was indebted to Constable's creditors, as a partner of Ballantyne and Co., for nearly 72,000l.; and that the total amount of the debts of Ballantyne and Co. was about 110,000, for the whole of which Sir Walter was liable as a partner. About half of the 72,000l. due to Constable and Co. being included in the debts of Ballantyne and Co., Scott's actual liabilities were somewhere about 147,000l. The presumptuous rashness with which, in order to indulge himself in the theatrical pleasure of enacting the part of one of the favourite heroes of his imagination, he incurred this immense load of debt, cannot be palliated. From 1823, if not from an earlier period, novels were contracted for and paid in bills, before even the subjects or names of the future publications were fixed. This was not a mere speculation upon popularity: it was a wanton setting of health, mental and corporeal, and of life itself, upon the hazard. But to the honour of Scott, he did not flinch from the terrible responsibility he had so presumptuously incurred. "Gentlemen," he said to the creditors, "Time and I against any two. Let me take this good ally into my company, and I believe I shall be able to pay you every farthing." He surrendered the whole of his property; executed a trust-deed in favour of certain gentlemen, who were to receive the funds realised by his labours, and pay off his debts with interest by instalments; sold his house and furniture, and retired to lodgings, and resumed his literary labours with dogged resolution. "It is very hard," he said, in his deep thoughtful voice, to a friend who expressed his sympathy, "thus to lose all the labours of a lifetime, and be made a poor man at last, when I ought to have been otherwise. But if God grant me life and strength for a few years longer, I have no dɔubt that I shall redeem it all." Scott's works, published during the six years which elapsed between his bankruptcy and his death, which occurred on the 21st of September 1832, possess a painful interest. They want the energy and buoyancy of his earlier writings; they bear the impress of the lassitude of a spirit engaged in a hopeless task. Some of them, like the History of Napoleon, are works which lay out of his line; some of them, like the Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft,' are of a class to which humbler pens alone ought to be tasked; some of them, like the gossipping notes to his collected works, are concessions to the impertinent curiosity of the public, to which it is painful to see a great man stooping. Neither Walter Scott, nor any other really great author, ought to be his own Boswell. Making allowance for every drawback however, the old fire glows in his ashes. Nor was his self-immolation altogether in vain. There can be little doubt that the disease which proved fatal to him was superinduced by excess of mental toil, but the purpose for which he sacrificed himself was attained. His debts, materially diminished before his death, have since been entirely liquidated by the profits of the collected editions of his works. The certainty of this event, the consciousness that he had not shrunk from the responsibilities he had incurred, the feeling that he had deserved and retained the love and respect which waited upon him in more prosperous days, was his consolation in the dark hours of his closing life. The political party to which he was devoted was overthrown, and the institutions he venerated were in his opinion about to be swept away; his wealth had melted from his grasp, toil was the lot and prospect of his old age, the friends of his youth were dying out one by one; but the consciousness of honourable and manly endurance, and the devoted love of his children, smoothed his passage to the grave. He sought, but too late, health in a foreign climate. The worn-out frame craved to be at home and at rest. He murmured, "Now he knew he was at Abbotsford," when his friend Mr. Laidlaw welcomed him on his return, and for a few days enjoyed the mansion he had reared with so much love and pride. His strong frame struggled hard with the disease, but exhausted nature gave way at last, and he expired after fourteen days of total insensibility, on the 21st of September 1832.

It is even yet perhaps too early to attempt a dispassionate estimate of Scott and his writings. Making allowance for increased facilities of communication, and more generally diffused education, the fervour of popular enthusiasm with which his works were received was not greater than was experienced by the publications of Richardson. Time alone can decide how much of bis writings will survive, and what place they will permanently occupy in the estimation of the literary world. Of this however there can be no doubt, that in Scott a strong and healthy intellect was engrafted on a powerful will; that he had a natural and easy play of humour, with no inconsiderable portion of poetical imagination, and a large share of that power of apprehending and portraying character which is the great charm of Fielding. Great part of his life he indulged in a dream-world of his own; but when rudely awakened by adversity, he submitted to the consequences with heroic submission. He was a great and a good man.

Walter Scott was the fourth of ten children, of whom only Thomas, a younger brother, left any descendants. His own four children all survived him, but all have since passed away; and with the death of his grandson, Walter Scott Lockhart, ended his vain hope of building up a family name. The house and estate of Abbotsford have become the property of J. R. Hope, Esq., who married Scott's granddaughter, Charlotte Harriet Jane Lockhart, the daughter of Mr. J. G. Lockhart [LOCKHART, J. G.] and Scott's eldest daughter Sophia.

