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in 1837 at the British Institution, 'Gulliver on the Farmer's Table,' which was purchased for engraving, and afterwards passed into the gallery of Mr. Sheepshanks, recently presented by that gentleman to the nation. From this time his course, if not brilliant, was one of steady progress. In 1838 he exhibited at the Royal Academy 'Ellen Orford,' the deserted one of Crabbe's tale, in which he struck into the vein of domestic sentiment which for some years he continued to pursue, and with which his name was long associated. Of these pictures he observes, in the letter above referred to, "It is one of my most gratifying feelings that many of my best efforts in art have aimed at calling attention to the trials and struggles of the poor and the oppressed. In the 'Reduced Gentleman's Daughter' (1840), The Poor Teacher' (1843), The Sempstress' (an illustration of Hood's 'Song of the Shirt,' 1844), 'Fashion's Slaves' (1847), and other works, I have had in view the helping them to right that suffer wrong' at the hands of their fellow-men." But this iteration of idea at length seemed to be growing morbid, and every frequenter of the exhibitions felt it to be a relief when Mr. Redgrave turned from righting wrong and suffering to seek new inspiration in the woods and the streams. For some years, from about 1848, landscapes with such titles as 'Spring,' 'Autumn,' 'Skirts of a Wood,' 'Sun and Shadow,' 'Stream at Rest,' A Solitary Pool,' 'A Poet's Study,' 'Love and Labour,' Woodland Mirror,' The Forest Portal,' The Lost Path,' 'The Old English Homestead,' 'The Mid-wood Shade,' 'The Sylvan Spring,' 'Source of the Stream,' and the like, formed the staple of his contributions to the Academy exhibitions, though with occasional examples of his earlier, as well as of that more sentimental style spoken of above, and one or two pieces of a still more ambitious character, as 'The Awakened Conscience,' 1849, and the Flight into Egypt,' 1851. The landscapes of Mr. Redgrave, though somewhat too minute in detail and lacking ease and freedom, show close observation of nature, and are very pleasing examples of their particular class. His latest works, 1856, were 'Little Red Riding Hood,' and 'Handy Janie.' The Vernon Gallery contains one of his most satisfactory works, 'Country Cousins,' painted for Mr. Vernon in 1848; and the Sheepshanks' collection contains six pictures by him, which will very sufficiently illustrate his different styles:-'Gulliver on the Farmer's Table,' 'Cinderella,' 'The Governess, Preparing to throw off her Weeds,' Ophelia,' and 'Bolton Abbey.'

Mr. Redgrave was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in November 1840, and academician in 1851. For some years he held the appointment of head master in the Government School of Design; and when that institution merged in the Department of Science and Art, he was made art-superintendent, an office he still holds. For the use of the students of the schools connected with the Department of Art he published 'An Elementary Manual of Colour,' 1853; and, with his brother, A Century of Painters of the English School,' 1866. REDI, FRANCISCO, was born at Arezzo in 1626. He studied at Florence and Pisa, and took his degree of M.D. in the last-named university. He afterwards proceeded to Rome and Naples, where he applied himself to the study of natural history, and made several curious physiological experiments. On his return to Tuscany he practised medicine with great reputation, and wrote several works concerning that science. Redi was also a poet, and wrote a dithyramb, 'Bacco in Toscana,' in which he extols the various produce of the Tuscan vineyards: it is a splendid specimen of that species of compoBition. His other works are-1, 'Esperienze intorno alla Generazione degli Insetti,' Florence, 1668; 2, 'Osservazioni intorno alle Vipere,' 1664; 3, 'Esperienze intorno a diverse Cose Naturali, particolarmente a quelle che ci sono portate dall'Indie,' 4to, 1671; 4, 'Osservazioni intorno agli Animali viventi che si trovano negli Animali viventi,' 1684; 5, Lettera intorno all'Invenzione degli Occhioli,' 1678; 6, Consulti Medici,' 1726-29; 7, 'Lettere Familiari,' 1724-27; 8, Sonnetti' and other poetry. There are some other of his minor works inserted in the general collection, 'Opere di Francesco Redi,' 3 vols. 4to, Venice, 1712. Redi was a correct and elegant Italian writer, and also one of the most learned men of his age and country. He was a great favourite with the court of Tuscany, and was physician to the grand-duke Ferdinand II. Redi died at Pisa March 1, 1698.

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REDSCHID PASHA, or MUSTAPHA RESCHID PASHA, was the son of parents in rather affluent circumstances, and was born at Constantinople in 1802. When only fourteen years of age his brother-in-law, Ali Pasha, attached him to his person, and employed him in the Morea and Broussa during his government of those two provinces. In 1826, when the insurrection broke out in the Morea, Redschid served in the campaign under his patron. After the death of Ali Pasha he transferred his services to Selim Pasha, who made him his private secretary in 1829. He now began his preparation for the higher offices of state by a series of foreign missions. In 1831 he was sent as envoy to Mehemet Ali, viceroy of Egypt; and having taken an active part in negociating the treaty of Kutahia in 1833, he was in the following year raised to the dignity of Pasha. In the course of 1834 he was sent on a mission to the courts of London and Paris. Nearly two years were thus occupied, and the relations he formed with the leading statesmen, diplomatists, and party leaders in England and France, became the basis of the credit and influence he obtained on his return to his native country. The great measure of Parliamentary Reform had recently been carried in England, and the subject was

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still fresh in men's minds. Redschid Pasha was particularly impressed with this great change, effected as it had been without recourse to violence. When he was recalled to his own court, the following year, to fill an important office in the administration of Pestier Pasha, his mind was occupied with the subject. Almost immediately after his arrival he found himself exposed to imminent danger by the death of the prime minister, who had been overthrown by an intrigue within the palace, and afterwards put to death by the Sultan's orders. But the behaviour of Redschid Pasha was so circumspect as to baffle the designs of his enemies; whilst the credit he had obtained from his diplomatic missions was so high that he was created Grand Vizir in 1837. He did not however hold this position long, being sent into a sort of honourable exile to Paris.

