army to Africa, but the more cautious senators, and especially Q. Fabius, were decidedly opposed to his plan, partly because Hannibal, as long as he was in Italy, appeared too formidable to be neglected, and partly perhaps because they were influenced by jealousy. All that Scipio could obtain was that Sicily should be assigned to him as his province, with 30 vessels, and with permission to sail over to Africa in case he should think it advantageous to the republic. But he did not obtain from the senate permission to levy an army, and he therefore called upon the Italian allies to provide him with troops and other things necessary for carrying on the war. As they were all willing to support the conqueror of the Carthaginians in Spain, he was soon enabled to sail to Sicily with nearly 7000 volunteers and 30 ships. (Liv., xxviii. 45, &c.; Plut., ‘Fab. Max.,' 25.) Soon after his arrival in Sicily he sent his friend Lælius with a part of his fleet to Africa, partly to keep up the connection which he had formed there, on his visit from Spain, with Syphax and Massinissa (for to the latter Scipio had sent back a nephew who had been taken prisoner in the battle of Bæcula), and partly to show to his timid opponents at Rome how groundless their fears were. He himself employed his time in Sicily most actively in preparing and disciplining his new army. Massinissa, dissatisfied with the Carthaginians, was anxious for the arrival of Scipio in Africa, but Syphax had altered his policy, and again joined the Carthaginians. The enemies of Scipio at Rome at last got an opportunity of attacking him, and they nearly succeeded in depriving him of his post. Without being authorised by the senate, Scipio had taken part in the conquest of Locri in Southern Italy, and had left his legate Q. Flaminius as commander of the Roman garrison in that place. The legate treated the Locrians with such severity and cruelty that they sent an embassy to Rome to lay their complaints before the senate. As Scipio, although acquainted with the conduct of Flaminius, had nevertheless left him in command, his enemies | attacked him on this and other grounds, and Fabius Maximus even proposed that he should be recalled. A commission was sent out to inquire into the state of affairs, and to bring Scipio home, if the charges against him were found true. Scipio proved that his army was in the best possible condition; and the commissioners were so surprised at what they saw, that instead of recalling the consul, they bade him sail to Africa as soon as he might think it proper, and to adopt any measures that he might think useful. Scipio in consequence of this sailed, in B.C. 204, as proconsul, with a large army, from Lilybæum to Africa, and landed in the neighbourhood of Utica. Here he made successful incursions into the neighbouring country, and Has drubal, who attempted to prevent them, suffered a great defeat. But Scipio could not gain possession of Utica, which was of the greater importance to him and his fleet, as the winter was approaching, and he was obliged to spend the season on a piece of land extending into the sea, which he fortified as well as he could. Towards the close of the winter the Carthaginians, united with Syphax, intended to make a general attack on Scipio's army and fleet, but being informed of their plans, he surprised the camps of Hasdrubal and Syphax in the night, and only a small number of the enemy escaped. Syphax withdrew into his own dominions, but was defeated by Massinissa and Lælius, and taken prisoner with his wife and one of his sons. Massinissa married Sophonisba, the wife of Syphax, who had formerly been engaged to him, but had been given to Syphax for political reasons. Scipio, fearing the influence she might have on Massinissa (for she was a Carthaginian), claimed her as a prisoner belonging to the Romans, and Massinissa poisoned her, to save her from the humiliation of captivity. The fears and apprehensions of the Carthaginians now increased to such a degree that they thought it necessary to recall Hannibal from Italy, and at the same time they sued for peace. The terms which Scipio proposed would have concluded the war in a manner honourable to the Romans. The Carthaginians how ever, whose only object was to gain time, made no objections to the conditions, but only concluded a truce of forty-five days, during which an embassy was to be sent to Rome. Before this truce was at an end, the Carthaginian populace plundered some Roman vessels with provisions, which were wrecked off Carthage, and even insulted the Roman envoys who came to demand reparation. Scipio did not resent this conduct, and allowed the Carthaginian ambassadors, on their return from Rome, to pass on to Carthage unmolested. About this time (it was the autumn of the year B.C. 203) Hannibal arrived in Africa, and soon collected an army in numbers far exceeding that of Scipio. He first made a successful campaign against Massinissa. Scipio was at this time informed that the consul Tib. Claudius Nero would come with an army to co-operate with him against Hannibal. Scipio, who wished to bring the war to a conclusion, and was unwilling to share this glory with any one else, determined to bring Hannibal to a decisive battle. The Carthaginian at first avoided an engagement; but when Scipio, in order to deceive the enemy, hastily retreated as if he intended to take to flight, Hannibal followed him with his cavalry, and lost a battle in the neighbourhood of Zama. A tribune of Scipio soon afterwards cut off a large convoy of provisions which was on its way to the camp of Hannibal, and this suddenly threw him into such difficulties, that he began to negociate with Scipio for peace. The conditions however which Scipio now proposed were so humiliating, that the Carthaginians would not accept them. Hannibal therefore, though he saw the impossibility of gaining

BIOG DIV. VOL. V.

