صور الصفحة
PDF
النشر الإلكتروني
[blocks in formation]

for which her husband wrote an introduction. She was also the author of a number of clever essays in the 'Revue des deux mondes.' She died on June 10, 1844. *THIERS, LOUIS-ADOLPHE, French statesman and historian, was born at Marseille on the 16th of April 1797. His father was a working locksmith; his mother was of a mercantile family of the town which had fallen in circumstances, but could boast of having given birth to Joseph and Andrew Chenier. Through the influence of his mother's family, Thiers was admitted when a boy to the Lyceum of Marseille, where he was one of those who received a gratuitous education at the imperial expense. It was intended that he should proceed from the school to the École Polytechnique, in order to be educated for the military service of the empire; but the fall of the empire and the restoration of the Bourbons having put an end to this design, he resolved to become an 'avocat' and went to Aix to study jurisprudence. It was at the college of Aix that he formed his acquaintance with M. Mignet, then also a student of law there, and between whom and M. Thiers there has ever since been a close intimacy both personal and political. At Aix young Thiers distinguished himself by his vivacity and talent, and his fondness for historical and economical studies. A curious story is told illustrative of his cleverness while at college. The authorities of the college had offered a prize for the best éloge on Vauvenargues; and Thiers had given in an éloge which was found to be the best. At that time, however, political feeling ran high among the authorities of the college-some being eager liberals, and others eager royalists; and, it having transpired, before the opening of the sealed packets containing the competitors' names, that the author of the successful éloge was the young liberal M. Thiers, the royalist party among the judges were strong enough to prevent the prize being awarded. No prize was given, and the same subject was prescribed for competition in the following year. That year Thiers again sent in the identical éloge which had in his opinion been unfairly treated in the former year. It was pronounced to be second in merit, the prize being awarded to another essay which had been sent from Paris. It remained to ascertain who was the author of this piece; and greatly to the discomfiture of the judges, when the sealed packet containing the name was opened, it was found that the writer of this éloge also was M. Thiers, who had resorted to this trick, partly by way of revenge, partly by way of frolic.

His education having been finished, M. Thiers began practice as an 'avocat,' but had little success. He therefore, turned his attention to literature, and removed to Paris. Many stories are told of his extreme poverty at this time, and of the shifts to which he was put; but these are contradicted by his friends, who assert them to be the calumnies of political animosity. At all events, about the year 1823, M. Thiers having made the acquaintance of M. Manuel, whose political influence was then at its highest, was by him introduced to M. Etienne, the conductor of the Constitutionnel,' and began to contribute regularly to that journal on political and other subjects. While thus earning a moderate livelihood as a liberal journalist under the Restoration, he was privately engaged in authorship of a more ambitious kind. As early as 1823 he had written a sketch entitled 'The Pyrenees and the South of France during the months of November and December 1822,' of which a translation appeared in English; and about the same time, assisted by information on financial subjects supplied him by M. le Baron Louis, a great authority on such matters, he wrote an account of Law and his schemes, which appeared in a review. But the work which he had prescribed for his leisure was a "History of the French Revolution.' He had diligently gathered documentary materials; and, in order to inform himself on special topics, he made it his business to become acquainted with survivors who had acted special parts in that great crisis. The first volume appeared in 1823, and the others were successively published, till the work was completed in 1830. At first the work did not attract much attention; but before it was concluded, it had produced a powerful sensation. Since that time there have been many histories of the French Revolution; but, published as the work of M. Thiers was during the Restoration, the sympathies which it showed with the Revolution, and the boldness with which it endeavoured to revive the reputations of the great actors in that extraordinary drama, were something original in French historical literature. Even now, though its accuracy has been assailed in many points, and though there are many rival-histories of the Revolution, characterised by merits of a different kind, the work, by reason of its fullness of detail, and its vivacity of style, retains a high place both in France and in other countries.

It was the Revolution of 1830 however that brought M. Thiers into prominence in the active politics of France. M. Cormenin, one of his bitterest critics, thus sarcastically sums up the tenor of the life of M. Thiers prior to this epoch, in one of his well-known sketches published under the name of Timon. "Born poor, he required fortune; born obscure, he required a name; an unsuccessful 'avocat' he became a 'litérrateur,' and threw himself into the liberal party rather from necessity than from conviction." At the Revolution of 1830, he continues, M. Thiers was nothing, "neither elector nor eligible, neither deputy nor minister, nor even academician:" and but for this event, he says, "he would have grown old in the esteem of a literary clique."

THIERS, LOUIS-ADOLPHE.