When the report of the death of Mahmud II. reached Paris, he hastened to return to Constantinople, but not before he had raised up a bulwark to defend the throne of the new sultan against the ambition of Mehemet Ali, by concluding the Quadruple Alliance. By Abdu-lMedjid he was made Foreign Minister, and to the practical knowledge and statesmanship which he had acquired in his European missions, are attributed the systematic reforms which, under the name of the tanzimat' [ABDU-L-MEDJID], have distinguished the reign of the present sultan. Indeed, it is generally believed that from the accession of the young monarch in 1839 until the present time, being a period of eighteen years, Redschid Pasha has steadily pursued his object of introducing political reforms into Turkey, and that to him is mainly due the many great-however imperfect-social and religious as well as political improvements which have been effected in that country, and which are more particularly noticed under ABDU-L-MEDJID. But it has been amidst much hostility and discontent that Redschid Pasha has prosecuted his system of reform. During the late war he was called to direct the government, which through that difficult period he accomplished with signal ability. Though afterwards for a time displaced, he has again become the actual head of the Turkish government, and the high respect in which he is held by European statesmen gives him a strong hold on power. In private life he has likewise by example as well as otherwise sought to modify the objectionable habits of his countrymen: he has but one wife; and he is said to be free from the corrupt practices commonly attributed to the higher officials of Turkey. [See SUPPLEMENT.]

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REGIOMONTA'NUS, or, as he styled himself in some of his works, JOANNES GERMANUS DE REGIOMONTE, is the adopted name of a celebrated German astronomer whose real name was JOHANN MÜLLER. He was born June 6, 1436, but his biographers are not agreed as to the place of his birth. Some say Königsberg in Prussia (Starovolsci); others Königsberg in Franconia (Montucla); De Murr, in his Noticia trium Codicum,' afterwards referred to, says Unfind, near Königsberg, in the duchy of Saxe-Hilburghausen; while Doppelmayer and Niceron, followed by Delambre, say Königshofen in Franconia. His adopted name favours the supposition of his birthplace having been Königsberg.

When twelve years old he was sent by his parents to prosecute his studies at Leipzig, but whether he entered the university of that city does not appear. His progress in arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy is said to have been such, that before completing his sixteenth year he could meet with no one sufficiently learned to instruct him in these sciences, which induced him about 1452-53 to remove to Vienna, where he became the pupil and intimate friend of Purbach, who was at that time professor of astronomy in the University of Vienna. Under Purbach's direction he applied himself zealously to the Greek astronomy, through the medium of such Latin versions of the Almagest' as existed; and commenced a series of astronomical observations, including several eclipses and a conjunction of Mars, which last led to the detection of an error of two degrees in the Alphonsine Tables. Purbach had undertaken a new Latin translation of the Almagest,' but dying suddenly, the completion of the work devolved upon Müller. [PURBACH, GEORGE.] Upon Purbach's death (1461), Müller accepted the vacant professorship of astronomy in the University of Vienna, on condition of being permited to reside for some time in Italy, in order that he might there, in compliance with Bessarion's suggestion, acquire a knowlege of the Greek language. In 1461-62 he accompanied the cardinal to Rome, where he began the study of the Greek language, and occupied himself in collecting, collating, and copying Greek manuscripts, and making astronomical observations, chiefly of eclipses, and where also he made the acquaintance of George of Trebizond, who had anticipated him in a translation of the Almagest' from the original, though the work was very imperfectly executed. In 1463 Müller proceeded to Ferrara, where for about a year he continued his philological studies under Blanchini, Theodore Gaza, and Guarino, at the expiration of which time he accepted an invitation from the students of Padua to give in that city a course of instruction explanatory of the astronomical writings of the Arabian philosopher Alfragan. The introductory discourse, entitled 'Oratio in Prælectionem Alfragani Introductoria in Scientias Mathematicas,' &c., delivered by him on this occasion, was prefixed by Melanchthon to his edition of Alfragan, published in 1537. From Padua he proceeded in 1464 to Venice to meet Bessarion, with whom he returned to Rome, and shortly afterwards returned to Vienna, where he entered upon the duties of his professorship. While in Italy he

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composed his work entitled 'De Triangulis Planis et Sphæricis,' first published at Nürnberg in 1533, folio, fifty-seven years after the author's death, which is now the most interesting of his works. It contained two tables of natural sines, one to a radius 6,000,000, the other to a radius 10,000,000, and by their means all the cases of plane and spherical triangles were solved, without the aid of a similar table of tangents, the utility of which he did not perceive, and the consequence of which oversight was that the solutions, though occasionally very ingenious, are in most cases excessively prolix. The solution of that case of spherical triangles in which, the angles being known, it is thence required to determine the sides, was first given in this work. The trigonometry and the tables of sines appear to have been published separately. The title of the latter, according to Niceron, was 'Compositio Tabularum Sinuum, cum Tabulis Duplicibus Sinuum ejusdem,' fol., Nürnb., 1541. A detailed analysis of the trigonometry is given in the Astronomie du Moyen Age,' pp. 292-323 and 347. It affords, says Delambre, a very complete view of what was then known of plane and spherical trigonometry, though the discoveries in this branch of science, which belonged exclusively to Müller, were not of great importance. While in Italy he likewise detected many errors in Trebizond's version of the Almagest,' which he severely criticised. This excited so much animosity, that some have attributed Müller's early death to poison administered to him by one of the sons of Trebizond. (Vossius, 'De Scientiis Mathematicis,' p. 184.) The earliest edition of Purbach and Müller's translation of the 'Almagest' appears to be that of Venice, fol., 1496. It was reprinted at Basel in 1543, and there are several subsequent editions. The title of the two editions mentioned is 'Joannis de Monte Regio et Georgii Purbachii Epitome in Cl. Ptolemæi Magnam Compositionem, continens Propositiones et Annotationes quibus totum Almagestum declaratur.' The first six books were the work of Purbach, who makes the length of the sidereal year 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 12 seconds, which is much nearer the truth than that given by his predecessors. He also states that the obliquity of the ecliptic given by Ptolemæus is 23°51′20′′, but that in his own time he is unable to make it more than 23° 28', though he does not say whether he considers the obliquity to be decreasing or Ptolemæus's result to be erroneous. In all the demonstrations sines are employed to the exclusion of chords. (Delambre.) Upon the whole, this epitome is supposed to have been chiefly extracted from the Latin version which Gerard of Cremona had made of the Arabic commentary of Geber on the 'Almagest.' It appears in effect that both Purbach and Müller rather divined the sense and seized the spirit of Ptolemæus than understood the letter of their text. The work was a model of precision; but nevertheless it was an abridgment, and an abridgment of Geber much more than of Ptolemæus. (Preface to the French translation of the 'Almagest,' by M. Halma, 4to, Paris, 1813.)