(Lockhart, Life of Scott; Notes and Prefaces by Sir Walter to the

edition of his Collected Works; Publications by the Trustees of the
Messrs. Ballantyne; MS. Communications.)
SCOTUS, DUNS. [DUNS SCOTUS.]
SCOTUS, JOHANNES. [ERIGENA.]

SCRIBE, AUGUSTIN-EUGENE, one of the most fertile and successful of the modern French dramatic writers, was born in Paris, on December 24, 1791, the son of a merchant, who on his death left him a considerable fortune. His first studies were directed to the law, but his dramatic talent was indicated so early that his guardian, the advocate Bonnet, recommended him to abandon the bar for the stage. His first drama was produced in conjunction with his schoolfellow Germain Delavigne. It was entitled 'The Dervise,' and was performed in 1811 with great applause. His course has been uninterrupted ever since, and the number of his productions almost innumerable. He has not only supplied the French stage, but through translations, adaptations, and suggestions, the stages of the greater part of Europe, and especially that of England.

Scribe's productions are of a peculiar character. He is by no means a dramatic poet; though he possesses facility of invention it is shown more in the clever development of his plots than in the imagining of the higher and nobler description of character. Where he has attempted this he has failed. His distinguishing merits are a remarkable ingenuity and inexhaustible variety in the construction of his plots, a lightness and ease in their development, the conversational fluency and point of his dialogue, and a correct conception and vigorous delineation of character in what may be called the outside circles of civilised—or rather, Parisian-life. In his operas, for many of which he has produced librettos, he has well adapted his language to the music, but, as we have said of his other writings, he does not reach-probably he does not aim at the poetical. His success has been not less than his industry, and he is said to have received immense sums for many of his pieces, and to have realised considerable wealth. It would not be easy to enumerate all his pieces, as many of them, vaudevilles especially, were originally issued under assumed names; but among those by which he will be known to English readers we may mention Le Comte Ory,' 'Le plus beau Jour de la Vie,' 'La Muette de Portici,' 'Fra Diavolo,' 'Robert le Diable,' 'Les Diamants de la Couronne,' 'Bertrand et Raton,' 'La Verre d'Eau,' all of which, as well as numerous others, have been reproduced at English theatres. A selection from his works was published in 1845 in seven volumes; and a romance of his has been translated and published in England, called The Victim of the Jesuits. (See SUPPLEMENT.]

SCRIBO'NIUS LARGUS DESIGNATIA'NUS, an ancient Latin physician, who lived at Rome in the reigns of Tiberius and Claudius, the latter of whom he accompanied in his campaign in Britain. He is the author of a work in Latin, 'De Compositionibus Medicamentorum;' but little is known of the events of his life, and even the language in which he wrote has been disputed. As the Latin of this work is somewhat barbarous, and as Galen, who never mentions any Latin writer, quotes the author, it was thought that it had been written originally in Greek, and translated afterwards into Latin. Physicians however have in general cared little for purity of language, and it may easily have happened that in the Silver age of Latin literature a practitioner may have written in a barbarous style. Besides, the diction itself seems to prove that the work was originally composed in Latin (Bernhold, Præfat. ad ed. Scribon. Larg.,' p. 17); and again, there is no author whom Galen has copied worse than he has Scribonius, probably because he did not understand Latin sufficiently well. (Cagnati, 'Observ. Var.,' 8vo, Romæ, 1587, lib. iii., c. 14, p. 222.) Although, says Sprengel (Hist. de la Méd.'), in one place, Scribonius will not admit of any separation between the different branches of his art, at least he does not prove that he himself was ever able to unite the theory of medicine to the practice. He spared no pains in collecting together all the preparations mentioned in different authors (cap. 1, p. 35, ed. Bernhold), without paying the least attention to the difference of the diseases for which they were prescribed. He copied Nicander almost literally, and adopted from other authors a number of superstitious remedies. He believed, for example, that he had found a certain preservative against the bite of serpents in the plant which he called ouτpíquλλov (Allehira), and which ought to be gathered with the left haud before sunrise (cap. 42, p. 91). He also recommended many preparations against sighing; which shows how much he was attached to empiricism (cap. 19, p. 51). Amongst other antidotes he much esteemed the Hiera' of Antonius Pacchius (cap. 23), and a composition of Zopyrus of Gordium, which, according to the custom of the times, that physician prepared every year with much ceremony. The work of Scribonius is chiefly valuable for the information it contains relating to the Materia Medica of the ancients. It was first published by J. Ruellius, at the end of his edition of Celsus, fol., Paris, 1529. This edition was printed in October 1528, which therefore gives it a few months' priority over that published at Basel, 8vo, 1529, ap. And. Cratandrum, which is sometimes said to be the editio princeps. The best edition, according to Choulant (Handb. der Bücherkunde für die Aeltere Med.,' 8vo, Leipzig, 1828), is that by Rhodius, 4to, Patav., 1655; the last (which is less complete than the preceding) is Bernhold's 8vo, Argent., 1786. A future editor may profit by three dissertations by C. G. Kühn, 4to,

Lips., 1825-26, entitled 'In Scribonium Largum Animadversionum Ottonis Sperlingii Specimen.'