1030 These are the expressions of a satirist, and the same might be said of many other men who have been eminent in France since 1830. There can be no doubt that Thiers contributed powerfully to the preparation for the Revolution. Both in consequence of his history and of his writings as a journalist he was already recognised some time before the Revolution as one of the most active men of the revolutionary party among the French liberals, as distinct from the doctrinaire' party, of which the Duc de Broglie, M. de Remusat, Duvergie de Hausanne, and Guizot were the heads. He was on intimate terms with Lafitte, Manuel, Beranger, and Armand Carrell; and when the last of these projected the famous journal called the 'National,' as an organ of the more revolutionary form of liberalism, he associated Thiers aud Mignet with himself for the purpose of carrying it on. It was agreed that the three should be editors in turn, each for a year; and Thiers was chosen editor for the first year. The first number appeared on the 1st of January 1830, and no journal did more to damage the cause of Bourbon legitimacy during the first half of that year. The main idea of the journal under the management of Thiers, say the French writers, was guerre à la royauté, mais guerre légale, guerre constitutionelle, guerre au nom de la charte." In other words, the opinions of M. Thiers were not those of the Republic; and what he wanted was something in France that should be tantamount to the Revolution of 1688 in England-i.e., that should secure constitutional sovereignty with a change of person. The natural issue of such views was Orleanism; and, accordingly, after the three days of July (during which the office of the National' was the headquarters of the opposition to government, though M. Thiers was afterwards accused of having consulted his personal safety when affairs were at the worst by withdrawing from the immediate scene of danger), M. Thiers had an important share with Lafitte and others in the arrangements which brought Louis Philippe to the throne. This solution exactly answered his views, which were as adverse to a pure Republic as to legitimacy; he prepared the public mind for it by placards and the like; and it was he who undertook the mission to Neuilly to invite Louis Philippe to assume the government.

[ocr errors]

M. Thiers was, of course, a prominent man in the new system of things which he had helped to bring about. He first held an office in the Finance ministry under his old patron M. le Baron Louis, and showed such talent in the office that, when this first cabinet of LouisPhilippe resigned in November 1830, the minister recommended Thiers as his successor. M. Thiers prudently declined so sudden a promotion, and contented himself with an under-secretaryship in the Lafitte ministry, which lasted from November 1830 till March 1831. In this ministry he still made financial administration his speciality; while as deputy for Aix he began his career as a parliamentary orator. At first his attempts in this latter character were not very successful, his extremely diminutive, and even odd and mean appearance operating to his prejudice in the tribune; but very soon he acquired that wonderful volubility and that power of easy, familiar, anecdotic and amusing, and yet bold and incisive rhetoric which have characterised his oratory since, and which contrast so markedly with the graver and more earnest eloquence of Guizot. On the accession of the Casimir Perier ministry in March 1831, M. Thiers went out of office, and had even to contest the election at Aix with an adherent of the ministry; but very soon he deserted the opposition and astounded the Chamber by a speech against its policy. The consequence was, on the one hand, that he was appointed chief of the commission on the budget, in whose name he presented the report; and that, on the other hand, he lost his popularity, and was assailed every where as a traitor to liberalism and a mere political charlatan. It was at this time that he visited Italy on a political mission, and conceived the idea of writing a history of Florence. On the accession of the Soult ministry in October 1832 it was with some difficulty that M. Thiers was placed to his mind at last however he was fixed in the Ministry of the Interior, M. Guizot being appointed Minister of Public Instruction, and M. le Duc de Broglie being also in the cabinet. As Minister of the Interior M. Thiers planned and executed the arrest of the Duchess de Berry. On the subdivision of the Ministry of the Interior he chose the Ministry of Commerce and Public Works; and it was while holding this office that he declared himself in various important questions affecting the internal politics of France. His interest in the railway system and in the question of tariff reform led him to visit England; and the result was that though he advocated a political alliance with England, he deprecated a commercial alliance, and declared in favour of a Protectionist policy. "As for freedom of commerce," says one of his biographers, "M. Thiers had little faith in the theories of the cosmopolite dreamers." He also favoured all measures tending to centralisation in France. "M. Thiers," says the same biographer, "loves to cite those two acts of his life which he regards as great services rendered to his country-his having saved the national industry by maintaining the protective system, and the French unity by centralisation." In general politics the part taken by M. Thiers was such that he was no longer regarded as a popular liberal, but rather as a decided Orleanist and therefore Conservative, His hostility to political associations increased his unpopularity with the Republican or ad. vanced liberal party. In short, Thiers had made up his mind to live and die as a minister of Louis-Philippe. This position he retained after the re-construction of the Soult ministry in April 1834. He