After some years' residence at Vienna, Müller was invited by the king of Hungary (Matthias Corvin) to take up his abode at Buda, where he amused himself with collating the Greek manuscripts which had been brought from Athens and Constantinople, and in constructing "tables of directions," in which he shows himself no less attached to astrology than to astronomy. The work is entitled 'Tabula Directionum Profectionumque, non tam Astrologia Judiciariæ quam Tabulis, instrumentisque innumeris fabricandis utiles ac necessaria,' &c., 4to, Nürnb., 1475. It contained the first tangents published in Europe, extended however only to each degree of the quadrant; but although similar tables had been constructed by the Arabs, and applied by them to trigonometry full 500 years earlier, Müller, as has been stated, was quite ignorant of this their chief use. The work is reviewed in the Astr. du Moyen Age,' pp. 288-292. It may here be observed that the term 'tangents' was not introduced till after the time of Müller. Both by him and Purbach, as by the Arabs, they were called 'shadows,' the length of the shadow of every object cast by the sun being in fact the tangent of the sun's zenith distance, the radius being the vertical height of the object. The state of Hungary induced him in 1471 to remove to Nürnberg, where he formed an intimacy with a wealthy citizen, Bernard Walter, at whose expense several astronomical instruments were constructed and a printing-office established. With these instruments a series of observations were made which afforded abundant proof of the inexactitude of the Alphonsine Tables. They were published in 1544 under the title of Observationes 30 Annorum à J. Regiomontano et B. Walthero. Scripta de Torqueto, Astrolabio Armillari, Regula magna Ptolemaïca, Baculoque astronomico,' 4to, Nürnb. Müller's observations commence at Rome the 3rd of January 1462, and at Nürnberg the 6th of March 1472, and terminate the 28th of July 1475. Those of Walter begin the 2nd of August 1475, and end the 3rd of June 1504. Lacaille made use of these observatious in the construction of his solar tables. (Astr. du Moyen Age,' p. 337.) The appearance of a comet led him to compose a work entitled 'Problemata xvi. de Cometa longitudine, magnitudine, et loco vero,' first published at Nürnberg in 1531, 4to, wherein he gives a method of determining the parallax of a comet, afterwards employed by Tycho Brahé, but which, observes Delambre, though true in theory, cannot be depended on in practice. (Astr. du Moyen Age,' pp. 340-344.) Prior to 1475 he published his 'Kalendarium Novum,' for the three years 1475, 1494, and 1513 (the interval being an entire cycle of nineteen years), which was probably the first almanac that appeared in

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Europe, though the idea was taken from a similar work composed by Theon of Alexandria. It gives the length of day at all places situated between the parallels of 36° and 55° N. lat., and for every three degrees of the sun's longitude. On the appearance of this almanac the King of Hungary presented Müller with 800 (some say 1200) crowns of gold; and such was the demand for it that, notwith. standing the price of twelve gold crowns, the whole edition was speedily disposed of in Hungary, Italy, France, and England. Besides the above works of his own composition, he had printed an edition of Purbach's Theory of the Planets,' the 'Poems' of Manilius, &c., and was proceeding with others, when Pope Sixtus IV., who contemplated a reformation of the calendar, purchased his services by appointing him Archbishop of Ratisbon. He immediately quitted his old patron Walter, and proceeded to Rome in July 1475, where he died on the 6th of July of the following year, in the forty-first year of his age. His body was interred in the Pantheon.

Müller, observes Delambre, was a man of remarkable sagacity, and of an ardent and enterprising disposition. He was without contradiction the most learned astronomer that Europe had then produced; though he was inferior to Albategnius as an observer, and to Aboul Wéfa as a calculator. It is matter of astonishment that, having recog nised the advantage of employing tangents in some few particular cases, he should not have seen the importance of introducing them into ordinary calculations. He had shown the inaccuracy of the Alphonsine Tables, had contemplated their improvement, and had instituted a systematic course of observations for that purpose; time and leisure were alone wanting to the realisation of his views. His journey to Rome and premature death occasioned an injury to astronomy which it required a long interval to repair.

The following list of his works, not already mentioned, is taken from the list given by Delambre, in the Biog. Univers.,' compared with that given by Niceron. With the exception of the first two, they were all published after his death:-1, 'Disputationes contra Cremonensia in planetarum theoricas deliramenta,' Nürnb., 1474, fol. 2, Tabula magna primi mobilis,' Nürnb., 1475. 3, Almanach, ab anno 1489 ad annum 1506.' 4, 'In Ephemerides Commentarium,' Venice, 1513, 4to. 5, Tabulæ Eclipsium Purbachii. Tabulæ primi mobilis à Monteregio,' Venice, 1515, fol. 6, Epistola de compositione et usu cujusdam meteoroscopii armillaris,' Ingolstadt, 1533, fol. (appended to an edition of Apian's Introduction to Geography'). 7, Problemata 29 Sapheæ nobillissimi instrumenti à J. de Monteregio,' Nürnb., 1534. (The Saphee bore some resemblance to the Analemma.) 8, 'Mahometis Albategnii de Scientia Stellarum Liber, Latinè ex Arabico per Platonem Tiburtinum versus, et additionibus aliquot Joannis Regiomontani illustratus,' Nürnb., 1537, 4to (Niceron). 9, 'De Ponderibus et aquæductibus, cum figurantibus Instrumentorum ad eas res necessariorum,' Marpurgi, 1537, 4to. 10, Tabulæ Revolutionum,' 4to, n. d. 11, 'De Influentiis Stellarum,' Argentorati, 1538. 12, Problemata Astronomica ad Almagestum spectantia,' Nürnb. 1541 (Niceron). 13, Fundamenta operationum quæ fiunt per tabulam generalem,' Idem., 1557, fol.

Three manuscripts, in Müller's handwriting, came into De Murr's possession. One consisted of notes on the Latin version of Ptolemæus's Geography. The second was his defence of Theon against Trebizond. The third was entitled 'De Triangulis omnimodis Liber V. Extracts from these were published by De Murr, under the title of 'Noticia trium Codicum autographorum Johannis Regiomontani,' Nürnb., 1801, 4to. Müller's Letters were also published by De Murr in 1786, in his 'Memorabilia Bibliothecarum publicarum Norimbergensium et Universitatis Altdorfianæ,' tome i. pp. 74-205. See also Astron. du Moyen Age,' pp. 344-65. Weidler, in his 'Historia Astronomiæ,' pp. 310-13, gives a list of the works which issued from Müller's press at Nürnberg, and also of those which he contemplated publishing.