SCUDERI, GEORGE DE, was born about 1601, at Hâvre in Normandie, of which place his father was governor (lieutenant de roi). Young Scudéri was brought up by his father to the profession of arms, but he quitted it about 1630 for that of a dramatist, in which he had at first little success, and was very poor. But both his reputation and circumstances gradually improved, and he was regarded by many as equal to P. Corneille, with whom he was on terms of intimacy, till the unusual success of 'The Cid' threw Scudéri in tothe shade, and caused a feeling of envy, to which he gave vent in 'Observations sur le Cid,' Paris, 1637: these Observations were published anonymously, but the author soon became known, and Corneille replied in a bitter epigram, in which he described his late friend as a solemn fool.' Scudéri however was favoured by Cardinal Richelieu, who was also offended to find that Corneille had obtained a degree of patronage from the public which rendered the great poet independent of the great minister. In 1641 or 1642 Scudéri was appointed governor of Notre Dame de la Garde, a small fort situated on a rock near Marseille, where he went to reside, but soon returned to Paris, and it was humorously said of him in 1656, that he had "shut up the fort, returned to Paris by the coach, and for fifteen years had carried the key in his pocket." In 1650 he was elected a member of the Académie Française. He died at Paris, May 14, 1667.

In the period from 1631 to 1644, Scudéri produced sixteen plays under the following titles:- L'Amour Tyrannique,' 'Armenius,' Orante,' 'Lygdamon,' 'Le Vassal Généreux,' 'Le Trompeur Puni,' 'La Mort de César,''L'Amant Libéral,' 'Didon,' 'Eudoxe,' 'Andromire,' 'Axiane,' 'Le Fils Supposé,''Le Prince Deguisé,' 'L'Illustre Bassa,' and 'La Comédie des Comédiens.' He also wrote 'Poesies Diverses,' 4to, Paris, 1649, and Alaric, ou Rome Vaincue,' folio, Paris, 1654, an heroic poem, which he undertook at the request of Christina, queen of Sweden. He also wrote a few other works, but they are not worth mentioning.

Scudéri is one of those who have left "a lasting tomb." His name is familiar to us from the reputation which he once had, but both his plays and poems are deservedly neglected, or are only looked into from a motive of curiosity. He was a man of excessive vanity, and in the prefaces to some of his plays boasts of his own merits in terms which indicate the most perfect self-satisfaction, which, taken in connection with the patronage of Richelieu, may partly account for the fame which he had in his day, the mass of mankind, little capable of judging for themselves, for the most part allowing a man to take that station which he assumes, rather than placing him in that to which his merits entitle him.

transformed into French petit-maîtres, and the heathen mythology supplied its store of imagery and allusion to decorate the fashionable manners and personages of the age of Louis XIV. It must be added, however, that Mademoislle de Scudéri appears to have been a woman of amiable disposition, was greatly esteemed by her female associates, and had several professed admirers among the gentlemen, though she was very ugly.

SCYLAX of Caryanda, a town of Caria near Halicarnassus, a mathematician and musician, was the author of a 'Periplus of the parts beyond the Columns of Hercules,' of the History of Heraclides, king of the Mylasseis,' of a 'Periodos of the Earth,' and an Answer (avτypaph) to the history of Polybius.' (Suid., kúλag.) If all these works are rightly assigned to the same person, Scylax was at least not earlier than the age of Polybius. But it seems probable that there

were two writers of the name.

Herodotus (iv. 44) says that Darius, the son of Hystaspes, wishing to know where the Indus entered the sea, sent various persons in whom he had confidence, and among them Scylax of Caryanda, to. make the discovery. They set out from the city Caspatyrus and the territory Pactuica, and sailed down the river to the east and the rising of the sun. On reaching the sea they sailed westwards, and in the thirtieth month arrived at the place whence the Phoenicians had set out who were sent by the king of Egypt to circumnavigate Libya. To this Scylax some writers attribute the extant work entitled Пepinλous Tns Oikovμéns, or the 'Periplus of the Inhabited World,' which contains valuable information on the settlements of the Carthaginians, on the towns and colonies of the Greeks, and other matters. Consequently Scylax must, it is supposed, have lived about B.C. 500. Niebuhr and other critics however assign the authorship of the extant 'Periplus' to the middle of the 4th century, B.C. Dodwell considers the author of this 'Periplus' to be a contemporary of Polybius, and consequently he would belong to the 2nd century, B.C. The 'Periplus' was first published by Hoeschel, with other minor Greek geographers, Augsburg, 8vo, 1600. It is also comprised in the first volume of the 'Geographi Græci Minores' of Hudson, which contains the Dissertation of Dodwell. This dissertation, and that of Sainte-Croix, in the 42nd volume of the 'Recueil de l'Académie des Inscriptions,' appear to exhaust the subject of Scylax the geographer. The Periplus' is also included in the first volume of the Geog. Græcia Minoris,' edited by Gail, 8vo, Paris, 1826; and by Klausen, with the Fragment of Hecatæus, Berlin, 1831.