[blocks in formation]

then resumed the Ministry of the Interior, in which capacity he had to direct measures for the suppression of the Lyon insurrection. He retained the same ministry, under Marshal Gerard and M. le Duc de Broglie till February 1836; and he was at the side of Marshal Mortier when that general lost his life by the explosion of Fieschi's infernal machine (July 28, 1835). At length, on the dissolution of the Broglie ministry, Thiers attained the highest political position to which he could aspire, in being named by Louis Philippe to the presidency of the council and the ministry for Foreign Affairs (Feb. 22, 1836). He remained at the head of the government till August 1836, when a difference with the king on Spanish affairs obliged him to resign. He was again chief minister in 1840, and then showed himself rather against the English alliance and eager for a war-policy which would gratify the military passions of France; but Guizot at length succeeded in adapting himself to the tastes and wishes of LouisPhilippe, and during the last years of this king's reign, the Thiers party was one of the elements of the opposition-in its own opinion, the most powerful element, though not in reality such. It was at this time that M. Thiers, relieved from official duty, returned to authorship and produced, in continuation of his former work, his well-known History of the Consulate and the Empire' (1845). While the literary merits of this work are acknowledged, its accuracy has been impeached on various hands. The revolution of 1848, proving as it did that there were deeper forces at work in France than were represented by the alternative of a Thiers ministry or a Guizot ministry, seems to have terminated the political existence of M. Thiers as well as that of his rival. During the Revolution, indeed, Thiers was for a moment seen exerting himself as the man to whom it fell of right to be called in when Guizot had disappeared; but he was immediately swept away along with the Orleanism which he represented, and the Republicans had the use of the victory which the people had gained. While the republic lasted, Thiers, so far as his influence was openly exerted at all, appeared chiefly as the opponent of the Socialist party, and of the tendencies of the Republic generally. He spoke against the "right to labour" and the "atéliers nationaux" in the National Assembly (of which, as well as of the Constituent Assembly, he was a member); and he wrote at the same time his treatises 'Du Droit de Propriété" (1848) and 'Du Communisme' (1849) by way of answer to the theories of the Socialists. His real political aim at this time was doubtless the restoration of the Orleans dynasty in some form or other; and, it was supposed to be in the interest of this aim that in 1851, during the Presidency of Louis Napoleon, he visited the exiled Orleans family in England. The coup d'état came to destroy all Orleanist schemes as well as those of the Republicans and the Legitimists; and M. Thiers found himself an exile for a time. He resided first in Brussels; and was afterwards again in London. He now resides in Paris, acquiescing in the Empire like so many others once prominent in active French politics, but not reconciled to it so as either to be offered or to accept employment under it. He is understood to be engaged in literary labour, like his old rival Guizot; for whom however now that the lives of both are seen in retrospect, men in general seem to entertain on the whole a far higher degree of respect than they accord to the nimble and volatile Thiers. Want of earnest principle is a common charge against politicians; but against no politician of modern times has the charge been so incessantly repeated both by French and by foreign writers as against M. Thiers; and among numerous French sketches of his life and character there are few friendly in spirit. [See SUPP.] THIERSCH, FRIEDRICH-WILHELM, privy counsellor and professor of ancient literature in the University of Munich, was born on June 17, 1784, at Kirschcheidungen near Freiburg, in the Grand Duchy of Baden. After being prepared at school he was sent to the college at Naumberg. He then went to the University of Leipzic in 1804, where he studied theology and philosophy, which last became his favourite pursuit. In 1807 he removed to Göttingen, studied under Heyne, and received a degree in 1808 after delivering an essay, 'Specimen editionis Symposii Platonis,' and was appointed a teacher in the Gymnasium of that town. The remarkable talent for instruction which he here displayed occasioned his being appointed professor in the newly-established Gymnasium at Munich, where he became, by his active exertions, the great promoter of philological studies in Bavaria. The appointment however of a foreigner as he was then considered, caused much dislike among many, and the opposition was carried on with extreme virulence, while a paper which he published in 1810 on the recognised difference between North and South Germany, increased it to such an extent that it is asserted his life was attempted, and it no doubt disturbed, though it could not altogether impede, his exertions. Of this contest, which however he lived down, Jacobs has given a trustworthy account in his Personalien,' published in 1840. Towards the end of this unworthy quarrel he established a philological institute, which in 1812 was united with the Munich Academy, and at the same time, to unite the talent of the scholars, he commenced publishing the 'Acta philologorum monacensium,' which contained papers by several eminent men besides himself, and was continued from 1811 to 1825, forming three volumes. During the war of Liberation he took an active part in the military organisation of the students. In 1813 he journeyed to Paris, where he formed an intimacy with Visconti; thence he visited England; and