any further advantages, was compelled to decide the affair by a last and desperate effort. In a personal interview between the two generals Scipio was inexorable as to the conditions. Hannibal's army was in a bad condition; and in the ensuing battle, to the west of Zama, the victory of Scipio was complete. This defeat (in B.C. 202) was the death-blow to Carthage. Scipio, on his return to Italy, was received with the greatest enthusiasm: he entered Rome in triumph, and was henceforward distinguished by the name of Africanus. Scipio now for several years continued to live at Rome, apparently without taking any part in public affairs. In B.C. 199 he obtained the office of censor with P. Ælius Pætus (Liv., xxxii. 7), and in B.C. 194 he was made consul a second time with Tib. Sempronius Longus (Liv., xxxiv. 42), and princeps senatus, a distinction with which he had already been honoured in B.C. 196, and which was conferred upon him for the third time in B.C. 190. (Liv., xxxiv. 44; xxxviii. 28.) In B.C. 193, during one of the disputes between the Carthaginians and Massinissa, Scipio was sent with two other commissioners to mediate between the parties; but nothing was settled, though, as Livy (xxxiv. 62) observes, Scipio might easily have put an end to the disputes. Scipio was the only Roman who thought it unworthy of the republic to support those Carthaginians who persecuted Hannibal; and there was a tradition that Scipio, in B.C. 193, was sent on an embassy to Antiochus, and that he met Hannibal in his exile, who in the conversation which took place declared Scipio the greatest of all generals. (Liv., xxxv. 14.) Whether the story of the conversation be true or not, the judgment ascribed to Hannibal is just; for Scipio as a general was second to none but Hannibal himself. In the year B.C. 190 some discussions arose in the senate as to what provinces should be assigned to the two consuls, Lælius and L. Cornelius Scipio, brother of the great Africanus. Africanus, although he was princeps senatus, offered to accompany his brother as legate, if the senate would give him Greece as his province, for this province conferred upon Lucius the command in the war against Antiochus. The offer was accepted, and the two brothers set out for Greece, and thence for Asia. Africanus took his son with him on this expedition, but by some unlucky chance the boy was taken prisoner, and sent to Antiochus. The king offered to restore him to freedom, and to give a considerable sum of money, if the father would interpose his influence to obtain favourable terms for the king. Afri canus refused; but the king, notwithstanding, soon after sent the boy back to his father, who just then was suffering from illness, and was absent from the camp. To show his gratitude, Africanus sent a message to Antiochus, advising him not to engage in a battle until he himself had returned to the Roman camp. After the great battle near Mount Sipylus, Antiochus again applied to Scipio for peace, and the latter now used his influence with his brother Lucius and the council of war on behalf of the king. The conditions of the peace were tolerably mild, but they were afterwards made much more severe when the peace was ratified at Rome. [ANTIOCHUS.] The enemies of Africanus at Rome had now another charge against him. The peace with Antiochus, and the conditions proposed by Africanus and his brother Lucius, were regarded by the hostile party as the result of bribes from Antiochus, and of the liberation of the son of Africanus. A charge was therefore brought against the two brothers, on their return to Rome, of having accepted bribes of the king, and of having retained a part of the treasures which they ought to have delivered up to the ærarium. At the same time they were called upon to give an account of the sums of money they had taken from Antiochus. Lucius was ready to obey; but his brother Africanus with indignation snatched the accounts from the hands of his brother and tore them to pieces before the senate. (Liv. xxxviii. 55; Gellius, iv. 18; Val. Max, iii. 7, 1.) The tribune of the people, C. Minucius Augurinus however fined Lucius; and when he was going to be thrown into prison until he should pay the heavy fine, Africanus dragged him away; and the tribune Tib. Gracchus, though disapproving of the violence of Africanus, liberated Lucius from imprisonment. (Gellius, vii. 19; Liv., xxxviii. 56.) Africanus himself was now summoned before the people by the tribune M. Nævius, and he only saved himself by reminding the people of his victory at Zama. After these troubles he withdrew to his villa near Liternum, and it was owing to the interposition of Tib. Gracchus that he was not compelled to obey another summons. The estates of his brother Lucius however were confiscated (B.c. 187), but the sum produced by their sale did not make up the amount of the fine. His friends and clients not only offered to make up the sum, but their generosity would even have made him richer than he had been before; but he refused to accept anything beyond what was absolutely necessary for his support. (Liv., xxxviii. 60.) Africanus never returned from his voluntary exile, and he spent the last years of his life in quiet retirement at his villa. (Senec., Epist.,' 86.) He is said to have wished to be buried on his estate; but there was, as Livy says, a tradition that he died at Rome, and was buried in the tomb of his family near the Porta Capena, where statues of him, his brother Lucius, and their friend Q. Ennius, were erected. The year of his death is not quite certain; for, according to Polybius, he died in the same year with Hannibal and Philopomen (B.c. 183); according to others, two years earlier (B.c. 185).

In judging of Scipio Africanus as a general, we may adopt the judgment ascribed to Hannibal; but as a Roman citizen he is very far

2 A

from deserving such praise. His pride and haughtiness were intoler able, and the laws of the constitution were set at nought whenever they opposed his own views and passions. As a statesman he scarcely did anything worth mentioning. By his wife Emilia, daughter of Emilius Paullus, he had two daughters, one of whom married P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum (Liv. xxxviii. 57); the other, the cele brated Cornelia, married Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, and was the mother of the two Gracchi, the tribunes of the people. Africanus had also two sons. 12. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO, son of the great Scipio Africanus (No. 11). He was augur in B.C. 180. (Liv., xl. 42.) Cicero ('Brut.,' 19; 'De Senect.,' 11; De Off.,' i. 33) says that he was a man of great mental powers, but of a weakly constitution. He was the adoptive father of P. Cornelius Scipio Emilianus Africanus Minor. His epitaph is given by Orelli ('Onomast. Tull.,' p. 187).

13. LUCIUS or CNEIUS SCIFIO, the second son of Scipio Africanus Major (No. 11). He was, as we have seen, taken prisoner in the war with Antiochus. He is described as a contemptible man. In B.C. 174 he became prætor urbanus, by the modest withdrawal of his competitor, who had been a scribe to his father; but he was in the same year expelled from the senate by the censors. (Liv., xli. 27; Val. Max., iii. 5, 1.)

14. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO ASIATICUS, ASIAGENES, or ASIAGENUS, son of P. Cornelius Scipio (No. 9), and brother of the great Scipio Africanus (No. 11). He accompanied, as we have seen, his brother Africanus on his campaigns in Spain. In B.C. 193 he was prætor in Sicily. In B.C. 190 he was made consul with Lælius, and obtained Greece as his province, with the command in the war against Antiochus, with whom he had already had some negociations in B.C. 196. (Polyb., xviii. 33.) The senate at Rome do not appear to have had any great confidence in his talents as a general (Cic.,Phil.,' xi. 7), as it was only owing to the offer of his great brother to accompany him as his legate that he obtained Greece as his province. After the conclusion of the war with Antiochus he assumed the name of Asiaticus, and entered Rome in triumph. (Liv., xxxvii. 58, &c.) According to Valerius Antias (Liv., xxxix. 22), he celebrated in B.c. 185 magnificent games for ten days. The money expended on these games he is said to have collected in Asia during an embassy, on which he had been sent to settle some disputes between Antiochus and Eumenes, shortly after his condemnation. In B.C. 184 he was a candidate for the censorship, but he was defeated by his competitor Cato, the great enemy of his family, who in his censorship took away from Scipio Asiaticus his horse. (Liv., xxxix. 44.)

15. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO EMILIANUS AFRICANUS MINOR, son of L. Emilius Paullus, and adopted son of P. Cornelius Scipio (No. 12). He must have been born about B C. 185, for in B.C. 168 Scipio, then a youth in his seventeenth year, took a very active part in the battle of Pydna, in which his father defeated King Perseus of Macedonia. (Liv., xliv. 44; Plut., 'Em. Paul.,' 22.) From his earliest youth he had an ardent love of intellectual occupations, and cultivated the friendship of men like Polybius, Papætius, Lælius, and others. It was perhaps on this account that he appeared to his relatives to be wanting in youthful vigour, and no great hopes were entertained of him; but with his partiality for science, and Greek refinement and art, he esteemed no less the stern virtues of the best of the Romans. Old Cato was in this respect his model. At the beginning of the third Punic war, B.C. 151, when no one was willing to enter his name either as an officer or as a common soldier for the campaign in Spain, Scipio, although he was at this time requested by the Macedonians to settle some disputes among themselves, came forward and declared that he would gladly accept any post that might be assigned to him. This example inspired with courage even those who had hitherto kept back. (Liv., Epit., 48; Polyb., xxxv. 4.) Scipio thus became military tribune under L. Lucullus. Two heroic deeds of Scipio in this expedition are recorded: he was the only Roman who ventured to accept the challenge of a huge Spanish chief, whom he slew in single combat; Scipio also was the first to scale the walls of the town of Intercatia while it was besieged by the Romans. These proofs of personal courage, and his other virtues, filled even the enemy with admiration, and gained for him a greater influence over the Spaniards than his avaricious general, Lucullus, was able to acquire. (Appian, vi. 54.) The year following, B.C. 150, Scipio was sent by Lucullus to Africa, to request Massinissa to send a number of elephants over to Spain. Scipio was most honourably received. Massinissa and the Carthaginians were just preparing for battle; Scipio beheld the contest from an eminence, and as soon as the Carthaginians were apprised of his presence they entreated him to act as mediator between them and Massinissa. But he was not able to effect what they wished, and he returned to Spain with the elephants. (Appian, viii., 71, &c.) When the war between Carthage and Rome broke out, Scipio, then still military tribune, went to Africa, and here again distinguished himself so much by his courage, prudence, and justice, that he not only gained the unlimited confidence of his own countrymen and Massinissa, but even of the Carthaginians, who trusted no Roman but Scipio. Roman ambassadors who were sent to the camp in Africa to report on the state of affairs, on their return to Rome were unbounded in their praise of Scipio and of the attachment of the soldiers to him. (Appian, xiii. 98, & c.) In B.C. 148, when the consul Calpurnius Piso undertook

the command in Africa, Scipio returned to Rome, where everybody appears to have been convinced that he alone was able to complete the conquest of Carthage. Cato said that Scipio alone was alive, while all the other generals were mere shadows. (Liv., 'Epit.,' 49; Polyb., xxxvi. 6.) The consul Piso made very little progress in Africa, and when Scipio was a candidate for the ædileship, he was unanimously elected consul for the year B.C. 147, though he had not yet attained the legitimate age: he obtained Africa as his province. On his return to Africa he was accompanied by Polybius and Lælius, and imme diately after his arrival he saved a considerable body of Roman soldiers, who had penetrated into one of the suburbs of Carthage. (Appian, viii. 113, &c.) He restored discipline in the Roman army. His first operation was to cut off all supplies which the Carthaginians had hitherto received from the interior of Africa, and in the following winter (B.C. 147-146) he succeeded in taking Nepheris, whence the Carthaginians till then had received their supplies by sea. His com. mand of the army was prolonged for the year B.C. 146, and in the spring of this year he made his attack on the city, which was defended with the utmost despair, and by a decree of the senate he razed the city to the ground. He is said to have wept over its ruins, and to have uttered the prophetic words of Homer:

ἔσσεται ἦμαρ, ὅτ ̓ ἄν ποτ ̓ ὀλώλῃ Ιλιος ίρὴ, καὶ Πρίαμος καὶ λαὸς ἐϋμμελίω Πριάμοιο.

(Iliad,' vi. 448, &c.)

After he had made the necessary arrangements in Africa, and anni hilated an enemy who, though humbled, was still looked upon by Rome with jealousy, Scipio returned to Italy, and entered Rome in triumph. In B.c. 142 he was censor with L. Mummius, and at this time of increasing luxury he fulfilled the duties of his office with the greatest strictness, and without any respect to person or rank. In the lustrum which he performed at the close of his census, he did not pray, as had been customary before, for the increase of the republic, but only for its preservation. (Val. Max., iv. 1, 10.) It was probably after his censorship that he, together with Sp. Mummius and L. Metellus, travelled through Egypt, Syria, Asia, and Greece, to look into the state of affairs in these countries. (Cic. De Rep.,' vi. 11; comp. Acad.,' ii. 2.) The war against Numantia in Spain had been carried on for a long time without success; Scipio was considered the only man who could bring the war to a termination, and, although absent at the time of the elections, he was made consul for the year B.c. 134. On his arrival in Spain he found the Roman army in a most deplorable state, and here, as in Africa, he had to restore military discipline before he could venture upon any enterprise. The brave inhabitants of Numantia held out against him till famine rendered further resistance impossible. The town fell into the hands of Scipio, after most of the citizens had put an end to their own lives. Fifty of the survivors were selected by Scipio to adorn his triumph; the rest were sold as slaves, and the city was razed to the ground. (Appian, vi. 84, &c.; Liv., Epit.,' 57, 59.) While he was engaged in the siege of Numantia, the Gracchian disturbances began at Rome. Although his wife Sempronia was a sister of the Gracchi, Scipio approved of his brother-inlaw being put to death, but still he was not, like many others, an obstinate advocate of the privileges of a class, for we find him supporting the lex Cassia tabellaria against the aristocrats (Cic., 'Brut.,' 25.), whence he was considered by some as a man of the people. (Cic., Acad.,' ii. 5.) Scipio was opposed to all violent measures; caution was one of his prominent characteristics. But his opposition to the popular party deprived him of a great part of the favour and influence which he had hitherto possessed through the people. The consequence was, that when, in B.C. 131, he was inclined to undertake the command in the war against Aristonicus, he only obtained the votes of two tribes. (Cic., ‘Phil.,' xi. 8.) But notwithstanding this slight, he still possessed great influence, for when the tribune Papirius Carbo proposed a law that the people should be at liberty to re-elect their tribunes as often as they pleased, the eloquent speech of Scipio induced the people to reject the measure, though it was in their own favour. (Cic., Læl.,' 25.) Soon after this however a circumstance occurred which called forth the bitterest opposition of the popular party against him. Scipio had made a proposal in favour of the old Italian veterans, which had been approved by the senate, and according to which the disputes arising out of the distribution of the public land should not be decided by the distributors, but by other persons. This measure produced a delay in the distribution itself, and the popular leaders, F. Flaccus, C. Gracchus, and Papirius Carbo, made the bitterest invectives against Scipio in the assembly, and called him the enemy of the people. When Scipio repeated his approval of the death of Gracchus, the demagogues cried out, "Down with the tyrant!" After these fierce debates Scipio went quietly home accompanied by the senate and a great number of Latins and Roman allies. (Cic., Læl.,' 3.) In the evening he went into his bedroom with the inten tion of writing a speech to be delivered the following morning. But in the morning Scipio was found dead in his bed (B.c. 129.) (Appian, 'Civil.,' i. 19, &c.) An investigation into the cause of his death was prevented by the multitude, and the event remained a secret. Publio opinion pointed out many who were suspected of having murdered him, and the heaviest suspicion fell upon Carbo. (Comp. Dr. Fr. Gerlach, 'Der Tod des P. Cornelius Scipio Emilianus, eine Historische