SCYLITZES. [BYZANTINE HISTORIANS.]

SCYMNUS of Chios, who was alive about B.C. 80, wrote a description of the earth (repinynois) in Greek iambic verse, which he dedicated to Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, probably the third of the name. The first 741 verses are extant, and fragments of 236 other verses. His description begins at Gades, and follows the left coast of the Mediterranean as far as the entrance of the Pontus Euxinus, where the last verse ends. Among the remaining verses there are about 90 on the coast of Asia. The work has no value as a poem, and very little as a geographical description. Still it contains some curious facts. It was first printed by Hoeschel with Scylax in 1600, but under the name of Marcianus of Heraclea. It is also comprised in the editions of that work by J. F. Gail, vol. ii., 8vo, 1828; and by Fabricius, Berlin, 1846. Meineke however, in his edition of the poem (Scymni Chii Periegesis et Dionysii descriptio Græciæ,' 8vo, Berlin, 1846), has endeavoured to prove that the poem is not the work quoted by ancient writers under the title of the 'Periegesis of Scymnus,' which was written in prose, but an entirely different work by some other and unknown author.

Mademoiselle de Scudéri was a sort of queen of the Parisian BlueStockings, the 'Précieuses Ridicules' of the 17h century, and she enjoyed this high and palmy state' of honour till her death, which did not occur till June 2, 1701, when she was in her ninetyfourth year. The praises bestowed upon her were not confined to the fashionable society of the Hôtel de Rambouillet, of which she was the acknowleged dictator, but eulogiums in no measured terms were bestowed upon her by Huet, the learned bishop of Avranches, by Mascaron, bishop of Tulle, by the Cardinal de Bouillon, and many others. Christina of Sweden honoured her with her correspondence, and gave her a pension. She had a pension also from Cardinal Mazarin, which, at the request of Madame de Maintenon, was continued and augmented by Louis XIV.

Mademoiselle de Scudéri 'seems to have been indebted for her preeminence of honour partly to the tact with which all her works were adapted to the usages of the society in which she moved, many of the frequenters of the Hôtel de Rambouillet being recognised in the heroes and heroines of her romances, and partly to a factitious brilliancy of conversation which consisted of ridiculous puerilities and a play of imagination in the worst taste, all founded upon those conventionalisms of politeness and gallantry which were current among the fashionable society of that age. Love was the inexhaustible theme of all these romances and conversations; the heroes of antiquity are

SEBA, ALBERT, a native of East Friesland, was born on the 2nd of May 1665. He at first followed the occupation of a druggist at Amsterdam; but afterwards, entering the service of the Dutch East India Company, acquired great wealth. His early studies had given him a taste for natural history, and he spent his large fortune in forming a collection of the most interesting objects in the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms. In 1716 Peter the Great purchased his museum, and removed it to St. Petersburg; but Seba immediately set about forming another collection, which soon surpassed every other in Europe. This was unfortunately dispersed after his death, which took place on the 3rd of May 1736.

Seba wrote several papers on scientific subjects; but his great work was a description of his museum, published in Latin and French, in 4 vols. fol., between the years 1734 and 1765. The first volume only was published during Seba's lifetime; the last three were edited by different persons after his death. The work is noted for the beauty and accuracy of its engravings, which caused it for many years to be regarded as the standard authority on subjects connected with natural history. The bad arrangement of the subjects however, and the inaccuracy of the descriptions, which resulted from Seba's want of scientific knowledge, greatly diminish its value.

SEBASTIAN, DOM, the posthumous son of the Infante Dom Joam, by Joanna, daughter of the emperor Charles V., was born at Lisbon, July 20th, 1554. After the death of his grandfather, Joam III., in 1557, Sebastian, who was then only three years old, ascended the throne of Portugal, the regency being vested in the widowed queen, Catherine of Austria, in conformity with the will of the late king.

From infancy Sebastian showed that the love of arms would be his ruling passion. Possessed of a romantic disposition and an extraordidinary admiration of chivalrous exploits, all his thoughts tended to the entire subjection of Africa, where his ancestors had made considerable conquests. At the age of twenty (in 1574) he undertook a campaign against the Moors of Africa, in which however he gained no advantage. Soon afterwards, the troubles which arose in Africa gave him the opportunity of carrying his gigantic projects into execution. Muley Abdullah, sultan of Fez and Marocco, had been succeeded by his son Muley Mohammed, in opposition to the order of succession established by the sherifs, that the sons should succeed in the order of their birth, to the exclusion of the grandsons, and which would have required the succession of his uncle. Knowing that his life was in danger, Abdu-l-múmen, the next brother of Abdullah, on whom the crown should have devolved, accompanied by his younger brothers Abdu-l-málik and Ahmed, fled to Tremecen, where he was put to death by assassins who were paid by his nephew. Abdu-l-málik retired to Algiers, whence, having obtained the succour of the Turks, he marched to Marocco, defeated the usurper, who went out to meet him, and made himself master of that capital. Mohammed then solicited the aid of Philip II. of Spain; but as that monarch refused to give him any, he applied to Sebastian, who readily promised to replace him on his throne, against the advice of his best and wisest friends. However, before starting on his wild expedition, Sebastian communicated his design to Philip, who earnestly dissuaded him from it; though he has been unjustly accused by the French historian Laclède ('Histoire Générale d'Espagne,' vol. v., p. 170) of having encouraged him in his attempt, in the hope that he might perish, and the crown of Portugal devolve on

himself.

The preparations being completed, and the cardinal Enrique vested with the regency, in June, 1578, the armament put to sea. It consisted of 9000 Portuguese, 2000 Spaniards, 3000 Germans, and 600 Italians; in all about 15,000 men. These forces landed on the 10th of July, at Arsila, where they were joined by Muley Mohammed at the head of his army. A council of war was immediately summoned; and after losing eighteen days, during which time the provisions of the army were greatly diminished, and the enemy were enabled to collect their forces, it was resolved to begin the campaign by the siege of Larache. Though on the arrival of his enemies Muley Abdu-lmálik, improperly called Moluc by the chroniclers of the day, was suffering under a disease which soon after caused his death, he had prepared with activity for their reception, and he hastened to the shore borne in a litter. His army, which was far superior in numbers to the Portuguese, being increased by the arrival of his brother Ahmed, governor of Fez, who joined him near Alcasr-kebir (Alcazar-quebir), Abdu-l-málik determined to oppose the passage of the Christians over the river Luk in the way to Larache; and with this view he posted his troops at the only ford in the neighbourhood. Perceiving, how ever, that Sebastian, by the advice of his ally, Mohammed, had desisted from his former intention, and was attempting to reach Larache by a more circuitous route, he crossed the river and offered him battle. The cavalry of the Christians, unable to withstand the impetuous onset of the Moors, at first gave way; but Sebastian placed himself at the head of his infantry, and charging the enemy, compelled him to fall back on his artillery. At this moment, Muley Abdu-l-málik, fearful of the result, mounted a horse, drew his sabre, and placing himself at the head of a body of cavalry, chiefly composed of Spanish Moriscoes whom Philip had banished from his kingdom after the revolt in the Alpujarras, made a desperate charge, by which the Portuguese infantry, consisting of raw soldiers, was broken. Though a vigorous resistance was made on the right and left wings, which were composed of the Germans and Spaniards, the rout soon became general. Sebastian made every effort to rally the fugitives; but in vain. Most of the officers and courtiers by whom he was surrounded fell by his side. Two horses had already been killed under him, and the third was exhausted. His retainers, anxious to save his life, earnestly entreated him to fly; but he haughtily refused, and plunged into the thickest of the fight, where he met with an honourable death, according to some authorities; others assert that he was taken prisoner by some Moors, but that as they were about to dispute about the possession of so rich a prize, one of their officers came up and killed him with his own hand. On the morning after the day of the battle a search was made, and a body was found, which, though much disfigured, was instantly recognised by Resende, a valet of Sebastian, to be that of his master. Mohammed succeeded in escaping from the field of battle; but he was drowned whilst attempting to cross the river. Abdu-l-málik, exhausted by the fatigue of the day, had also breathed his last during the action, though his death was kept secret by his orders; so that the three kings who entered the field perished on the same day (August 4, 1578).

Sebastian was succeeded by his brother Ahmed. The news of Sebastian's death caused the greatest consternation. The Portuguese could scarcely believe in his death, and for many years after it was generally supposed that he was still living in captivity. This belief produced several impostors, such as Alvarez, the stone-cutter, Gabriel de Espinosa, called by the Spaniards el Peastelero de Madrigal, and two others, who ended their days on the scaffold or in the galleys.

