will not, Sir, assume the province of determining; but surely age may become justly contemptible, if the opportunities which it brings have passed away without improvement, and vice appears to prevail where the passions have subsided."

7. "I trust myself," said Mr Brougham, "once more in your faithful hands, I fling myself again on your protection; I call aloud to you to bear your own cause in your hearts. I implore of you to come forward in your own defence,-for the sake of this vast town and its people,for the salvation of the middle and lower orders,-for the whole industrious part of the whole country. I entreat you by your love of peace, by your hatred of oppression, by your weariness of burthensome and useless taxation; by yet another appeal, to which those must lend an ear who have been deaf to all the rest,-I ask it for your families, for your infants, if you would avoid such a winter of horrors as the last. It is coming fast upon you; already it is near at hand. Yet a few short weeks, and we may be in the midst of those unspeakable miseries, the recollection of which now rends your very souls."

8. "The slightest insult to a merchant, or the captain of the smallest naval craft, was enough to rouse your ancestors to war; what, then, ought to be your indignation at the simultaneous butchery of so many thousand Roman citizens at the bidding of this tyrant? Corinth, the brightest luminary of Greece, was threatened with extinction, merely for having given a somewhat haughty reception to your Ambassadors; and will you allow impunity to a despot who has dared to subject to the chain and to the scourge, and at last to a death of excruciating torture, a Consular Ambassador of the Roman people? Your ancestors would not brook the slightest infringement of the liberty of a Roman citizen, and will you not avenge his blood?"-Cicero, Pro Lege Manilia.

Exercise 13.

Transpose the following passages from the indirect to the direct form: