most effective of his parliamentary speeches was that which he delivered on the Chinese war soon after entering St. Stephen's. His success as an advocate is thought to have depended less on his deep acquaintance with the principles of jurisprudence than on his singularly persuasive eloquence, joined with great earnestness on behalf of his client. [See SUPPLEMENT, CHELMSFORD, FREDERICK THESIGER, LORD.] THESPIS, a native of Icaria in Attica, who lived in the time of Solon and Pisistratus, about 535 B.C. The ancient traditions unanimously represent him as the inventor of tragedy. The manner in which this invention is said to have originated is stated differently. According to one account, which is also adopted by Horace, it arose from Thespis travelling during the festival of Dionysus through Attica upon a waggon, on which he performed comic plays. This tradition however is based upon a confusion of tragedy with comedy, the invention of which is not ascribed to Thespis by any ancient authority. The invention of Thespis consisted in nothing else than in introducing a person who at the Dionysiac festivals in the city of Athens entered into conversation with the chorus, or related a story to it. The designation of this actor was Hypocrites (vπокρITηs), that is, the answerer,' because what he said or acted answered or corresponded with the songs of the chorus. By means of masks, the invention of which was likewise ascribed to Thespis, he was enabled to act different characters one after another. Some writers who considered the chorus itself as a second actor, speak of two actors in the time of Thespis, and consequently state that Eschylus introduced a third actor. (Themistius, 'Orat.,' xxvi., p. 382, edit. Dindorf.) Whether Thespis wrote his plays is not quite certain, although Donatus ('De Comoed. et Tragoed.,' in Gronovius' 'Thesaurus,' viii.; p. 1387) expressly says so, but the tragedies bearing the name of Thespis in the time of the Alexandrines cannot be considered as genuine. It is an historical fact that Heraclides Ponticus forged tragedies under the name of Thespis; and the few fragments of Thespis quoted by ancient writers are unquestionably passages of such supposititious works. The tragedies of Thespis must have fallen into oblivion and have perished at the time when the Attic drama reached its perfection: some of his choral songs however appear to have been known as late as the time of Aristophanes, as we may infer from the concluding scene of the Wasps.' We know the titles of four of his tragedies: 'Pentheus,' 'The Funeral Games of Pelias or Phorbas,' 'The Priests,' and 'The Youths;' but of their construction nothing is known, except that each seems to have commenced with a prologue. (Themist., 'Orat.,' p. 382.)

Respecting the history of Thespis very little is known. Solon was present at the performance of one of Thespis's plays, and highly disapproved of dramatic performances, as tending to lead men to falsehood and hypocrisy. Towards the end of the career of Thespis tragic contests were introduced at Athens, and Thespis probably contended for the prize with Choerilus and Phrynichus, who is called his disciple. Thespis is also said to have distinguished himself in orchestic, or the art of dancing (Athenæus, i., p. 22), which however can only refer to his skill in instructing the chorus.

(Bode, Geschichte der Dramat. Dichtkunst der Hellenen, i., pp. 40-57; Müller, Hist. of the Lit. of Greece, i., p. 292, &c.)

THE'SSALUS, an ancient Greek physician, son of the celebrated Hippocrates, appears to have lived at the court of Archelaus, king of Macedonia, who reigned 413-399, B.C. He was one of the founders of the sect of the Dogmatici, who also took the name of the Hippocratic' school, because they professed to follow the doctrines of that great man. However, both he and his brother Dracon, and his brotherin-law Polybus, are accused by Galen in several passages of not only mixing up with the opinions of Hippocrates the principles of later philosophers, but also of altering and interpolating his writings. Several of the works that go under the name of Hippocrates are by many critics supposed to have been written by Thessalus, viz. De Morbis,' the second, fifth, sixth, and seventh books ‘De_Morbis Vulgaribus,' and the second book of the 'Prædictiones,' or ' Prorrhetica;' but this conjecture is uncertain.

(Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd.; Fabricius, Biblioth. Græca; Haller, Biblioth Medic. Pract.; Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd.; Ackermann, Hist. Literar. Hippocr.; Choulant, Handbuch der Bücherkunde für die Eltere Medecin.)

THE'SSALUS, one of the founders of the ancient medical sect of the Methodici, was born at Tralles in Lydia, and lived in the reign of the emperor Nero, in the first century after Christ. He was the son of a weaver, and followed the same trade himself during his youth, by which means he lost the opportunity of receiving a good education, and was never afterwards able to overcome this disadvantage. He appears however to have soon given up this employment, and applied himself to the study of medicine, by which he acquired a great reputation, and amassed a large fortune. His whole character however, both intellectual and moral, is everywhere represented by Galen in a very unfavourable light; but it must be confessed that Galen himself appears to very little advantage in these passages, and goes beyond all bounds in his abuse of him.