Untersuchung,' Basel, 1839; and 'Zimmermann, Zeitschrift für die Alterthumswissenschaft,' 1841, No. 52.)

16. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO, son of L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus (No. 14). He was quæstor in B.c. 167. (Liv., xlv. 44; Val. Max., v. 1, 1; comp. Pighius, Annal. ad An.' 591.)

17. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO, son of L. Cornelius Scipio (No. 16). According to Pighius he was quæstor in B.C. 96, ædilis curulis in B.C. 92, and prætor in B.C. 89 and 88. In B.C. 83 he was consul with C. Junius Norbanus, and marched against Sulla, but he was suddenly abandoned by his whole army, which had been worked upon by the agents of Sulla. Scipio was taken prisoner with his son Lucius. He was then indeed let go, but in B.C. 82 he was sent into exile, and spent the remainder of his life at Massilia. (Appian, 'Civil.,' i. 82, &c.; Liv., 'Epit.,' 85; Cic., Pro. Sext.,' 3; 'Ad Att.,' ix. 15.) Cicero (Brut.,' 47) says of him, "dicebat non imperite."

18. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASICA, son of Cn. Cornelius Scipio Calvus (No. 10). In the year B.C. 203, when yet a young man, and even before he had been quæstor, he was declared by the senate to be the best of all good citizens, and commissioned to go with the Roman matrons to Ostia to receive the statue of the Idæan mother, which had been brought from Pessinus. (Liv., xxix. 14.) In B.C. 200 he was one of the triumvirs to complete the number of colonists in Venusia. (Liv., xxxi. 49.) In B.C. 196 he was curule ædile (Liv., xxxiii. 25); in B.C. 194 he was prætor (Liv., xxxiv. 42), and the year following proprætor in Spain (Liv., xxxv. 1), where he fought several successful battles to the west of the Iberus. In B.C. 192 he was a candidate for the consulship, but he was not elected, notwithstanding his success in Spain, and notwithstanding the support of his cousin the great Africanus. (Liv., xxxv. 10.) But the following year he was more successful; he became consul with M. Acilius Glabrio (Liv., xxxv. 24), and gained a signal victory and a triumph over the Boians. (Liv., Xxxvi. 38.) When L. Scipio Asiaticus was accused, Nasica came forward as his advocate. (Liv., xxxviii. 58.) In B.c. 184 he was a candidate for the censorship, but M. Portius Cato was preferred to him. (Liv., xxxix. 40.) In B.C. 183 and 182 he was one of the triumvirs to establish a Latin colony at Aquileia. (Liv. xxxix, 55; xl. 34.) In B.C. 171 Spanish ambassadors came to Rome to complain of the extortions of their Roman governors, and when the senate granted them the privilege of choosing patrons to conduct their cause at Rome, Scipio Nasica was one of the patrons. (Liv., xliii. 2; compare Cic., De Orat.,' iii. 33.)

19. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASICA CORCULUM, son of P. Corn. Scipio Nasica (No. 18). He was married to a daughter of Scipio Africanus Major, and distinguished himself in the campaign of Æmilius Paullus in Macedonia. (Liv. xliv. 35, &c.; Polyb., xxix. 6.) In B.C. 162 he was consul, but only for a short time, for he and his colleague were obliged to abdicate, because a mistake had been made in the auguries for the election. (Cic., 'De Nat. Deor.,' ii. 4; 'De Div.,' ii. 35.) In B.C. 159 he was censor with C. Popillius Lænas, and they made a decree, that only the statues of those men should remain standing in the Forum who had held a magistracy, and that all the others should be removed. (Plin., Hist. Nat.,' xxxiv. 14; Aurel. Vict., De Vir. Illustr.,' 44.) Scipio in his censorship introduced at Rome the use of a public clepsydra, and built a portico on the Capitol. In his second consulship, B.c. 155, he gained a victory over the Dalmatians, and took the town of Delminium. (Liv., Epit.,' 47; Aurel. Vict., 1. c.) During this year there occurred a proof of the stern severity of his character, and of his influence: at his proposal the senate ordered a theatre to be pulled down, the erecting of which had been approved by the censors, and which was very near its com. pletion. Scipio thought a theatre injurious to the morals of the Romans. (Liv., Epit.,' 48.) When Cato insisted upon the destruction of Carthage, Scipio Corculum opposed him on the ground that the existence of such a rival as Carthage was most wholesome to Rome itself, as a check against corruption. (Plut., Cat. Maj.' 27.) In B.C. 150 he became pontifex maximus. Respecting his talents as an orator and his studies, see Cic., Brut.,' 20, and 'De Senect.,' 14. 20. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASICA SERAPIO, son of P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum (No. 19). Before the outbreak of the third Punic war he was quæstor, and commissioned, with the consuls Censorinus and Manilius (B.c. 149), to demand from the Carthaginians the delivery of their arms to the Romans. (Appian, viii. 80.) His suit for the ædileship was unsuccessful. (Cic., Pro Planc.,' 21; Val. Max., vii. 5, 2, in which passage however he is confounded with P. Corn. Scip. Nasica (No. 18.) In B.O. 138 he was consul with D. Junius Brutus Gallaicus. These two consuls were thrown into prison by the tribunes of the people, because they were too severe in raising soldiers for their armies. (Liv., 'Ep.,' 55; Cic., 'De Legg.,' iii. 9.) The chief enemy of Scipio among the tribunes was Curiatius, and it is he who is said to have given him the nickname Serapio. Scipio was a man of vehement and irascible temper (Cic., Brut.,' 28), and of inflexible aristocratic principles. His hatred of the measures of Tib. Gracchus was so great, that during the election of the tribunes he placed himself at the head of his party in their attack upon Gracchus in the Capitol. This enraged the people so much against him, that the senate thought it advisable to send him on an embassy to Asia, although as pontifex maximus he was not allowed to quit Italy. He died at Pergamus soon after his arrival in Asia. (Plut., ‘Tib. Gracch.,'21; Cic., 'Pros. Flacc.,' 31.)