By the death of Sebastian without issue, the kingdom of Portugal became annexed to Spain. (Cabrera, Historia de Felipe II., Mad., 1619, lib. xii.; Faria y Sousa, Epitome das Historias Portuguezas, part iii.; Vasconcellos, Anacepha læosis.) SEBASTIAN DEL PIOMBO. [PIOMBO, SEBASTIANO DEL.] SEBASTIANI, HORACE FRANÇOIS COUNT, was a native of Corsica, having been born at the hamlet of Porta, near Bastia, on Nov. 11, 1776. His uncle, who was a priest, took charge of his education, and was preparing him for his own profession, when the call to arms, in 1792, induced the lad to exchange his cassock for a uniform. He then became secretary to General Casabianca, after which he joined the army of Italy, in 1796, was noticed by Bonaparte, and was made a chef-de-bataillon after the battle of Arcola. In 1799, he distinguished himself greatly at Verona, for which conduct General Moreau appointed him to a regiment on the field of battle. On the 18th Brumaire, being in garrison at Paris, with his regiment of Dragoons, he assisted in the coup d'état by which Bonaparte became master of France. The First Consul promised to reward this proof of devotedness on the part of his compatriot, and henceforth took charge of his fortune.

After the battle of Marengo (June 14th, 1800) Colonel Sébastiani was appointed commissioner along with Marmont, to conduct negocia tions preparatory to the armistice of Treviso. In 1802, he was sent to Turkey, Egypt, and Syria, on an important diplomatic mission, which he conducted so skilfully as to obtain the rank of General of Brigade for his address.

In 1804, he was despatched to watch the movements of the Austrian army in Germany, when the reports he addressed to the War Office are said to have partly determined the campaign of 1805. General Sébastiani commanded the vanguard of Murat's cavalry when that brilliant corps entered the Austrian capital. At the battle of Austerlitz he displayed his habitual energy, was badly wounded in a desperate charge, and was raised to a division for his conduct. During the next few years he was employed with much distinction in diplo matic missions; in one of which he lost his first wife, who died in giving birth to a girl, afterwards known as the unfortunate Duchesse de Praslin, murdered by her husband in 1847.

General Sébastiani was one of the many French officers sent to Spain to retrieve the fortunes of the Emperor, in 1809. He crossed the Gaudiana and defeated the Spaniards at Ciudad-Real, at Santa Cruz, and several other places. In the early part of 1810 he took possession of the provinces of Jaen, Granada, and Malaga, and is accused of having greatly mutilated the Alhambra and other monuments of antiquity, and of ransacking the convents for his own private gain. In the following year, not deeming his services sufficiently appreciated, he returned to France. Napoleon I., who considered the chief talents of this General to be diplomatic, rather than military, had determined not to give him a command during the Russian campaign. But the remonstrances of Sébastiani overcame this decision; he was therefore placed in the vanguard of the Grand Army. During the march to Moscow he strongly urged upon the Emperor the prudence of wintering in the province of Lithuania; but this advice was unheeded. General Sébastiani was present at the battles of Smolensko and Moskwa; he was also one of the first to enter the Russian capital, at the head of the 2nd corps. He suffered greatly during the retreat, lost all his artillery, and all his horses perished in the snow.

In 1813, after the battle of Leipzic, at which he was wounded, he contributed to the victory at Hanau, where Prince Wrede was defeated. Napoleon afterwards gave him the command of the 5th corps, and ordered him to defend the left bank of the Rhine, at Cologne; but he was obliged to fall back into Champagne; where, at the head of three regiments of cavalry of the Imperial Guard, he repeatedly won new honours, particularly at the battles of Arcissur-Aube and Saint Dizier.

On the abdication of Napoleon he retired to private life, but during the Hundred Days he became a member of the Chamber of Representatives, and was sent as one of the deputies to wait on the allied sovereigns after the battle of Waterloo. After the return of the Bourbons he spent a few months in England in voluntary exile, though they had not included his name in their list of proscription. In 1819 he was chosen deputy for Corsica, and soon became distinguished as a member of what was termed the liberal opposition in the Chambre des Députés. In 1826 he succeeded General Foy as representative of the department de l'Aisne. After the revolution of 1830, Louis Philippe, in August, appointed him minister of marine, and in the following November, ou the retirement of Molé, made him minister for foreign affairs; in which office he continued until 1832. It was during his administration of this office, in September, 1831, that he incurred so much obloquy by his famous announcement from the tribune of the chamber that "order reigns in Warsaw." In 1833 he again filled for a short time the office of minister for foreign affairs, but resigned on the chamber refusing to confirm the treaty he had made with the United States of America, and was appointed ambassador to Naples. In 1835 he was sent ambassador to London, where he was replaced by Guizot in 1840, and on the death of Marshal Maison, he received his bâton de Maréchal after 48 years service. In 1841 he spoke strongly in the