Thessalus adopted the principles of the Methodici, but modified and developed them so much that he attributed to himself the invention of them. In fact on all occasions he appears to have tried to exalt himself at the expense of his predecessors; lavishing upon the ancients

By his

the most insulting epithets; calling himself by the title laтpovíkηs (conqueror of physicians), because he thought that he himself surpassed all his predecessors as much as medicine is superior to all other sciences; boasting that he could teach the art of healing in six months; and telling the emperor Nero, in the dedication of one of his works, that none of those who had been before him had contributed anything to the advancement of medical science. boasting he attracted a great number of pupils, whom he took with him for six months to visit his patients; but most of them are said to have been common artisans and persons of very low extraction. Galen accuses him of knowing nothing of the action of drugs, though he had written on the subject. He did not care for inquiring into the causes of diseases, and was satisfied with certain problematical analogies; nor did he admit the value of prognostic signs. A further account of his opinions may be found in Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd.; Haller, Biblioth. Medic. Pract.;' Sprengel, Hist. de la Méd.' THE VENOT, MELCHISEDEC, is said by all his biographers to have died at the age of seventy-one; and as his death happened in 1692, this places his birth in the year 1621. An entry in the printed catalogue of Thévenot's library informs us that he was uncle of the traveller Jean Thévenot, but beyond this we know nothing of his family or his circumstances. It is probable however, from the respectable missions to which he was appointed at an early age, from the large library he collected, and from his being able to devote himself to literary pursuits while apparently in the receipt of no pension, that his family was wealthy and well-connected.

It is stated that in his youth he visited several countries of Europe, but the earliest incidents of his life concerning which we have positive and authentic accounts are those mentioned in the brief autobiographical sketch prefixed to the printed catalogue of his library. He tells us that on his return from travelling in 1647, he was nominated resident at Genoa, but that the troubles of the Fronde interfering to prevent his taking possession of the post, he continued to follow the court till 1652. He was then sent to Rome, where he continued nearly three years; and being there at the commencement of the conclave which elected Alexander VII., the royal instructions respecting the part France intended to take on that occasion were addressed to him till the time of M. de Lionne's arrival. Thévenot alludes in mysterious phrase to a delicate and dangerous commission with which he was entrusted after the termination of the conclave, which he says he discharged to the perfect satisfaction of Mazarin and the other ministers. He attended Mazarin during the campaign in Flanders, 1655.

On his return to Paris, Thévenot devoted himself entirely to study. Frenicle, a mathematician, and Stenon, a naturalist, resided with him; and in the house adjoining his own he entertained a person to conduct chemical experiments. The meetings of scientific men which had been held in the houses of Père Mersenne and Montmort were transferred to Thévenot's mansion. The expenses thus incurred proved too heavy for his means, and he proposed to Colbert the establishment of a public and permanent association of scientific men under the patronage of the king. The suggestion accorded with the minister's inclinations, and a grand academy was projected, intended to embrace every branch of knowledge. The king's library was to be the place of meeting: the historians were to assemble there on the Mondays and Thursdays of every week; the amateurs of the belleslettres on the Tuesdays and Fridays; the mathematicians and natural philosophers on the Wednesdays and Saturdays; and general assemblies of all the three classes were to be held on the first Thursday of every month. The historical class was allowed to drop, it being feared that its inquiries might occasion dangerous discussions; the Académie Française, instituted by Richelieu, remonstrated against the foundation of another literary academy; and the only part of Colbert's plan that was realised was the Académie des Sciences,' which commenced operations in the month of June 1666. Thévenot did not become a member of the Academy till 1685.

He had in the mean time however been diligently prosecuting bis favourite studies. Each of our company,' he says, "had his task and occupation: mine was to collect and publish in French whatever useful arts were practised among other nations. About this time I invented an air-level, of which I caused the description to be printed, and it is now acknowledged to be the most accurate that has yet been tried. To render geography more perfect, I collected and published three large volumes of a collection of voyages, upon which I had been working for some time. I had the honour to present them to the king, who examined them for nearly half an hour, and, after asking several questions, commanded me to continue the work. M. Colbert informed me that he had his majesty's orders to furnish me with everything necessary to carry out the design." This distribution of tasks took place about 1659, before the Academy had received its definitive constitution. The first volume of Thévenot's Voyages was published at Paris, in 1662. The author's preface announces a translation of the Voyages and Travels published by Hakluyt and Purchas, with the addition of some translations from the Oriental languages. The second volume appeared in 1664: the preface intimates that for the use of the numerous trading companies that have of late been formed in the kingdom, he has added an account of the present state of the Indies, noting the principal commercial establishments