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21. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASICA, son of P. Cornel. Scipio Nasica Serapio (No. 20). He was consul in B.C. 111 with L. Calpurnius Piso Bestia, who went out against Jugurtha, while Scipio remained in Italy. (Sallust., ‘Jug.,' 27.) He is described as a man who was inaccessible to bribes, and throughout his life behaved in the most exemplary manner. (Diodor., Fragm.,' xxxiv., p. 214, ed. Tauchnitz.) He died during his consulship. (Cic., Brut., 34.) Cicero says that in wit and humour he excelled everybody.

22. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASICA, son of P. Cornel. Scipio Nasica (No. 21). He was prætor in B.C. 94. He is mentioned by Cicero (Pro Rosc. Am.,' 27) as one of the advocati of Roscius of Ameria. His wife was Licinia, the daughter of the orator L. Crassus. (Cic., 'Brut.,' 58.) He was the father of L. Licinius Crassus Scipio, whom Crassus the orator made his adoptive son, and of Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, who was adopted by Q. Metellus Pius, and was father-in-law of Pompey. Metellus Scipio was defeated by Cæsar, and fell in Africa. 23. CN. CORNELIUS SCIPIO HISPALLUS, the son of a brother of the two Scipios who fell in Spain (No. 9 and 10). He was consul in B.C. 176, but during his consulship he was seized with a paralytic stroke, and died at the baths of Cumæ. (Liv., xli. 20.) 24. CN. CORNELIUS SCIPIO HISPALLUS, son of Cn. Corn. Scipio Hispallus (No. 23). In B.C. 149 he was with Scipio Nasica (No. 20) among the commissioners to Carthage. (Appian, viii. 80.) In B.c. 139 he was prætor, and promulgated an edict according to which all Chaldæans (astrologers) were to quit Rome, and Italy within ten days. (Val. Max., i. 3, 2, who calls him Caius Corn. Hispallus.) 25. CN. CORNELIUS SCIPIO HISPALLUS, son of Cn. Corn. Scipio Hispallus (No. 24). He is mentioned only by Valerius Maximus (vi. 3, 3), who says that he was compelled to give up his province of Spain, to which he had been sent as quæstor, on account of his inability, and that afterwards he was condemned for dishonest conduct.

26. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO HISPALLUS, son of Cn. Corn. Scipio Hispallus (No. 24). Pighius ('Annal. ad. An.,' 646) thinks that he is the same of whom Appian ('Civil.,' i. 41) says that in the Marsian war he and L. Acilius were compelled to escape from Æsernia in the attire of slaves.

For the history of the family of the Scipios compare Orelli, 'Onomasticon Tullianum,' p. 183, &c.; Paully, 'Real-Encyclopædie der Alterthumswissenschaft,' vol. ii., p. 650, &c.

The family tomb of the Scipios was first discovered in 1616, but it was soon forgotten, as few of its ruins had been laid open, and doubts were raised as to its genuineness. In 1780 the tomb was again dis covered close by the modern gate of S. Sebastian. Visconti and the pope took great interest in the discovery, and in the course of a year the whole catacomb, though in a dilapidated state, was cleared and laid open. The inscriptions and other curiosities, among which we may mention the beautiful sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus, were transferred to the Museum Pio-Clementinum at Rome. The monuments with their inscriptions are described in Monumenti degli Scipioni, publicati dal Cavaliere Francesco Piranesi,' Roma, folio, 1785; and in Lanzi, Saggio,' vol. i., p. 150, &c. For the inscriptions see Orelli, Inscript. Lat.,' n. 550-559. Pliny

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SCOPAS, a celebrated sculptor, born in the island of Paros. (Hist. Nat.,' xxxiv. 8) makes Scopas contemporary with Ageladas, Polycletus, Myron, and other distinguished artists who were living in the 87th Olympiad ; but from various circumstances, it seems probable that he did not flourish till a somewhat later period. Like many artists of antiquity, he united the two professions of sculpture and architecture; and the temple of Minerva Alea, at Tegea in Arcadia, was constructed under his direction. (Pausanias, viii. 45.) The date of the destruction of the temple which the new edifice was intended to replace, and the period at which another work on which Scopas was employed was completed, materially assist in establishing the age of this artist. Pausanias says the older temple referred to was burned during the archonship, in Athens, of Diophantus, in the second year of the 96th Olympiad (about B.C. 388); and Pliny (xxxvi. 5) tells us that Scopas was one of the sculptors employed on the tomb erected in honour of Mausolus, king of Caria, by Artemisia, his queen, who died (before the work was completed) in the 107th Olympiad, or about B.C. 350. Scopas, it is true, may have been living at the same time with some of the later artists mentioned by Pliny, but a calculation of the above dates will sufficiently prove almost the impossibility of his practising as a contemporary artist with the great sculptors preceding and forming the Phidian age and school, and likewise exercising his art at a date so distant from their time as three hundred and fifty years before our era. He lived between B.C. 400 and 300, and most probably in the first half of that century.