chamber in favour of the project for fortifying Paris. Ill health compelled him soon afterwards to retire from public business, and the unfortunate fate of his daughter, the Duchesse de Praslin, darkened the latter years of his life. He died however suddenly while at breakfast, on July 20, 1851. He was buried in the church of the Invalides, and during the funeral some of the hangings caught fire, endangering the whole building, but the fire was fortunately subdued with only the loss of several of the military trophies. SE'CKENDORF, VEIT LUDWIG VON, was born on the 20th of December 1626, at Herzogenaurach near Erlangen. He belonged to an old and noble family of Franconia, and his father held a high post in the army of Gustavus Adolphus during the Thirty Years' war. The boy lived with his mother partly at Coburg, partly at Mühlhausen, and partly at Erfurt. He began his studies at the gymnasium of Coburg in 1638; but Ernest, duke of Gotha, invited him to the gymnasium of Gotha; and after the death of his father, who was executed in 1642 by a Swedish court-martial, the duke acted towards the youth with all the care of a father. The young man showed great talent and unusual diligence, and persons of the highest rank gave him their | protection and encouragement. From 1643 till 1646 he studied in the university of Strasbourg; and applied most zealously not only to jurisprudence, history, and classical literature, but to philosophy and theology. After he had completed his studies, he made a journey through the Netherlands, and was appointed page to the Duke of Gotha, who not only superintended his practical training as a statesman, but intrusted him with the care of his library. Seckendorf now gradually rose from the lower to the highest offices in the duke's service, and in 1664 he was appointed privy councillor and chancellor. In all his offices he took a most active part in the important changes which the duke made in the administration of his dominions, as well as in the affairs of religion and the education of the people. For reasons which are not known, Seckendorf, at the close of the year 1664, left the service of the Duke of Gotha, and entered that of Moritz, duke of Zeitz, who appointed him his privy councillor, chancellor, and president of the consistory. In his new sphere Seckendorf showed the same activity and good-will towards the people as before; but owing to some measures which he had proposed, he became involved in disputes with the clergy; and when Duke Moritz died in 1681, he laid down his offices, and retired to his country-seat, Meuselwitz near Altenburg. In 1691 Frederic III., elector of Brandenburg, invited him to Berlin as his privy councillor, and also appointed him chancellor of the newly established university of Halle. Seckendorf accepted the offer, but died on the 9th of December, 1692, at Halle. Seckendorf as a statesman showed great judgment and skill in the complicated affairs of the various houses of Saxony, but he was more distinguished as a political writer, an historian, a scholar, and a theologian. His principal political work is-'Deutscher Fürstenstaat,' Gotha, 1665, which for a long time was thought the most useful manual of political science. His theological and historical works are: 'Compendium Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ,' Leipzig, 1666; this work was completed by Artopæus; 'Der Christenstaat,' Leipzig, 1685; Commentarius Historicus et Apologeticus de Lutheranismo,' &c., 3 vols. fol., Leipzig, 1688, &c.: it is chiefly directed against Maimbourg, 'Histoire du Lutheranisme.' Seckendorf also wrote several smaller discourses in German, and sacred hymns, some of which are still sung in the Protestant churches of Germany. See Schreber, Historia Vitæ et Meritorum Viti Ludovici à Seckendorf,' 4to, Leipzig, 1733.

SECKER, THOMAS, a learned and eminent prelate of the English church, who was successively bishop of Bristol and Oxford, and archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Sibthorpe in Nottinghamshire in

1693.

The early history of this distinguished person is essentially different from that of many other persons whose early life, progress, and final success in the church we have had to describe; for while they have usually gone from the endowed grammar-schools to the universities of the realm, Secker (being born of parents who were not members of the Church of England, but dissenters from it), after he had been trained in the grammar school at Chesterfield in Derbyshire, where a sister much older than himself and her husband Mr. Milnes resided (two relatives who had much to do with his early training), was sent to an academy which the dissenters of the north of England had established at a village called Attercliffe, about fourteen miles from Chesterfield. It was intended for the education of dissenting ministers, and for that profession young Secker was designed. But after a residence of two or three years, he was removed to another establishment of the same kind, in which the studies appear to have been of a more liberal kind, and the learning communicated to the pupil more exact and critical. This academy was kept at Tewkesbury, and at the head of it was Mr. Jones, a divine of considerable eminence. Here Secker found Samuel Chandler going through the same course with himself, who was a minister of much celebrity among the dissenters, and author of various critical works, and Butler, the author of The Analogy of Natural and Revealed Religion,' who conformed and became bishop of Durham. With both of these divines Secker formed an intimacy, and they remained on friendly terms during the remainder of their lives. It was in these academies that the foundation was laid of those

eminent theological attainments by which he was distinguished, of which his printed works are some proof, but there is still stronger evidence in his manuscript notes on the Scriptures, which still remain in the library at Lambeth.