and places of resort of the Dutch and Portuguese; a report from one of the factors of the Dutch East India Company to the directors; and an extract of a letter from the governor-general of the East India Company of France. The third volume was published in 1666, and the fourth in 1672. In the preface to the fourth volume Thévenot informs the reader that the constant discovery of travels which had escaped his research has obliged him to abandon the attempt to classify the voyages inserted in his collection, so that all relating to one quarter of the world should appear together. These four volumes were in folio; and during the remainder of his life Thévenot published in the same form a number of separate accounts of voyages, which, together with some left half printed at his death, were bulky enough to form a fifth volume. The edition of his collection printed after his death at Paris, in 1696, professes to contain all these miscellanea, but a complete copy is rarely to be met with. In 1683 Thévenot published a small book in 12mo, entitled Recueil de Voyages de M. Thévenot. It contains 'A Discourse on the Art of Navigation, with some Problems which may supply in part the deficiencies of this useful art. Among these problems he has inserted an account of the level above alluded to. The same volume contains an account of the museum of Swammerdam, with some memoirs by that naturalist, said on the special title-page to be 'Extracted, together with the travels which precede it, from the Transactions of the Society which met at the house of M. Thévenot.' It will be advisable to conclude the narrative of Thévenot's life before attempting to pronounce judgment on the merits of his publications.

Colbert died in 1683, and Louvois succeeding to the office of superintendent of buildings, succeeded likewise to the management of the royal library, which was regarded as belonging to that minister's department. Louvois appointed his son, afterwards known as the Abbé Louvois, who was then only nine years of age, librarian. It was necessary to find a deputy for so juvenile an officer: the Abbé Varés was first appointed, but he dying in September, 1684, the office was conferred upon Thévenot, on the understanding that such of his books as were not already in the royal library were to be purchased for it. The zeal which Colbert had manifested at the outset of his ministerial career for the augmentation of the royal collection had abated for some years before his death: from 1673 till his death no important acquisitions had been made. Thévenot found the library extremely deficient in English, German, and Dutch works, and he obtained permission to make arrangements for procuring from those countries their histories, laws, and accounts of their customs; in short, everything calculated to convey information regarding their governments and transactions. The inquiry after Greek and Oriental MSS. in the Levant, begun by Colbert, was continued by Louvois; and Thévenot, by that minister's directions, prepared and transmitted instructions to Messrs. Girardin and Galland and the Père Besnier for the prosecution of the search. It was also at his suggestion that a native of China, who had brought some Chinese books to Rome, was induced to visit Paris, and his books acquired for the king's library. On the death of Louvois a new arrangement was made for the management of the king's library, and about the same time Thévenot resigned or was dismissed from his appointment. There is reason to doubt whether he had given satisfaction as librarian: the historical memoir in the first volume of the printed catalogue of the king's library, which does ample justice to other officials, merely notices his appointment and resignation; and the notice of his life found in his own writing among his papers after his death, has very much the appearance of a defensive

statement of his own merits.

Thévenot did not long survive the termination of his connection with the king's library: he died on the 29th of October 1692.

Thévenot, in addition to most European languages, was able to read Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, Turkish, and Persian. He commenced a series of observations on the variation of the magnetic needle in 1663, and prosecuted them with great perseverance till 1681. He suggested in 1669 the measurement of several degrees of the meridian along the Gulf of Bothnia: he invented his air-level about 1660, and recommended its adoption to facilitate observations of the latitude at sea, and he endeavoured to discover a natural unit of linear measurement for all nations. He possessed however rather the taste than the talent for strict scientific observation and reasoning, and this peculiarity was the cause in the first place of his anxiety to have men of science for habitual visitors, and of his eagerness to collect books of travels, printed or in manuscript, such works being calculated to gratify a mind which, without a capacity for severe labour, was fond of acquiring knowledge. In books of travels he found information regarding statistics, history, commerce, natural history, and science; and he could relish all these branches of knowledge and appreciate their importance, though he could not task himself to master any one of them. He undertook to publish a systematic collection of voyages and travels, as the task best suited to his turn of mind; but even this required more continuous effort than he was capable of: in the fourth volume the systematic arrangement was abandoned, and only some fragments of the fifth part were published at long intervals. Thévenot was one of those who promote science by imparting a contagious spirit of activity to others more than by anything they accomplish themselves. His taste for collecting books has been the means of supplying the king's library at Paris with some of its not least valuable MSS., some of

which have yet to be turned fully to account. His collection of voyages too has been the means of preserving some curious and valuable narratives. If he did not make a good practical librarian, he at least pointed out the way in which the library might be rendered more complete; and besides preserving materials for geographers to work upon, he directed attention to the means of rendering the science more perfect. Some of his suggestions mentioned above were not without their influence in promoting the application of mathematics and astronomy to geographical research; and he was the first, by directing attention to the line of communication between the Caspian and China, and to the literature of China, to commence that series of investigations which has been so brilliantly carried on by the Jesuits of the 17th, and by the Remusats and Klaproths of the past and present century. Sources from which this sketch has been compiled :