Pliny furnishes a copious list of works by this artist. Among those which he says were particularly worthy of admiration was a series of figures representing Neptune, Thetis, Achilles, Nereids mounted on dolphins, and attended by Tritons and other marine monsters. All these "were from the hand of Scopas," and Pliny adds, "it was a splendid work ('præclarum opus') sufficient for the fame of his whole life." It was preserved in the temple of Cneius Domitius, in the Circus Flaminius at Rome. The same writer also mentions two statues of Venus, one of Pothos, or Desire, one of Apollo, and a much admired Vesta in a sitting attitude; also a colossal sitting figure of Mars, and a Bacchus at Cnidus. Pliny tells us there was a doubt in his time

whether some statues representing the dying children of Niobe (Niobæ liberos morientes') in the temple of Apollo Sosianus at Rome, were by Scopas or Praxiteles. The well known group or series of figures representing this subject, now preserved in the gallery of the Grand-Duke of Tuscany at Florence, is generally believed to be the work alluded to by Pliny. Whether it be an original production of either of these great masters, or, as some critics have supposed, only copied from their work, it must be classed among the finest specimens of art, and as a noble monument of the genius of its author. Scopas was employed upon the tomb of Mausolus, and had for his associates and rivals ('æmulos eadem ætate') Bryaxis, Timotheus, and Leochares. This work, considered by the ancients one of the seven wonders of the world, was of a square form, having four faces. Each of the above-named artists completed one side. The eastern was given to Scopas; the northern to Bryaxis; the southern to Timotheus; and Leochares decorated the western façade. Pliny in mentioning this uses the terms 'cœlavere' and 'cœlavit,' from which it may be inferred that all their performances were in rilievo. The whole mass, measuring twenty-five cubits in height, was surmounted by a quadriga, or four-horsed chariot in marble. This was the work of one Pythis; of whom nothing further is known than his having been thus employed on this celebrated monument. The sculptured slabs which Sir Stratford Canning (now Lord Stratford de Redcliffe) obtained permission from the Porte to remove in 1845-46 from the walls of Budrum, the ancient Halicarnassus, and which are now deposited in the British Museum, are now generally admitted to be a portion of the bassi-rilievi with which Scopas and his associates adorned the tomb of Mausolus. The materials obtained from the ruins of the tomb were used by the knights of Rhodes in constructing, and afterwards in strengthening the citadel of Halicarnassus, and the sculptured slabs of the frieze appear to have been built into the inner wall of the citadel, where they remained till removed as above stated. The slabs are thirteen in number, of a uniform height of 3 feet, and of a connected length of nearly 65 feet-about equal to one side of the building. They represent the battle of the ancient Greek warriors with the Amazons, and are executed with considerable spirit and beauty, but they have suffered much injury from time and rough treatment. They are however decidedly inferior to works of the best style of Greek art, and inferior to what would be expected from the hand of Scopas, whence some critics have chosen quite gratuitously to assign them to his associates. (Newton,On the Sculpture from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus,' in the 'Classical Museum for 1847, p. 170, &c., where will also be found a restoration of the building by Mr. Cockerell.) Pausanias, in his description of Greece, speaks of various performances of Scopas (both in bronze and marble), existing in the cities which he visited. In the temple of Venus at Megara were statues of Epws, "Iμepos, and Пóéos (Love, Passion, and Desire). (Paus., i. 43.) There was also a statue of Hercules by him at Sicyon (ii. 10); and at Gortys in Arcadia were two statues, one of Esculapius, 'imberbis' (or beardless), and the other of Hygeia (viii. 28). Two works by Scopas are celebrated by epigrams in the Greek Anthology: one of them refers to a much admired statue of Mercury; another pays a high compliment to the skill displayed by the sculptor in a figure of a Bacchante represented in a state of inebriety. The latter work was executed in Parian marble.

Strabo (lib. xiii., 604) mentions a statue by Scopas, of Apollo, in rather a remarkable character,—that of a 'killer of rats.' It was in the temple of the god surnamed Smintheus, at Chrysa or Chryse in the Troad. The figure was represented in the act of pressing or crushing a rat with his foot.

From the terms in which Pausanias speaks of the temple before alluded to, which Scopas built to Minerva Alea at Tegea, his merit as an architect must have been little if at all inferior to that which he displayed in the sister art. Pausanias says it far exceeded, both in the quality of its decoration and its dimensions, all the other temples in Peloponnesus. He describes it as being of the Ionic order on the outside; but within it was decorated with Doric columns having over them others of the Corinthian order. In the pediment in front was represented the hunting of the Caledonian boar, with Atalanta, Meleager, Theseus, and numerous other figures. The other pediment exhibited the contest of Telephus and Achilles. Pausanias does not state distinctly that these works were by Scopas, but it may fairly be inferred that they either were executed by him or at least were produced under his superintendence.

Before closing this short notice of Scopas it may be right to mention that the difficulty of reconciling the dates given by Pliny has led the learned antiquary Sillig (Catal. Artificum, p. 415) to suppose there may have been two artists of the name; one a native of Paros, and the other of Elis. But the reasons adduced do not however appear sufficient to warrant such a conclusion.

SCOPAS, or SCOPINAS, an artist or mechanist, of unknown date, mentioned by Vitruvius.

SCO'POLI, GIOVANNI ANTONIO, was born at Cavalese in the Tyrol, June 13, 1723. After pursuing his preliminary studies at Trent, he went to Innspruck, and took the degree of Doctor in Medicine at that university in 1743. He early displayed a great fondness for natural history, and was in a great measure self-taught, since there was not then at Innspruck any professor capable of directing his studies in

that department. Botany especially attracted his attention, and he formed a plan, which however he never executed, for publishing the Flora of his native country.

A journey which he made to Vienna led to his obtaining an appointment as a physician at Idria. Here he published a Flora of Carniola, and his proximity to the quicksilver-mines gave him many opportunities for cultivating mineralogy. The results of these studies appeared in various memoirs, among which was a valuable essay on the diseases to which the miners are liable. The talent and indefatigable diligence which he displayed, excited the envy and opposition of many of the officers in the mines, but his appointment as professor of mineralogy at Idria relieved him from all the disquietudes to which he had before been subjected. On the removal of Jacquin to Vienna, Scopoli succeeded to the chair of mineralogy at Schemnitz; and in 1777 he was appointed professor of natural history at Pavia, where he died on May 8, 1788. Scopoli was well acquainted with all branches of natural history, though especially distingnished as a botanist. He was much respected by Jacquin and Linnæus, the latter of whom named a plant in honour of him, and a genus Scopolia is still distinguished by botanists. His principal works are, 'Flora Carniolica,' Vienna, 8vo, 1760, and Leipzig, 8vo, 1772; Entomologia Carniolica,' Vienna, 1763; Tentamina Physico-chemico-medica, Venice, 8vo, 1761, Jena, 8vo, 1771, which contains his paper on the diseases of the workers in the quicksilvermines; 'Delicia Floræ et Faunæ Insubriæ,' &c., Pavia, 1786-88, three parts, folio.