(Montucla, Histoire des Mathématiques, and the works above quoted. The reader may further consult the Life of Müller by Gassendi, appended to his Life of Tycho Brahé, Paris, 1654, 4to; Fabricius, Bibliotheca Latina Medice et Infimæ Latinitatis, tom. iv., p. 353; Pauli Jovii Elogia, No. 144.)

REGNARD, JEAN-FRANÇOIS, was born at Paris, according to most accounts, in 1647, though in a short biography prefixed to an edition of his works (Paris, 1818, 4 vols. 18mo), he is said to have been born in 1656. An only son and heir to considerable wealth, he received an education qualified to fit him for the position in life he was likely to occupy. The death of his father soon after he had completed his studies enabled him to gratify his desire for travelling. The first country that he visited was Italy, where he spent the year 1676, a date which, connected with other circumstances, renders it probable that 1656 was the real year of his birth. He revisited Italy a second time in 1678, on which occasion he formed an intimacy with the Eloise, whose memory he has consecrated in his pleasing little novel entitled La Provençale,' a work published after his death. This lady and her husband were induced by him to visit France, and for that purpose they all sailed from Civita Vecchia in an English vessel bound for Toulon. On the voyage however the vessel was captured by Algerine pirates, and Regnard and his companions were taken captives to Algiers. The adventures of their captivity form the basis of the novel above mentioned, and they are sufficiently interesting and romantic in themselves without the colouring of fiction. The only talent of Regnard

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which became serviceable to him on that occasion, was one which his love for good fare had excited, and his wealth had enabled him to gratify, the skilful preparation of comestibles according to the most improved principles of Parisian cookery. His culinary abilities secured for him the good will of his master and the favour of the ladies of his household. During his captivity he was taken to Constantinople, where he remained two years. On his return to Algiers he was ransomed for a considerable sum by the French consul; a ransom which came most opportunely, as he was about to suffer the last penalty for an intrigue in which he had been detected. He took with him to France the chain he had worn as a captive, which he carefully preserved. His love of travelling however had not been abated by his unlucky adventures, and, on the 26th of April 1681, he set out from Paris on a journey over the north of Europe. On arriving at Stockholm, he was induced by the King of Sweden to visit Lapland. He journeyed thither by way of Tornea, ascended the river of that name, and reached the borders of the Frozen Ocean. On his return from Lapland he made a short sojourn at the court of Sweden, and, after having travelled over Poland, Hungary, and Germany, returned to Paris on the 4th of December 1683, where, satiated with the wandering life he had led, he determined upon settling. Having purchased some lucra tive situations under government, he there devoted a part of his time to literary pursuits, but spent the greater part of it in the society of his friends, and in the enjoyment of the capital; the summer he was in the habit of passing on an estate which he had purchased near Paris. His devotion to gaiety and pleasure, as it was the means of lessening his utility and reputation as a writer, was likewise the cause of his untimely death, which occurred on the 5th of September 1710.

As a dramatic writer, the reputation of Regnard stands deservedly bigh; in comedy he is generally considered second only to Molière ; and Voltaire has remarked that "no one can appreciate that great dramatist who feels no pleasure in reading Regnard." His finest and most perfect production is the comedy of 'le Joueur,' written in 1696. Himself a gambler, he has given a dark but faithful colouring to the portraiture of a vice which had embittered his life, and he has translated his own sad sentiments on the subject into the language of the most beautiful and energetic poetry. His next best piece is 'le Légataire Universel,' in five acts, in which the humour and the versification are alike deserving of admiration. Had Regnard produced many comedies of similar merit to the two which we have mentioned, he would have relieved French literature of the reproach which has often been made to it of having had no worthy successor to Molière. The fault into which he has fallen is that, like Piron, Gresset, and Marivaux, he has rather delineated an exaggerated representation of some particular vice or folly, than, like his great original, human nature in its every day proportions. This fault however is still more conspicuous in the French dramatists who succeeded him, whose portraits are, in most instances, only coarsely drawn caricatures of nature.

The other dramatic writings of Regnard, in five acts, are,-1, 'Le Distrait,' which appeared in 1697, and is taken from one of the characters of La Bruyère. This piece failed on its first representation, but was afterwards, in 1731, reproduced on the French stage with considerable success. 2, Démocrite' (1700). 3, Les Ménechmes' (1705), a comedy dedicated by the author to Boileau on a reconciliation with him which his friends had effected; between these two poets there had been a long literary warfare [BOILEAU]. His shorter pieces are mostly in prose; the principal of them are-1, 'Le Divorce,' in three acts (1688). 2, 'La Descente de Mezetin aux Enfers' (1689). 3, 'L'Homme à bonnes Fortunes' (1690); Regnard has also written a criticism on this comedy in a small piece of one act which was represented in the same year. 4, 'Les Filles Errantes' (1690). 5, La Coquette' (1691); all in three acts. 6, 'Les Chinois' (1692), four acts, and several one-act pieces, such as 'La Sérénade,' 'La Foire de St. Germain,' &c. He also wrote an opera entitled 'Le Carnaval de Venice' (1699), the music of which is by Campra, and a tragedy called 'Sapor,' which has not been represented. His other writings are some Epistles and two Satires, one of them directed against Boileau, another against husbands, which have been much admired, besides several shorter poems. In prose he has composed a relation of his various travels, and the 'Provençale' already alluded to.