1. Mémoire sur la Collection des grands et petits Voyages, et sur la Collection des Voyages de Melchisedec Thévenot,' par A. G. Camus, Paris, 4to, 1802. Owing to the incomplete condition of most copies of Thévenot's collection, this work is necessary to enable the reader to know what he has published. 2. 'Bibliotheca Thevenotiana sive Catalogus Impressorum et Manuscriptorum Librorum Bibliothecæ viri clarissimi D. Melchisedecis Thévenot,' Lutetiæ Parisiorum, 12mo, 1694. This volume contains the autobiographical sketch above referred to: the catalogue of Thévenot's library throws light upon his studies. 3. 'Recueil de Voyages de M. Thévenot,' Paris 1681. This volume contains the discourse on navigation, in which there are some incidental notices of Thévenot's pursuits. 4. Relations de divers Voyages curieux qui n'ont point été publiées ou qui ont été traduites de Hakluyt,' &c., Paris, 1663-1672. The 'Avis' prefixed to the different volumes of this edition contain matter for the biography of Thévenot. 5. Histoire de l'Académie des Sciences.' Tome i. contains a corroboration of Thévenot's assertions regarding his share in the institution of the Académie des Sciences. 6. Catalogue des Livres Imprimez de la Bibliothèque du Roi: Théologie, première partie,' à Paris, 1739: supplies the dates of Thévenot's appointment as librarian, and of his demission of the office. 7. Le Long et Fontette; 'Bibliothèque Historique de la France,' iv. 66.

THE VENOT, JEAN, nephew of the preceding, was born at Paris the 7th of June, 1633. In the dedication of the first volume of his travels to his mother, he attributes to her exclusively the great care bestowed upon his education; and from this circumstance it may be inferred that his father died while he was a child. Thévenot distinguished himself as a student at the college of Navarre. The author of the sketch of his life, prefixed to the second volume of his travels, states that his attainments in the languages, physics, geometry, astronomy, and all the mathematical sciences, were respectable, and that he had studied with particular attention the philosophy of Descartes. But it is doubtful whether all these are to be understood as having been his college studies.

He left the college of Navarre before he had completed his eighteenth year. Possessing an independent fortune, his attention was for some time afterwards engrossed by the manly exercises which were then deemed indispensable accomplishments in a gentleman; but having contracted a taste for reading books of travels, he caught the contagious spirit of adventure, and commenced travelling himself in 1652. He visited in succession England, Holland, Germany, and Italy; and, making a prolonged stay at Rome (1654-55), witnessed the solemnities of the installation of Alexander VII. He had taken the pains to prepare an account of his observations during this tour, but judiciously resisted all persuasions to publish it, partly on account of his youth and partly on account of the want of novelty in the subject.

At Rome he became acquainted with the celebrated Orientalist d'Herbelot, who, being a good many years his senior, and already distinguished for his learning, acquired considerable influence over him. D'Herbelot freely communicated to his young friend the information he had collected regarding the East and its inhabitants, and the result of their conversations was that Thévenot determined to devote himself to exploring Asia. D'Herbelot proposed at one time to accompany him, but being prevented by some family matters,

Thévenot set out alone.

Thévenot began his first journey from Malta on the 1st of November, 1655: he arrived at Leghorn, on his return, on the 8th of April, 1659. Having reached Constantinople in the beginning of December, 1655, he remained there till the end of August, 1666. Travelling through Brusa and Smyrna, and visiting Chio, Samos, and Rhodes, he arrived at Alexandria on the 29th of December. He proceeded without loss of time to Cairo, which he made his head-quarters for two years, making in the course of that time two excursions, the first to Suez and Mount Sinai, the other to Jerusalem and some of the adjoining districts of Syria. During his stay at Constantinople and Cairo he made hin.self master of the Turkish and Arabic languages. On his way from Egypt to Italy he touched at Tunis.