SCORESBY, WILLIAM, AND SCORESBY, THE REV. WILLIAM, D.D., F.R.S., the most accomplished and successful Arctic navigators of their time, were descended from a Yorkshire family, of which notices exist referring to the beginning of the 14th century, its members occasionally possessing considerable property, and occupying conspicuous stations, but having descended, prior to the middle of the last century, to the class of yeomen. WILLIAM SCORESBY, the elder, was born on the 3rd of May 1760, on a small estate farmed by his father, called Nutholm, in the township of Cropton, about twenty miles from Whitby. He received his chief education in an attendance often interrupted, at an endowed school in the village of Cropton, but from this he was removed at the very early age of nine, and employed in agricultural occupations, first on his father's farm, and as he advanced towards manhood on those of his neighbours. Undeserved treatment from one of these led him to resolve, in the winter of 1779-80, to try the adventure of a sea-faring life. Proceeding to Whitby for that purpose, he made an engagement with a ship-owner, but his service not being immediately required, he returned home, and after remaining at the farm he had somewhat abruptly left until his place could be satisfactorily supplied, set himself arduously to work to prepare himself by the study of such books as he could procure, for his new occupation, upon which he entered April 1780. The skill he very soon acquired in calculating his ship's position enabled him to save it from destruction, in the third voyage of both, but the ill-will this occasioned in the minds of the officers he had thus excelled caused him to leave the ship, and to engage in an Ordnance armed-storeship, which was captured by a Spanish vessel. With one of his fellow-sailors however he escaped from Spain, and on his return to England retired, for a season, from his seafaring pursuits. He remained at home, assisting his father in the management of his farm, about two or three years, marrying in the interval the eldest daughter of Mr. John Smith, of Cropton. But in the spring of 1785 he entered upon that particular course of life in which both he and his son were afterwards so long distinguished, by embarking, though merely as one of the seamen, in the ship Henrietta, belonging to the Greenland whale-fishery, which at that period was pursued with considerable enterprise from the port of Whitby. In this congenial occupation, on his sixth voyage he had risen above all his associates, and attained the position of second officer, the 'specksioneer' of the ship, who has special charge of the fishing apparatus and operations, and is a principal harpooner. In 1791 he was appointed to the command of the Henrietta. In his first voyage he returned with "a clean ship," or without whales, but this was amply compensated by the almost unprecedented success of the second, in which he took eighteen whales, a 'catch' which was extended, in his fifth year, to the extraordinary number of twenty-five, and the amount of his cargoes, during his six years' command of this ship, exceeded by 151 tuns of oil that of the most successful of the Hull ships of the time. In 1798 he obtained the command of the Dundee, a London whaler of large size, in which his success was correspondingly great. She returned from her first voyage with the spoils of no less than six-and-thirty captured whales; and three years afterwards twentythree were taken, which yielded the previously unequalled quantity of 225 tuns of oil. In this engagement Mr. Scoresby's high reputation for pre-eminent skill and success was amply maintained. Up to the end of the century his successes, with but rare exceptions, were at the head of the lists of the whole of the northern whalers, both of Davis' Strait and Greenland. His voyages were not only unequalled in the Greenland whale-fishery in their measure of success, but likewise in the quickness with which they were accomplished, and the quality of the oil yielded by their cargoes.

In 1811 Mr. Scoresby resigned the command of the Resolution, in which his voyages had been made for eight years, to his son; but in

command of other ships he continued in the trade, with the results just described, until 1823, when he discontinued the pursuit, having acquired an ample competency. The total number of voyages in the fishery in which he held the command, from first to last, was just thirty. The entire cargoes obtained, under his personal guidance, comprised the produce of 533 whales a greater number than had fallen to the share of any other individual-with that of many thousands of seals, some hundreds of walruses, very many narwhals, and probably not less than sixty Arctic bears. The quantity of oil yielded by this produce was 4661 tuns, of baleine (commonly termed whalebone) about 240 tons in weight, together with the skins of the other animals taken. His yearly average was almost double that of the Hull whale-fishing, or in fact of that of any other port. The gross proceeds of the thirty years' adventures, in money, amounted to very nearly 200,000l., of which the profits amounted to 90,000l.; while the capital annually invested did not exceed on an average 9000l., which thus yielded, through a series of thirty years, no less a sum than 3000l. a year, being at the rate of 33 per cent. per annum on the capital employed. Mr. Scoresby survived his retirement six years, in a state however of deteriorated health, experiencing apparently in his leisure the effects of the wear and tear of the previous thirty-six years. His success had partly been founded on numerous new contrivances and improvements in the whale-fishing apparatus and operations. But he did not confine his attention to subjects immediately connected with his occupation. In the winter of 1816-17 he produced a pamphlet on the improvement of the town and harbour of Whitby, the substance of which, revised, extended, and illustrated by engraved plans, he again brought out in 1826 under the title of An Essay on the Improvement of the Town and Harbour of Whitby, with its Streets and Neighbouring Highways: Designed also for the maintainance of the Labouring Classes who are out of Employment.' A portion of the improvement thus proposed, with some little deviation, was carried into effect after Mr. Scoresby's decease, the entrance of the harbour having thereby become more safe, exactly as he had anticipated. He also left a manuscript document, dated London, 23rd of December 1824, entitled 'Hints; or Outlines of Improvements conceived by W. Scoresby.' These are stated, in an introductory paragraph, to be the result of reflection during forty years' occupation at sea, and are proposed in a manner much resembling that of the Marquis of Worcester's celebrated Century of Inventions' [WORCESTER, MARQUIS OF]: they include projected improvements in ship building, seasoning timber, ports and harbours, breakwaters, the banks of rivers, barren lands, the ventilation of coalmines, the building of streets (including the suggestion of sub-ways), making new roads, and other subjects connected with the arts of life and with human culture. Unfortunately no record of the nature of these projects appears to have been preserved. He died in 1829. Mr. Scoresby was the inventor of the 'round top-gallant crow's nest,' or small cylindrical observatory attached to the main top-mast for the safe and effective navigation of the Arctic ices, and the keeping of a due watch for the discovery of whales. The first example was built in May 1807. It was substituted for the unsafe and unprotected contrivance called the 'crow's-nest,' in which the navigator had hitherto been exposed to all the rigours of the weather whilst performing an indispensable duty. This invention became universally employed by the British Arctic whalers, and was adopted generally in our discovery ships, being in Dr. Scoresby's opinion the greatest boon of modern times given to the Arctic navigator. The construction of one for the Isabella discovery ship is recorded in toss's first voyage, 1818, p. 124, but without any allusion to the inventor.