REHOBOAM, the son of Solomon, by Naamab, an Ammonitess, succeeded his father in B.C. 990, when he was forty-oue years of age. The oppressive taxation levied by Solomon to carry on his magnificent buildings had occasioned much dissatisfaction among the people, and when the tribes had assembled at Shechem, having first sent for Jeroboam who had been banished to Egypt, they wished to place some restrictions on Rehoboam's power. To this he refused to consent, and replied to their representations with threats of increased severity. The consequence was that ten tribes abandoned him, and formed a new kingdom under Jeroboam [JEROBOAM], while he remained for the rest of his life king of Judah only. In the first years of his reign he adhered to the worship of his predecessors, and evinced his obedience to the divine command by disbanding, at the message of Shemaiah the prophet, an army which he had assembled in order to subdue Jeroboam. He fortified and garrisoned the cities of Judah and Benjamin, and for three years his reign was prosperous and peaceful. He then probably induced by his mother-resorted to practices of the rankest and most disgusting idolatry. His punishment followed

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quickly. In the fifth year of his reign Judah was invaded by an immense army commanded by Shishak, king of Egypt, or rather of Thebes, whose image may be seen in the British Museum. The fenced cities were taken with ease, and Jerusalem itself opened its gates to the conqueror. Rehoboam and his people repented, and at their prayer Shemaiah announced that Shishak would withdraw, which he did, but not until he had stripped the Temple of all its golden ornaments and treasures, which were afterwards replaced by brass ornaments by Rehoboam. He profited by the lesson, for idolatry is not mentioned as occurring again during his reign; and, except a few skirmishes with Israel, he continued in peace till his death in B.C. 973, when he was succeeded by his son Abijah. ABIJAH had no sooner began to reign than he was attacked by Jeroboam, with an immense army, said to have numbered 800,000 men. an animated speech by Abijah, in which he declared his dependence on the Lord, Jeroboam was defeated with the loss of 500,000; and Abijah captured several of the cities of Israel, among them Bethel, the city of the golden calf. But although on this occasion Abijah appears in a favourable light, it is recorded that he "walked in all the sins of his father." He died in B.C. 970, and was succeeded by his son Asa. [ASA.]

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REICHA, ANTOINE JOSEPH, a well-known composer, though more esteemed as a writer on music, was born at Prague in 1770, but educated at Bonn under his uncle, where he at first clandestinely studied the art passionately loved by him, and which soon became his profession; from which acknowledgment, made by himself, it is to be presumed that he was originally intended for a different pursuit. He early attempted musical composition, and when only seventeen years of age conducted the performance of his first symphony. In 1794 he went to Hamburg, and there remained five years, applying much to the abstruse theory of music, for which study his knowledge of algebra, a branch of mathematics wherein he was highly skilled, eminently qualified him. At the same time he also devoted great attention to the French language, in which he composed an opera in two acts, Obalda, ou les Français en Egypte,' but it was not represented. In 1798 he proceeded to Paris, and at the celebrated concert 'de Cléry' produced with decided success a grand symphony. In 1802 he removed to Vienna, where he resided six years, enjoying the friendship of Haydn and Beethoven, and wrote many of his works, and among them thirty-six fugues for the piano-forte, the whole edition of which was sold in the first year. He returned to Paris in 1808, and there remained till his decease, which took place May 28, 1836. M. Reicha was a member of the Institute in both its forms, and a leading professor of composition at the Ecole Royale de Musique. Among his numerous works, those on which his future fame will rest are, Cours de Composition, ou Traité complet et raisonné d'Harmonie Pratique,' in 1 vol. fol; and 'Traité de Mélodie, Abstraction faite de ses Rapports avec l'Harmonie,' in 2 vols. 4to, 1814, both of which ought to be carefully studied by every musician who wishes to understand his art otherwise than empirically. His other works requiring notice were 'Traité de Haute Composition,' 4to, 1824; Petit Traité d'Harmonie Pratique à deux Parties,' 4to; Art du Compositeur Dramatique,' 4to, 1833; and many articles on music in 'l'Encyclopédie des Gens du Monde.'

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REID, DR. THOMAS, was born April 26th, 1710, at Strachan in Kincardineshire, about twenty miles from Aberdeen, of which parish his father, the Rev. Lewis Reid, was minister for fifty years. He was first sent to the parish school of Kincardine; after two years he was removed to Aberdeen; and at the age of twelve or thirteen he entered the Marischal College of Aberdeen. The principles of the philosophy of which he afterwards became so able an advocate he imbibed here under Dr. George Turnbull, author of The Principles of Moral Philosophy.' He continued beyond the usual time at the university, of which he had been appointed librarian. This office he resigned in 1736, and he then visited England in company with Dr. John Stewart, afterwards professor of mathematics in the Marischal College. They proceeded to London, Oxford, and Cambridge, and were introduced to several distinguished men. In 1737 Reid returned to Scotland, and was presented by King's College, Aberdeen, to the living of New Machar in Aberdeenshire. The parishioners being averse to the system of patronage which led to this appointment, were at first violently opposed to Reid; but his unwearied attention to his duties and the mildness of his temper soon overcame their opposition, and converted their dislike into the highest esteem. It appears however that he had been so little used to composition, and was naturally so diffident, that for some time he delivered very few of his own sermons, but used those of Archbishop Tillotson and Dr. Evans. In 1740 he married Elizabeth, daughter of his uncle Dr. George Reid, a physician in London.

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While he was minister of New Machar, he pursued a course of intense study; and in 1748 he inserted in the Transactions of the Royal Society of London'An Essay on Quantity, occasioned by a treatise in which simple and compound ratios are applied to virtue and merit.' In other words, it was an essay on the application of mathematics to morals. Doctors Pitcairne and Cheyne had recently attempted to apply mathematics to medicine, and Hutcheson to morals. According to the latter, the good done by a man depends partly on his benevolence and partly on his dispositions; the relations between