From Leghorn Thévenot visited several parts of Italy which he had not previously seen, and in particular resided for a short time at the court of Savoy, before he returned to France. The first volume of his travels, he says, was prepared for the press to gratify his friends, and especially his mother; and these were not with him mere words

of course, for he was more intent upon travelling and observing than publishing. Before his book had passed through the press, and without giving his friends any warning of his intention, he left Paris to renew his researches in the East, and sailed from Marseille on the 6th of November, 1663. This time his object was to visit Persia and the Indies. He arrived at Alexandria on the 4th of February 1664: from Alexandria he sailed in a few days to Sidon; and from Sidon he visited Damascus. After a stay of twenty-four days in that city he went to Aleppo, where he remained two months; and then, travelling by Bir and Orfa to Mosul, descended the Tigris to Baghdad. From Baghdad he travelled to Ispahan, by the way of Hamadan. Having remained five months at Ispahan, he left it, in company with Tavernier, for Schiraz and Gombroon, intending to sail for India from that port, but the jealousy of the Dutch agents obliged him to return to Schiraz. After examining the ruins of Tshelminar (Persepolis) he proceeded to Basrah, and embarked at that port for Surat, where he arrived on the 12th of January 1666. Surat continued his head-quarters till February 1667, during which time he made excursions to Guzerat, the court of the Mogul, and to the Deccan. On his return to Persia he spent five months at Ispahan. He had several attacks of illness in India, and having been wounded by the accidental discharge of one of his own pistols at Gombroon, his cure was tedious. His constitution was probably undermined; for, attacked by fever on his way from Ispahan to Tabriz, he died at Miana, on the 28th of November 1667. During this journey he had acquired a knowledge of the Persian language. The narrative of Thévenot's first journey to the East was prepared for the press by himself, but was not published till after his departure from Persia. The account of his travels in Persia, and that of his travels in India, were published (the former in 1674, the latter in 1684) by an editor who is called, in the 'Privilége du Roi,' the Sieur Luisandre, and who states that he was Thévenot's executor, and employs expressions which would lead us to believe that he had married the traveller's mother. The editing of these two volumes has been respectably performed. Thévenot possessed a natural talent for observation, and the power of expressing himself accurately and unaffectedly. Nothing of importance appears to have escaped his notice: his manner of telling his story impresses the reader with a confidence in his good faith, and his statements have been corroborated on many material points. His mastery of the Turkish, Arabic, and Persian languages gave him an advantage that scarcely any other Oriental traveller of his day possessed. His practice of residing for some time in the principal towns of the countries he visited familiarised him with the customs of the natives. His descriptions of external objects are distinct, and his routes accurate. He had collected a Hortus Siccus in India, and had laid beside each specimen an account of the habitat and characteristics of the plant, along with its name in the Portuguese, Persian, Malabar, and (what his biographer terms) the Indian and Banian languages. This collection came into the possession of Melchisedec Thévenot, and is mentioned in the printed catalogue of his library. Jean Thévenot had also made a collection of Persian and Arabic manuscripts, of which Tavernier says the cadi of Miana kept the best to himself. The matured judgment, and talent for observation and description, displayed in Thévenot's works, are astonishing in one who had been a wanderer from his twentieth year, and who died in his thirty-fourth. His travels, originally published in three volumes, in quarto, which appeared respectively in 1665, 1674, and 1684, were reprinted in Amsterdam, in five duodecimo volumes, in 1689, and at the same place, in the same form, in 1705, 1725, and 1727. A Dutch translation of them was published in 1681, an English translation in 1687, and a German translation in 1693.

This sketch has been compiled from the account of Thévenot's life prefixed to the second volume of his travels, from the travels themselves, and from some incidental notices in Tavernier.

THEW, ROBERT, was the son of an innkeeper at Patrington, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, where he was born, in 1758. His education was neglected, and at a suitable age he was bound apprentice to a cooper. After the expiration of his appenticeship Thew continued for a time to work at the business to which he was brought up; and Chalmers states that, during the Americau war of independence, he served as a private in the Northumberland militia. According to the 'Gentleman's Magazine,' his attention was first directed to engraving about the age of twenty-six; when, it is stated, he happened to see an engraver at work, and although he had never practised drawing, he procured a copper-plate, and engraved an old woman's head, from a picture by Gerard Douw, with such extraordinary skill that he was, on the recommendation of Charles Fox, the Duchess of Devonshire, and Lady Duncannon, appointed historical engraver to the Prince of Wales. Whatever foundation there may be for this story, it must be received with some allowance, because a considerable degree of mechanical dexterity is indispensable for the production of a good copperplate engraving. A more probable account is that about 1783 he settled at Hull, and became an engraver cf shop-bills, cards, &c. Chalmers states that he engraved and published a plan of Hull, which is dated May 6, 1784; and that shortly afterwards he solicited subscriptions for two views of the dock at that place. The latter are large aquatint prints, drawn and engraved by Thew, with the assistance