When he left the academy, the natural course would have been that he should have settled as the minister of a dissenting congregation. He preached among the dissenters occasionally, but he never became the settled pastor of any dissenting congregation. Perhaps the excel· lences of his character were not appreciated as they ought to have been by the persons amongst whom he fell. However, it is certain that he soon determined to abandon the path which had been chalked out for him, and he devoted himself to the study of medicine, attending lectures in London, and going afterwards to Paris.

There were persons however who were unwilling that the talents and attainments of Secker should not be made available in the way that was first intended, though not as a nonconformist, but as a minister of the Established Church; and particularly his early friend Butler, who had conformed and was become preacher at the Rolls, and Mr. Talbot, to whom Butler introduced him, a son of the Bishop of Durham. Secker was induced to enter fully into the question of conformity, and his deliberations issued in the determination to enter the church. He entered himself at Exeter College, Oxford, and in a very short time was ordained by the Bishop of Durham; this was in 1723.

His progress in the church was rapid. He was made chaplain to Bishop Talbot; had the living of Houghton-le-Spring, which he soon exchanged for that of Ryton, both in the diocese of Durham; but in 1732 he was brought into a more public sphere of action, being nominated one of the king's chaplains, and rector of St. James's, Piccadilly. Early in 1735 he was made Bishop of Bristol; in 1737 he was translated to Oxford. In 1750 he gave up the rectory of St. James's, in which parish he had accomplished some useful reforms, and was made Dean of St. Paul's. In 1758 he became Archbishop of Canterbury. In all the various situations which he was called to fill, his conduct was that of a conscientious, liberal, and pious man; assiduous in the discharge of all his duties, acting with moderation and discretion. His printed works consist only of sermons, lectures, and charges. He died on the 3rd of August 1768, and is buried in an humble grave in the churchyard of Lambeth parish.

SECUNDUS, JOHANNES, born in 1511, is one of the most esteemed of modern Latin poets. His verses are chiefly amatory, and modelled after Catullus, whose passionate and tender spirit he had caught, without descending to the extent of his licentiousness. Like other learned men of the age, he took a Latin name: why that of Secundus, does not clearly appear. His family name was Everts, which in other languages is softened into that of Everardi and Everard. His father Nicholas or Klaas Everts, himself a learned man, and a distinguished jurist and magistrate, had five sons, all more or less eminent, among whom however John's fame stands highest. He early showed that taste for Latin poetry to which he owes his reputation; but he adopted the law as his profession, and graduated with distinction at Bourges, in 1533. That his talents and acquirements were well known may be inferred from the archbishop of Toledo having chosen him for private secretary. Through this connection he obtained the notice and esteem of Charles V., whom he accompanied to Tunis in 1534. Unfortunately the climate of Africa sowed in him the seeds of a mortal disease; and he was fain, instead of following up his fortunes by accepting an important post at Rome, to return to his native climate, only to die at Tournai, October 8, 1536, at the early age of twenty-five.

His Latin poems are-Elegies (3 books), 'Basia,' Epigrams, Odes, Epistles, Funera (elegies in the English meaning), and Miscellanies, one book each. There are many editions, among which that of Leyden, 2 vols. 8vo, 1821, is recommended. His works are published jointly with those of his brothers Nicholas and Adrian, who assumed respectively the names of Grudius and Marius, under the title Poemata et Effigies Trium Fratrum Belgarum.' There are translations of the Basia' into English, French, &c. Of the former, that of 1775, with the Life of Secundus, and of the latter, that by Tissot, 1806, are said to be the best.

SEDAINE, MICHEL JEAN, a dramatic writer of considerable merit, was born at Paris, July 4, 1719. On the death of his father, who was an architect, he was reduced to follow the trade of a stonemason. He continued however to study, and casually attracted the notice of his employer, an architect named Buron, who, on discovering his talents, gave him instruction, and finally took him into partner. ship. This service he afterwards repaid by educating the painter David, who was Buron's grandson. Sedaine made his first appearance as a dramatist in a piece taken from the Devil on Two Sticks,' played at the Opera Comique in 1756, which was very popular. After writing for that theatre during several years with brilliant success, he took a bolder flight, and brought out his Philosophe sans le Savoir,' on the more classical stage of the Comédie Française. This, which is esteemed his most sterling piece, had a great run. He also wrote for the Grand-Opéra; and thus, it has been observed, shone at once on three of the chief theatres of France. The well-known opera of 'Richard Coeur-de-Lion,' for which, and many other of Sedaine's works, Gretry composed the music, procured for him, at the age of