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these moral notions might be expressed algebraically, after this manner: the benevolence or moral desert of an agent was analogous to a fraction, which had the good performed for the numerator, and the dispositions of the agent for the denominator. Reid, after examining in his essay the nature of mathematical proof, and the subjects to which it had been applied by Hutcheson, showed that mathematics could by no means have a necessary relation to morals, because the truths to which the two sciences respectively refer addressed themselves to different faculties of the mind. In 1752 the professors of King's College, Aberdeen, elected Reid to be their professor of moral philosophy. After this appointment he founded a private literary society, which met once a week, and its object was the discussion of philosophical subjects for the mutual improvement of the members, among whom were Doctors George Gregory, Campbell, Beattie, and Gerard, including of course the projector. Though Reid had as yet published nothing but the Essay' mentioned above, his character as a philosopher was established; and in 1763 the University of Glasgow invited him to succeed Dr. Adam Smith in the chair of moral philosophy. He entered upon its duties in 1764, in the discharge of which he laboured indefatigably to carry out his principles. In the same year he published his Inquiry into the Human Mind,' the substance of which he had previously delivered to his pupils at Aberdeen, and also read to the society just named. The principal object of this work was to counteract the influence of that scepticism which Hume had founded on the spiritual and ideal system of Berkeley. About the time that the Inquiry' was published, the author received the degree of D.D. from the University of Aberdeen. In 1773 he published, in Lord Kames's 'Sketches of the History of Man,' 'An Analysis of Aristotle's Logic.' In 1781 Dr. Reid withdrew from public labours; but he did not cease to pursue his favourite occupations. In 1785 he published his Essays on the Intellectual Powers,' of which the substance had been delivered, as he tells us, annually for more than twenty years to a large body of the more advanced students at Glasgow, and for several years before at Aberdeen. In 1788 came out his 'Essays on the Active Power of the Human Mind.' Dr. Reid does not appear to have published any more works than those already mentioned; but he gave his attention to various other subjects, both in his private studies and in relation to his college lectures. Upon commencing his duties at Glasgow, he divided his course into four parts, after the example of his predecessor, Adam Smith; the first part comprised metaphysics; the second, moral philosophy; the third, natural law; and the fourth, political rights. He also gave lectures on rhetoric. He read several essays at different times before a philosophical society of which he was a member. Among these were 'An Examination of Dr. Priestley's opinion concerning Matter and Mind;' 'Observations on the Utopia of Sir Thomas More;' 'Physiological Reflections on Muscular Motion.' The last essay was read by Dr. Reid to his associates a few months only before his death, which took place October 7, 1796, in the eightyseventh year of his age. After his death, his Essays on the Intellectual and Active Powers' were published by Mr. Dugald Stewart, as "The Philosophy of Dr. Reid,' with a life of the author prefixed, from which this account of him is chiefly taken.

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The moral and social qualities of Dr. Reid were such as naturally to inspire esteem, and in private life no man could be more highly esteemed than he was. As a writer, his language is simple and manly, and his style clear and forcible, without any pretence to ornament. Opinions vary as to the merits of his philosophy. His aim was to arrive at the general laws which regulate our mental operations by the inductive method, which, he thought, had never been applied to this subject. He has the merit of showing the unsatisfactory nature of certain moral systems proposed by his predecessors, though it must be owned that he occasionally fails to perceive the real purpose of parti cular systems and lines of argument: indeed, Reid, as Hamilton remarks in one of his notes, was but very superficially versed in the literature of philosophy." Whether he has himself laid the foundation of a system that will prove satisfactory is very doubtful. Perhaps the laws which regulate the material world will never be found altogether applicable to the operations of mind. In all attempts that have hitherto been made so to apply these laws, some conclusions have inevitably followed, which our sense of right and wrong refuses to admit, and this men will ever regard as a safer guide than any scheme of philosophy however ably propounded. As to Dr. Reid's view of Aristotle's logic, it appears only just to say that he probably never read Aristotle's logic in the original and did not clearly understand it. A new and collected edition of Reid's works, edited with Notes and Supplementary Dissertations by Sir W. Hamilton was in part published in 1846, but at Hamilton's death in 1856 the work was still incomplete. [HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM.] The student of Reid should on no account omit to examine most carefully the notes of Sir William Hamilton.

REID, MAJOR-GENERAL SIR WILLIAM, K.C.B., F.R.S., was born in 1791, at Kinglassie in Fifeshire, being the eldest son of the Reverend James Reid, a clergyman of the Scottish Church. He was educated in the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, and entered the army as a Lieutenant of Royal Engineers in 1809. He served under the Duke of Wellington in the Peninsula until the European peace, afterwards under General Lambert in America, and subsequently

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under the duke again in Belgium. In 1816, having attained the rank of captain, he served in the expedition against Algiers, assisting in the operations connected with the bombardment of that place. For some years after this period he was adjutant of the corps of Sappers and Miners; and he became also one of those students of science, to whom the lectures delivered by the professors of the 'Royal Institution of Great Britain' have afforded opportunities of enlarging and correcting their early instruction, which have proved so important to many persons engaged in the active business of life. On Feb. 21, 1839, he was elected F.R.S. In 1838 as lieutenant-colonel he was appointed Governor of Bermuda; and in 1846 Governor of the Windward Islands. Great improvements in the agriculture of Bermuda were effected by him, and in both governments his firm and conciliatory conduct gained the confidence and good-will of the entire population. Two years afterwards he returned to England, and in 1849 was appointed commanding engineer at Woolwich. In 1850 and 1851 he directed the officers of Engineers and the Sappers and Miners, preparatory to and during the Great Exhibition. On the resignation of Mr. R. Stephenson, C. E. [STEPHENSON, ROBERT], Colonel Reid was requested by the Royal Commission to succeed him as chairman of the executive committee, to the duties of which office he gave unremitting attention until the close of the Exhibition. In September 1851 he was appointed Governor of Malta, and on the termination of his services at the Exhibition, for which he declined remuneration, received the honour of K.C.B., and shortly afterwards proceeded to Malta, the government of which he has continued to retain to this time (April 1857).

General Reid is the second in point of time of the investigators of the laws of storms, to whom both science and navigation have become so greatly indebted during the last quarter of a century, and to whose labours a remarkable finish has been given, with respect to theory, by the philosophical skill, first of Sir John Herschel, and more recently of Professor Dove of Berlin; while Mr. Dobson, in papers communicated to the British Association, has shown their influence as exciting, or rather permissive causes, of the explosions of firedamp in coal-mines. A paper had been published in the 'American Journal of Science' by Mr. Redfield, and this was placed in the hands of Lieutenant-Colonel Reid, whose attention had been previously drawn to the subject when employed in Barbadoes as Major of Engineers, in re-instating the buildings ruined by the hurricane of 1831. Impressed with the importance of the subject, as well in its practical as in its scientific relations, he continued to devote much attention to it, and became convinced of the rotatory character and definite path which had been ascribed to these storms by Mr. Redfield. He embodied his views in an elaborate paper 'On Hurricanes,' occupying seventy pages of the second volume of the 'Papers on Subjects connected with the Duties of the Corps of Royal Engineers,' which was published in 1838. In the same year appeared his celebrated work, founded upon the contents of that paper, entitled 'An Attempt to develope the Law of Storms by means of Facts arranged according to Place and Time;' of which three enlarged editions have since been published. In 1849 he published 'The Progress of the Development of the Law of Storms and of the Variable Winds, with the Practical Application of the subject to Navigation.' The subject has also received the attention of Mr. Henry Piddington of Calcutta, and Mr. Alexander Thom of Mauritius, both of whom have produced valuable works on the subject, and the former (from whom rotatory storms have received the appropriate and distinctive appellation of Cyclones), a series of investigations of Indian hurricanes in the journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, of the most precise character; while a peculiar theory of their origin and causes has been advanced by Mr. James P. Espy, a second American inquirer on this subject.