of F. Jukes in the aquatinting department; and they were published in London by Thew himself, in May 1785. Copies of them are preserved in the collection of George III., now in the British Museum. In 1788 Thew was introduced to Alderman Boydell by the Marquis of Caermarthen (afterwards duke of Leeds), whose patronage he had obtained by the construction of a camera obscura on a new principle; and Boydell immediately commissioned him to engrave Northcote's picture of the interview between the young princes, from 'Richard III.,' act iii. sc. 1. This plate was published in 1791, at which time Thew held the appointment above alluded to, of engraver to the Prince of Wales. He subsequently engraved eighteen other plates for the Shakspere Gallery, and part of a nineteenth. Several of these are among the best in the collection, and display a high degree of mechanical skill, as well as an unusual amount of spirit and expression. That of Cardinal Wolsey entering Leicester Abbey (Henry VIII.,' act iv., sc. 2), from a picture by Westall, is deservedly celebrated as a fine specimen of the style known among artists as stipple engraving; and in consequence of its superior beauty, proof impressions of it were, according to the Gentleman's Magazine,' charged double the price of any other in the whole work. Thew died in July 1802, at Stevenage (or Roxley, according to the Gentleman's Magazine') in Hertfordshire. (Gent. Mag., Oct. 1802, p. 971; Chalmers, Biog. Dict.) THIBAUT, fourth count of Champagne, and first king of Navarre of that name, occupies a respectable rank among the Troubadours. It has been pretty satisfactorily shown by recent writers on the subject that the scandalous stories told of this king by Matthew of Paris and others rest upon no satisfactory evidence. They have however been more successful in disproving the tales of their predecessors than in substituting anything in their place. They have rendered Thibaut's biography in a great measure negative.

He was born about the beginning of the year 1201, and has been called Theobaldus Posthumus, on account of his father having died before his birth. His mother, Blanche, daughter of Sancho the Wise, king of Navarre, took charge of and governed his extensive territories as regent for twenty years. A taste for literature was hereditary in the family of Thibaut. His grandmother, Marie of France, held, about the middle of the 12th century, one of the most celebrated 'Courts of Love,' and some of her judgments have been preserved by André le Chapelain. His mother Blanche induced by her commands Aubein de Sezane to compose several songs, after he had solemnly renounced the practice of poetry. With such examples before him it was natural enough that the young Count of Champague should contract a taste for rhyming.

An attempt was made in the year 1214 to wrest the territories of Champagne from the widow and her son. The father of Thibaut was a younger son: his elder brother Henry followed Philippe Auguste to the Holy Land, and, marrying there a sister of Baldwin IV., king of Cyprus and Jerusalem, had by her two daughters, Alice, queen of Cyprus, and Philippa, who married Airard de Brienne. The father of Thibaut IV., after his brother's departure for Palestine, took possession of Champagne and Brie, which were held without challenge by him, and by his widow in name of her son, till 1214. Airard de Brienne then claimed them in right of his wife. Philippe Auguste decided in favour of Thibaut, and the sentence was confirmed by the peers of France, in July 1216, on the ground that Henry, when departing for the East, had ceded all his lands in France to his brother, in the event of his not returning. In November 1221, the seigneur of Brienne was persuaded to abandon his claims upon receiving a compensation.

In the same year Thibaut took upon himself the management of his domaius, which rendered him, by their extent, and the title of count palatine, which they conferred upon their holder, the most powerful vassal of the crown. During the brief and troubled reign of Louis VIII. (July 1223, to November 1226), Thibaut distinguished himself by nothing but the pertinacity with which he insisted upon his feudal rights. At the siege of Rochelle he consented to remain till the town was taken, but exacted in return a declaration from the king that by so doing he did not render himself liable on any futurs occasion for more than the 40 days' service in arms due by the vassals of the crown. In the crusade against the Albigenses (induced probably by regard for the Count of Toulouse, who was his kinsman) he resisted every entreaty of the king to remain with the army after the 40 days had expired; and his departure from it was one of the foundations for the stories afterwards circulated to his disadvantage.

On the death of Louis VIII. a league was formed by a number of the most powerful French nobles to prevent the queen from acting as regent. Thibaut was at the outset a party to this confederacy. There are extant letters of Pierre, duke of Bretagne, and Hugues de Lusignan (dated March 1226, which, as the year is now made to commence, would be called 1227) authorising him to conclude in their name a truce with the king. The regent however found means to detach the Count of Champague from his allies; for an attempt which they made soon after to obtain possession of her person and the king's was frustrated by the opportune arrival of Thibaut at the head of a strong body of horse. The Duke of Bretagne and his coadjutors were much incensed at the desertion of the Count of Champagne, and appear to have soon after formed the project of harassing him by supporting the claims of the Queen of Cyprus upon Cham

pagne and Brie. He was lowever, on account of his wealth, too desirable an ally to be lost without an endeavour to regain him. Overtures of reconciliation were made, in consequence of which Count Thibaut engaged in 1231, to take to wife the daughter of Pierre of Bretagne. Thibaut had been twice married before; in his eighteenth year to Gertrude, daughter of the Count of Metz, from whom he was divorced, and afterwards to Agnes de Beaujeau, by whom he had a daughter. The regent, fearing the consequences of this reconciliation, interfered to break it off. The marriage-day had been fixed, and the bridegroom was already on his way to the place where it was to be celebrated, when letters from the king, forbidding him to conclude the engagement, were delivered to him. He obeyed the royal mandate.