WILLIAM SCORESBY, the son, was born Oct. 5, 1789, and began his nautical life only ten years afterwards, accompanying his father in the Dundee, on her voyage of the year 1800. The passion for naval enterprise which the child's examination of the ship had evoked, was confirmed by his first voyage, and in 1803 the father and son sailed together in the ship Resolution of Whitby. This they continued to do for the ensuing eight years, the sedulous junior keeping a regular journal of their voyages. He was promoted in succession, as he became qualified, without being unduly favoured, through all the gradations of the service, until he was appointed chief mate of the ship; which responsible office he held in his sixteenth year. The long intervals during which, from the nature of the whale-fishery, the ships were laid up in winter, were devoted by the young navigator with the sanction and to the great satisfaction of his father, to regular study, and for a considerable portion of two sessions, at Edinburgh, where he secured the friendship of the late Professor Jameson and other professors of the university, and also of Dr. (now Sir David) Brewster. He thus acquired that definite knowledge of the principles of the various branches of science bearing upon his peculiar profession, which enabled him to extend them, by his own observations, in the voyages to the Arctic regions which alternated with and succeeded these periods of intellectual culture.

While filling the stations respectively of commander and chief-mate of the Resolution in 1806, the Scoresbys sailed to a higher latitude than had been reached before. In May of that year they were successively in 80° 50′ 28′′, N. lat., 81° 1' 53", and 81° 12′ 42", and once, by estimation, as far as 81° 30', the nearest approach to the pole within about 510 miles-at that period authenticated. It has been

exceeded only by the late Admiral Parry [PARRY, WILLIAM EDWARD], who, in his celebrated boat expedition, during his fourth voyage, in 1827 reached 82° 45', the highest point yet attained; but this was accomplished by travelling across the ice, which had to be commenced on gaining the latitude of 79° 55′ 20", inferior to that attained by the Scoresbys by ordinary sailing, and the honour still remains theirs of having in ordinary sailing navigated the highest northern latitudes. It may be remarked here that the boat expedition had itself been adopted from a suggestion made by the younger Scoresby (in a proposition which had been rejected by the Admiralty), but had not, in his opinion, been properly executed. It was always his conviction that by such an expedition, if carried out according to his views, the pole itself might have been arrived at; and at a later period he had the satisfaction of learning that Parry himself had expressed the same conviction. It is proper to note in this place, in order to preclude error, that the surgeon of the Resolution in this voyage, states, in an 'Account of a Voyage to Spitzbergen,' and in a manner taking the achievement to himself, that the highest latitude attained was 81° 50', but this, as Dr. Scoresby has explained in his Memorials of the Sea,' p. 153, is erroneous; the highest latitude observed being 81° 12' 42", as already stated. The Resolution was the property of a co-partnery, of which the senior Scoresby was one, and-influenced in a considerable degree by a kindly and parental regard for his son-he formally resigned his command in 1811, on the very day on which the subject of this notice completed his twentyfirst year; and on the same day, the earliest at which he could legally hold a command, William Scoresby junior was unanimously clected his father's successor.

In consequence of information communicated by Captain Scoresby to Sir Joseph Banks, the President of the Royal Society, the attention of the council of that learned body and of the government was directed in 1817 to the dormant enterprise of endeavouring to reach the North Pole and discovering the long-sought North-West passage; the latter of which objects has at length been accomplished by Sir Robert MacClure [MACCLURE, SIR ROBERT J. LE M.] in one of the recent searching expeditions for the ill-fated Franklin. Sir J. Banks was very desirous that his young but experienced friend should be employed in the proposed adventure, his father having deferred the fitting out of the ship Fame, which the son was to command, under the idea that she might be taken up for service. Their expectations however were altogether disappointed, and as is well known, Captain (the late Sir John) Ross with the Isabella and Alexander, and Captain Buchan with the Dorothea and Trent, were appointed to make the attempt. It appears to be the policy, not perhaps to be discom mended on grounds of national justice, however the consequencesɔf it may be regretted in particular instances, of the Board of Admiralty, to reserve these arduous expeditions and others destined for marine scientific research, as the encouragements and rewards of an inevitably laborious and ill-paid service. The history of this subject will be found in a paper by Dr. Scoresby, 'On some circumstances connected with the Original Suggestion of the Modern Arctic Expeditions' published in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. xx. 1835-36. Having made seventeen voyages to the Spitzbergen or Greenland Whale-fishery, Captain Scoresby published, in 1820, his celebrated work entitled, 'An Account of the Arctic Regions, with a history and description of the Northern Whale-Fishery,' in 2 volumes consisting of 1217 pages, illustrated by twenty-four engravings. It had been undertaken at the suggestion of Professor Jameson, who did great service to scientific literature by stimulating his pupils or former pupils to make public the results of the observations made by them in their professional or official employments in distant countries. This was the first original work on the physical and natural history of the countries within the Arctic circle and on the nature and practice of the Whale-Fishery, published in this country, with the exception of a tract by Henry Elking on the latter subject. It obtained for the author a more general reputation than he had hitherto enjoyed, and justified the owners of the whaling ships he commanded, in countenancing a degree of enterprise in geographical discovery-not unconnected however with the object of the trade,-which had not before been united with the pursuit of whales, except through accidental circumstances. But on Captain Scoresby's return to Liverpool, from a voyage in 1822, in the ship Baffin of that port, undertaken with these views, he received on entering the Mersey the afflicting intelligence of the decease of his (second) wife while he was absent. He now quitted the whale fishery, but published the geographical results of the voyage, in a 'Journal of a Voyage to the Northern Whale-Fishery; including researches and discoveries on the eastern coast of West-Greenland, made in the summer of 1822, in the ship Baffin of Liverpool,' Edinburgh, 1823, 515 pages, with 8 plates, including a chart, &c. A German translation by Professor F. Rries was published at Hamburg in 1825. Not long after the appearance of this work, on the 17th of June, 1824, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, being already a contributor to the Philosophical Transactions,' and having been for some years a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He subsequently received one of the highest honorary rewards of scientific eminence, in being made a corresponding member of the Institute of France, or Academy of Sciences of Paris. As the captain of a whaler he had been a remarkable man. His crews wero