General Reid is also the author of many papers in the publication of the Royal Engineers already cited, and in the Philosophical Magazine,' some relating to professional topics and others on various subjects of natural science, chiefly physical and chemical. It is to him that the service, of which he is so distinguished an ornament, as well as the cultivators of science in several departments, are indebted not only for the original suggestion, but also for the plan of executing by officers of the Royal Engineers, of the valuable Aide-Mémoire to the Military Sciences' noticed in a former article. [PORTLOCK, JOSEPH ELLISON.] To this work Sir W. Reid was also a contributor. [SUPP] REIMĀRUS, HERMANN SAMUEL, was born at Hamburg, December 22, 1694. Early in life he devoted himself to the study of languages, and he became distinguished for his knowledge of the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. He pursued his studies at the university of Wittenberg, and upon the completion of his course, in 1717, he maintained some theses On the Differences of Hebrew Words,' which established his character for learning and acuteness. He then began to travel, and, having passed over several parts of Germany, he stayed a considerable time at Weimar, where he took the opportunity of publishing a collection of minor productions. Having returned to Hamburg, he was in 1727 made professor of philosophy in the univer sity of that city, and he filled this office with much honour to himself during the space of 41 years. Reimarus married in 1728, Johanna Frederica, the third daughter of the celebrated J. A. Fabricius. This connection with Fabricius proved to him the occasion of many and great advantages, and he also assisted Fabricius in some of his most

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important literary labours. Towards the end of his life Reimarus devoted his hours of leisure to the study of natural history, of which he acquired an extensive knowledge. He had naturally a feeble constitution, and he was long a sufferer from ill-health. He died March 1, 1768. His principal works are:-1, A Commentary on the Life and Writings of John Albert Fabricius,' Hamburg, 8vo, 1737; 2, 'A Letter to Cardinal Quirini concerning the works of Dion Cassius,' Hamburg, 4to, 1746; 3, The Roman History of Dion Cassius,' Hamburg, 2 vols. folio, 1750, in the publication of which he availed himself of materials which had been prepared by Fabricius, who had projected an edition of this author. 4, A Dissertation on the Counsellors of the Great Sanhedrim,' Hamburg, 4to, 1751; 5, A Discourse on the Principal Truths of Natural Religion,' Hamburg, 8vo, 1754; 6, 'Observations, Physical and Moral, on the Instinct of Animals,' Hamburg, 2 vols. 12mo, 1760. He is said moreover to have written the essays which were published by Lessing, in 1774 and 1777, and known by the name of the Wolfenbüttel Fragments.'

REINHOLD, ERASMUS.

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tatio Parergica, accedit Georg. Schubarti, de Comitibus Palatinis Cæsareis Exercitatio historica,' Jenæ, 4to, 1679. 8, 'Syntagma Inscriptionum Antiquarum,' Lips., fol., 1682. This collection only contains the inscriptions omitted, or badly explained, by Gruter. It was regretted by the learned that the editor should not have pub lished at the same time another work of Reinesius Eponymologium Criticum,' of which the original manuscript was in the hands of Th. Fritsch, a bookseller at Leipzig. (See Klefeker, Biblioth. Eruditor. Præcocium,' p. 313.) 9, 'Dissertatio critica de Sibyllinis Oraculis,' Jena, 4to, 1702, at the end of a work by George Schubart, 'Enarratio Parergica Metamorphoseos Ovidianæ de Diluvio Deucalionis.' 10, Judicium de Collectione MSS. Chemicorum Græcorum quæ extant in Biblioth. Gothanâ,' inserted in the Catal. Cod. MSS. Biblioth. Gothanæ,' Lips., 4to, p. 88, 1714; and in the 'Biblioth. Græca' of Fabricius, vol. xii. p. 748. 11, De Vasis Umbilicalibus, eorumque Ruptura Observatio Singularis,' Lips., 4to, 1624. 12, Chymiatria, hoc est Medicina Nobili et Necessaria sui Parte, Chymia, instructa et REINE'SIUS, THOMAS, was born at Gotha in Saxony, on the exornata,' Gera-Ruth, 4to, 1624. C. G. Müller edited in 1819 his 13th of December 1587. He was tolerably versed in the Greek and Observationes in Suidam,' Lips., 8vo. Another work appeared under Latin languages at the age of twelve; and being afterwards sent to his name, which was in fact the production of Fortunatus Fidelis, Wittemberg, the professors wished him to apply to theology. His entitled 'Schola Jurisconsultorum Medica, Relationum aliquot Libris inclination however led him to medicine: he continued his studies at comprehensa, quibus Principia Medicinæ in Jus transumpta ex proJena, and then travelled through various parts of Germany and Italy, fesso examinantur,' Lips., 8vo, 1676. Several other works have also remaining some time at Padua, for the sake of the medical lectures been wrongly attributed to him. Some letters of Reinesius are to be delivered there. On his return through Basel, he took his degree of found at the end of his eulogium, in the Elogia Clarorum AltenM.D. in that university, and then passed some time at Altdorf, in the burgensium,' by Fred. Gotth. Gotter, Jena, 8vo, 1713. Bayle, in his hope of procuring a professorship by the interest of his relation Dictionnaire, and Niceron, in vol. xxx. of his 'Memoirs,' have given Caspar Hoffmann. He married, and, in 1617, settled in the practice an interesting account of him. His Life, written by himself in of his profession at Hof in Franconia. Thence, on the invitation of German, and found among his manuscripts, has been made use of in the margrave of Bareith, he removed to that town, having the posts the account given by Witten, 'Memor. Philosoph.,' dec. viii., p. 461, of the margrave's physician and inspector of the public schools. In &c. J. Brucker has inserted a more detailed life, in German, in his 1627 he accepted the place of public physician of the town of Alten-Ehrentempel der deutscher Gelehrsamkeit,' dec. iii., p. 110, Augsburg, burg, in which he resided several years, and obtained the dignity of 4to, 1747. burgomaster. The elector of Saxony conferring upon him the rank of counsellor, he finally removed to Leipzig, where he died in 1667. Reinesius was a man of vast erudition, and may be reckoned almost at the head of learned physicians. By his printed letters it would appear that he was consulted as an oracle; that he answered very learnedly whatever questions were brought to him; and that he was extremely skilled in the families of ancient Rome, and in the study of inscriptions. A great eulogium is given of his merit, as well as of his learned and classical works, by Grævius, in the dedication of the second edition of Casaubon's Epistles, dated Amsterdam, August 31, 1655; and by Haller, who calls him (Biblioth. Medic. Pract.") "a miracle of learning" (ad miraculum doctus); and says that "in the accurate study and comparison of ancient writers, and in sagacity in discovering the true reading of corrupt passages, he was unrivalled." He partook of the liberality which Louis XIV. showed to the most celebrated scholars of Europe, and received at the same time a very obliging letter from Colbert, which favour he returned by dedicating to him one of his works. Reinesius appears to have had no small share of the pride and irritability that too often accompany the possession of great talents and learning. This involved him in several angry controversies, and is said to have been the cause of his leaving Altenburg. In spite of his numerous occupations and the duties of his office, he kept up a correspondence with several of the most eminent literary characters of his age, and several valuable collections of his letters have been published, viz. those to Caspar Hoffmann and Christ. Ad. Rupert, Leipzig, 4to, 1660; to John Vorstius, Cologne, 4to, 1667; to the elder and younger Nester, Leipzig, 4to, 1670; to Christopher Daum, Jena, 4to, 1670; and to John Andrew Bose, Jena, 12mo, 1700. Besides some notes on Manilius, inserted in the Strasbourg edition, 4to, 1655, and some observations on Petronius, Leipzig, 8vo, 1666, he wrote the following among other works:-1, 'De Diis Syris, sive de Numinibus Commentitiis in Veteri Testamento Memoratis Syntagma,' Lips., 4to, 1623. This work, though learned, is less complete than that which Selden published afterwards on the same subject. 2, 'De Deo Endovellico ex Inscriptionibus in Villa Vizosa Lusitaniæ repertis Commentatio Parergica, Altenb., 4to, 1637. 3, "IoTopovμeva Linguæ Punica Errori populari, Arabicum et Punicam esse eandem, opposita,' ibid., 4to, 1637. This curious dissertation has been inserted, as well as the preceding one, by Grævius, in the 'Syntagma Variar. Dissertat. Rariorum,' Ultraj., 4to, 1702. 4, Variarum Lectionum Libri Tres Priores, in quibus de Scriptoribus sacris et profanis, classicis plerisque, disseritur,' ibid. 4to, 1640. These three first books were to have been followed by three others, which never appeared. It is a thick volume of about seven hundred pages, of multifarious and (as Haller says) incredible learning, chiefly, but not exclusively, classical. It also contains a good deal of matter relating to medicine, and explains several obscure and difficult passages in the ancient physicians and those of the middle ages. Some of the explanations of Reinesius were attacked with much bitterness by André Rivinus, to whom Reinesius published a reply under the title of Defensio Variarum Lectionum contra Censuram Poëtæ L. (Laureati), Rostoch., 4to, 1653. 5, Inscriptio vetus Augusta Vindelicor. eruta et Commentario illustrata,' Lips., 4to, 1655. 6, Ænigmati Patavino Edipus è Germaniâ, hoc est Marmoris Patavini Interpretatio,' ibid., 4to, 1662. 7, 'De Palatio Lateranensi ejusque Comitivà Commen