This insult determined the confederates to carry into execution their original project. They sent for the queen of Cyprus, and invaded Champagne, avowedly for the purpose of putting her in possession of it. The king marched to the assistance of Thibaut, and under his auspices a compromise was arranged. Thibaut ceded to the queen of Cyprus lands to the value of 2000 livres yearly, and paid her in addition 20,000,000 of livres in money. This sum was advanced by the king, who received in return the estates of Sancerre and others which Thibaut's father had held before he acquired Champagne.

Here seems the proper place to notice the stories told by Matthew of Paris regarding the loves of Thibaut and Queen Blanche, and the poisoning of Louis VIII., laid to the charge of the former. Matthew only mentions the accusation as a rumour he had heard. No other historian of equal antiquity mentions them. Had Thibaut been suspected of being the murderer of the king, the charge would probably have been urged against him by one or other of the rival factions, with whom he played fast and loose immediately after. There is not a passage in his poems that can be interpreted into a declaration of attachment to Blanche, who was moreover thirteen years his senior. But it is easy to see how the rumour mentioned by Matthew of Paris arose. A rhymed chronicle, apparently of the age of Thibaut, represents him as going about (1230) in disguise to learn how men spoke of him, and discovering he had no friends. About this time there were violent disputes between the University of Paris and the papal legate, and, the queen supporting the legate, the wild students made and sang ribald songs attributing this report to a guilty passion for his person. In times of civil dissension it is generally found that parties otherwise totally unconnected catch up and spread each other's scandalous reports when it suits their purpose. The queen, the legate, and the Count of Champagne were all unpopular; the dissolute students had circulated imputations against the chastity of the two former; and the interference of the king to prevent the marriage of the last-mentioned with the daughter of the Duke of Bretagne would, under such circumstances, be easily interpreted into a plot of the queen-mother to keep him for herself. It was amongst the students that the first story was invented, and that is the quarter whence Matthew of Paris most probably obtained much of his information regarding French affairs.

In 1232 Thibaut married a daughter of Archambaud VIII. of Bourbon. In April 1234, he succeeded to the throne of Navarre, on the death of Sancho the Strong. In 1235 he quarrelled with Saint Louis about the territories he had ceded to the king at the time of the arrangement with the queen of Cyprus, representing them as merely transferred to the king in security for the money he advanced, while the latter asserted that they had been sold to him for that sum. It came to blows, and Thibaut was beaten. In 1239 Thibaut took the cross and set out at the head of an expedition to the Holy Land. He displayed none of the talents of a general. Unable to procure ships to transport his forces to the scene of action, he marched through Hungary and Thrace. Arrived in the neighbourhood of Byzantium, his treasure was so completely expended, that his followers had to support themselves by plunder. In an engagement near Cæsarea the division of the army under his immediate command was beaten, although the other was victorious. He got involved in the defiles of Taurus, and lost two thirds of his men. Lastly, at the final defeat at Ascalon, he fled ingloriously before the battle was ended, leaving his followers to their fate. He returned to Pampeluna, which he had made his capital, in 1242, and died in 1253, having done nothing worthy of notice in the interim, leaving a widow and six children.

The poems sattributed to Thibaut are in number sixty-six, and there appears no reason for questioning the authenticity of any of them. Thirty-eight are devoted to the expression of passionate complaints and ecstasies; three recount his amorous adventures with peasant girls; twelve are what may be called rhymed law-cases in matters of love; the rest are exhortations to engage in the Crusade, or invectives against the immorality of the age, The passion of the amorous poems is not very intense: there scarcely needed the few lines appended to most of them, addressed to some brother-troubadour, to show that they are mere displays of the author's cleverness. The cases for the Court of Love are ingenious and insignificant, like all other compositions of that kind. The fifty-fourth song, an exhortation to join the Crusade, is spirited. The sixty-fifth, in which the God of Christians is compared to the pelican feeding its young with its blood, is characterised by a blended tone of toleration and enthusiasm. In the sixty-sixth he starts a theory that the law of God is ripe and

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wholesome fruit, and that Adam sinned by eating unripe fruit. Thibaut's versification is correct and sweet. There is a spirit of generosity about his poems that is creditable to himself: the neatness and finish of his verses are more attributable to the degree of perfection to which the art had been previously carried by others than to the author's own talents. Altogether his literary productions leave a more favourable impression of his character than the part he played as a warrior and politician.