[blocks in formation]

was then sent as commissioner from Bavaria to demand the restitution of the objects of art of which it had been despoiled. He also, at this time, took a warm interest in the re-establishment and liberation of Greece, endeavouring to promote a scientific union with Germany by means of the Münich Academy, and by the constitution of an Athenæum in which young Greeks might be educated. To further his object he visited Count Capo d'Istria at Vienna in 1815, but took no part in his political designs. At this time all his literary activity took this direction, either in reference to the language or the antiquities of that country. In 1812 he published a Greek grammar, particularly of the Homeric dialect, in which the syntax is explained from its simplest to the most complicated forms, and which has gone through several editions. In 1820 he published an edition of Pindar's Odes, with an introduction, explanatory notes, and a German translation in verse, a work that was received with great approbation, as was also that Ueber die Epochen des bildenden Kunst unter den Griechen' (On the Epochs of the Plastic Art among the Greeks), between 1816 and 1825, in 4 vols., and which has been since reprinted. To extend and improve his archæological knowledge he visited Italy in 1822, and the result was given to the world in 1826 in his 'Reisen nach Italien,' in which he was assisted by Schorn, Gerhard, and Klenze. In 1831 he made a jour ey to Greece, where he was warmly welcomed, and his exertions had no doubt considerable influence in procuring the settlement of the crown of Greece on the head of Otho, the son of the king of Bavaria. On his return, he published in 2 vols., in 1833, 'De l'état actuel de la Grèce et des moyens d'arriver à sa restoration,' a work written in French, of which language he was by no means a complete master. The first volume contains an account of the adminis tration of Capo d'Istria, and of his own proceedings for the promotion of Otho's election, both the facts and the opinions propounded therein being liable to considerable doubt. In the second volume, On the situation of Greece, and the Means to be adopted to restore it to tranquillity,' the most valuable parts are those in which he treats of the antiquities, his political schemes being very vague and indefinite.

In the meantime he had become involved in a fresh subject of controversy. He had been commissioned to make an investigation of the state of the Gymnasiums (or higher schools) in Bavaria, and in 1826 he published his first not very favourable report of them-'Ueber gelehrte Schulen, mit besonderen Rücksicht auf Baiern' (On Classical Schools, particularly as to those of Bavaria), and which by 1837 was increased to three volumes, and to which another, 'Ueber die neuesten Angriffe auf die Universitäten' (On the latest Attacks on the Universities), forms a necessary appendix, for there he warmly supports the old classical studies, and he has had a host of antagonists who advocate in preference the Real schools. [The Real schools, it may be necessary to state, are schools in which the study of the classics is not made imperative, and to some extent they resemble the proprietary or commercial schools of England, in which what is called a more generally useful system of instruction is pursued.] It is not necessary to detail this controversy, which is not ended, though Thiersch continues to maintain his position. In 1847 he rendered considerable service by repressing, by his influence and advice, an outbreak of the ultramontane party among the students of the University. Thiersch, in addition to the works above mentioned, has been a frequent and valuable contributor to the publications of the Münich Akademie der Wissenschaften, and has written and published pamphlets on some subjects of exciting though temporary interest; one, in which he supported the exemption of Protestants from the necessity of bowing the knee on certain ceremonials, is highly valued by his fellow-believers. His contributions to classical literature, his activity in advocating the freedom of Greece, and his strenuous exertions for the promotion of education of a high order, not only in Bavaria but throughout the whole of Germany, have acquired him a high and well-deserved estimation among the whole of his fellow-countrymen. [See SUPPLEMENT.]

THION DE LA CHAUME, CLAUDE-ESPRIT, an eminent French physician, was born at Paris, January 16, 1750. His father, who was a banker, gave him an excellent education, and destined him originally for the bar, but he himself preferred the study of medicine. He commenced his studies at Paris with great success, but, for some unknown reason, took his Doctor's degree at Rheims. In 1773 he was appointed physician to the military hospital at Monaco in Italy, which was then occupied by a French garrison; and in 1778 to that at Ajaccio in Corsica. His zeal and talents were rewarded by the rank of chief physician to the troops destined to lay siege to Minorca and shortly afterwards to Gibraltar. Here he had to treat a fatal epidemic which prevailed among the combined French and Spanish forces in a typhoid form, the description of which same disease immortalised the name of Pringle towards the middle of the last century. This same squadron had already put ashore and left at Cadiz a great number of Frenchmen that had been attacked by the disease, when, in the beginning of September 1782, it came to the bay of Algesiras. Here the naval hospital could only receive fifty of their sick, while as many as five hundred were in want of admission; and to place these in private houses was not only a very difficult, but also an undesirable proceeding. In these embarrassing circumstances Thion de la Chaume conceived the happy idea of making the sick encamp under tents as soon as they landed, an arrangement which was