REINHOLD, ERASMUS, was born October 21, 1511, at Saalfeld, about sixty miles south-west from Leipzig. He taught astronomy and mathematics in the University of Wittenberg till 1552, when, being obliged to quit that city on account of the plague, he returned to his native province of Thüringen, where he died February 19, 1553. His published works are:-1.Commentary on the Theorica novæ Planetarum G. Purbachii,' 8vo, 1542 and 1558. This work, observes Delambre, supplied in some respect the omissions of Purbach, and must have facilitated the understanding of several passages of the Syntaxis of Ptolemæus. In the dedication, Reinhold shows himself so infatuated with judicial astrology as to be at the trouble of collecting all the instances which appeared confirmatory of the notion that solar eclipses were the harbingers of great calamities. 2. The first book of the Almagest, in Greek, with a Latin version and scholia, 8vo, 1549. 3. 'Prutenica Tabulæ Cælestium Motuum,' 4to, 1551, 1571, and 1585. These tables were formed from the observations of Copernicus, compared with those of Hipparchus and Ptolemæus. Reinhold had made some observations himself, but his best instrument was a wooden quadrant; and Tycho, on visiting Wittenberg in 1575, expressed his surprise that so celebrated an astronomer should have been provided with no better tools. In this work the author gives a very clear explanation of the equation of time. He assigns three reasons to account for astronomical tables, constructed at one period, not according with more recent observations, namely, the motion of the apogee, the variation of the excentricity, and the inequality of the precession. The last was sensible only in the systems of Thébith and Copernicus. The excentricity of the sun he makes from 0.0417 to 0-03219, and the mean precession 50" 12"" 5"" 8""". From a comparison of the observations of Ptolemæus and Copernicus, he makes the length of the year 365 d. 5 h. 55 m. 58 s.; and this determination was employed in the Gregorian reformation of the calendar. He computes the motion of the planets both after the manner of Ptolemæus and that of Copernicus, whence Bailly concludes that he had no decided preference for either system. "This conclusion," observes Delambre, 'appears to me hazarded. The most that can be inferred is that the partisans of the ancient system were yet the more numerous, and that Reinhold sought to conciliate all parties. He says nothing which can lead the reader to suspect the existence of two different systems. He neither speaks of the motion of the earth nor of that of the sun. His tables resemble our own, which still give the motions of the sun, notwithstanding that we are all Copernicans. It cannot be supposed that he who wrote a commentary on the work 'De Revolutionibus,' &c., who repeated all the calculations and reconstructed the tables of Copernicus, had not a sentiment of preference for a system which he had studied more than any one of his day." The Prutenic tables were the result of seven years' labour, and were so called in compliment to the author's benefactor, Albert, marquis of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia. The 'privilege,' printed at the head of the work, which bears the date July 24, 1549, refers to several other compositions which the author contemplated publishing, such as ephemerides, tables of the rising and setting of the stars for various epochs and latitudes, &c. 4. Primus Liber Tabularum Directionum, discentibus prima elementa Astronomiæ, necessarius et utilissimus. His insertus est Canon Fæcundus ad singula scrupula quadrantis propagatus. Item nova Tabula Climatum et Parallelorum, item Umbrarum. Appendix

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