(Les Poësies du Roy de Navarre, par Levesque de la Ravalière, 12mo, Paris, 1742; Histoire de S. Loys, IX. du nom, Roy de France, par Messire Jean, Sire de Joinville; par M. Claude Menard, 4to, à Paris, 1617; De Bello Sacro Continuate Historia Libri VI., Basilio Johanne Herede authore, Basiliæ, fol. 1560; Bayle; Moreri; and Biographie Universelle, in voce 'Thibaut.')

THIBAUT, ANTON JUSTUS FRIEDRICH, a celebrated German jurist, was born on the 4th of January 1772, at Hameln in Hanover In 1792 he went to Göttingen to study the law; he continued his studies at Königsberg; and he finished them at Kiel, where he became acquainted with Niebuhr. In this university he took the degree of D.Ĉ.L, and in 1796 was admitted as a junior teacher of the law. He soon rose to eminence, and at the age of twenty-seven was appointed ordinary professor of civil law. In 1802 he went in the same capacity to Jena, where he published his 'System des Pandekten Rechts,' the first systematical attempt of the kind that was written in the German language, the former works on that subject having been written in Latin. The merits of this excellent work were generally acknowledged, and Thibaut was chosen by the Emperor Alexander one of the foreign members of the commission of legislation for Russia, and in 1805 he was invited to the university of Heidelberg, where he remained till his death. Though scarcely past thirty, he was considered to be the first civilian in Germany after Hugo, Savigny having not yet attained his great reputation. Twice Thibaut was chosen prorector of the university of Heidelberg, and nine times he filled the office of dean of the faculty. He was also chosen deputy of the university in the first chamber of the States of Baden, but as his new duties interfered with those of a teacher, he resigned the office. In 1826 he was made a privy councillor. His fame and popularity among the students led to his receiving invitations from other universities, as for instance from Leipzig, where the place of professor primarius of law was offered to him with a very large income, besides a prebend in the chapter of Merseburg; but nothing could induce him to leave Heidelberg. In 1830 he was knighted by the Grand-Duke of Baden, his former pupil, who in 1834 appointed him judge for the grand-duchy, in the newly established tribunal of arbiters for the domestic affairs of Germany. In 1837 he was chosen Membre correspondant de l'Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, for the section of legislation and jurisprudence. Thibaut died on the 28th of March 1840, with the well-deserved reputation of being equal to Savigny as a civilian, and superior to him as a teacher and a practical jurist. The great object of Thibaut was to distinguish clearly between the obsolete portions of the Roman law, and those which were of real practical use. In his private life Thibaut was most amiable; to many a poor student he proved a kind father; to many who had talent a wise friend. His house was open to all his pupils, whether introduced to him by others or by themselves; but he showed particular attention to those who, besides their legal knowledge, showed proficiency in music, of which he was a profound judge. His little work on Purity of Music quoted below is a specimen of his refined taste in this respect.

The principal work of Thibaut is his 'System des Pandekten. Rechts,' mentioned above, of which the eighth edition was published at Heidelberg in 2 vols. 8vo, 1834; and a ninth edition was edited after the author's death, by Professor Buchholtz, Jena, 1846. This work is in the hands of nine out of ten lawyers in Germany, but though of the highest value, it is rather a difficult book to beginners. The following are the other works of Thibaut according to the date of their publication:-1, 'De genuina Juris Personarum et Rerum Indole veroque hujus divisionis Pretio,' 8vo, Kiel, 1796, is a dissertatio inauguralis which brought the young author the honour of being attacked by Hugo. 2, 'Juristische Encyklopädie und Methodologie,' 8vo, Altona, 1797. 3, Versuche über einzelne Theile der Theorie des Rechts' (Essays on several Branches of the Theory of the Law), 2 vols. 8vo, Jena, 1798-1802; 2nd edit., 1817, translated into French by De Sandt et De Chassat, Paris, 1811. 4, 'Ueber Besitz und Verjährung' (On Possession and Prescription), 8vo, Jena, 1802, a work which caused a great sensation, but was afterwards thrown into the shade by Savigny's work on Possession. 5, 'Civilistische Abhandlungen' (Essays on Civil Law), 8vo, Heidelberg, 1814; 2nd edit., 1822. 6, Ueber Reinheit der Tonkunst' (On Purity of Music), 8vo, Heidel berg, 1825; 2nd edit., 1826. 7. Ueber die Nothwendigkeit eines Allgemeinen bürgerlichen Rechtes in Deutschland,' (On the Necessity of a Common Code of Laws for Germany), 8vo, Heidelberg, 1814. This work placed its author at the head of a great legislative movement, and a short explanation is necessary in order that the reader may understand it. Ancient German laws and a large portion of the Roman law exist there together, the former referring principally to landed property, entailed estates, and others called noble estates,' the different hereditary and temporal tenements of the peasantry, the

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