[blocks in formation]

dictated by the climate, the season, and the nature of the disease, and of which the boldness was justified by success. La Chaume himself was attacked by the epidemic, and a great number of medical officers of all ranks, as well as the nurses, were carried off by it. When peace was concluded La Chaume returned to France, and was received with distinction by the Comte d'Artois (afterwards Charles X.), who had been a witness of his self-devotion and success at Algesiras, and who appointed him to be one of his own physicians. Shortly afterwards he married, but in the winter of 1785-86 he found that, in consequence of the rapid progress made by a pulmonary disease which had for some time threatened him, it was necessary for him to go to the south of France. Here he met with the kindest attentions from the officers of the regiment which he had formerly taken charge of at Ajaccio, who were at this time in garrison at Montpellier; at which place he died, October 28, 1786, at the early age of thirty-six. Thion de la Chaume wrote but little, though he is said to have carefully noted down every night whatever he had seen during the day worth recording; he nevertheless occupies a high rank in the list of army surgeons. His writings consist almost entirely of articles in medical dictionaries and periodicals, of which the most interesting is the account of the epidemic at Algesiras, which was published in the second volume of the Journal de Médicine Militaire.' (Biographie Médicale.) *THIRLWALL, RT. REV. CONNOP, Bishop of St. David's, was born in 1797, at Stepney, in Middlesex. His father was rector of Bowers-Gifford, Essex. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his degree of B.A. in 1818, and M.A. in 1821, and of which he became a Fellow. He was called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn in 1825, but withdrew from the legal profession, was ordained, and became rector of Kirby-under-Dale, Yorkshire. In 1828 appeared the first volume of 'The History of Rome,' by G. B. Niebuhr, translated by Julius Charles Hare, M.A., and Connop Thirlwall, M.A., Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, 8vo, and they

THIRLWALL, RT. REV. CONNOP.

[ocr errors]

1034 translated also the second volume, but the third volume, published in 1832, after Niebuhr's death, was translated by Dr. W. Smith and Dr. L. Schmitz. In 1835 Mr. Thirlwall published in Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopædia' the first volume of his History of Greece,' and the work was completed in 8 vols. 12mo. It commences with a series of learned inquiries into the early history and antiquities of Greece, and extends to the capture of Corinth by Mummius, B.C. 146, and the transformation of Greece into a Roman province. A few pages on the future state of the country completes the work. In 1840 he took the degrees of B.D. and D.D., and in the same year was created Bishop of St. David's. He was formerly an Examiner of the University of London, and is now Visitor of St. David's College, Lampeter.

In 1845 Bishop Thirlwall commenced the publication of a new edition of his ' History of Greece,' the plan of the work being considerably enlarged, as well as the materials improved and expanded-' The History of Greece,' by Connop Thirlwall, D.D., Bishop of St. Davids, 8 vols. 8vo, 1845-52. In 1851 was published 'A History of Greece, from the Earliest Times to the Destruction of Corinth, B.c. 146, mainly based upon that of Connop Thirlwall, D.D., Bishop of St. David's,' by Leonhard Schmitz, F.R.S.E., Rector of the High School of Edinburgh, 12mo, London. In the preface to this work Dr. Schmitz makes the following remarks:-" Within the last fifty years more has been done by both English and foreign scholars to elucidate the history of Greece than at any former period since the revival of learning; and the results of all these labours are two English works on the history of Greece such as no other nation can boast of." These two works, he observes, "have been executed by Bishop Thirlwall and Mr. Grote in a manner which throws all previous attempts of a similar nature into the shade."

Bishop Thirlwall has not written any other work of importance. A few of his Sermons and of his Charges to the clergy of his diocese have been published in a separate form.

END OF VOLUME V.

BRADBURY, EVANS, AND CO,, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS,

THE following is a list of the names of persons who have died since the publication of the 'Penny Cyclopædia,' and of "those
living names" which, in accordance with the announcement in the Prospectus, are included in the fifth volume of the Biographical
Division of the English Cyclopædia.' The asterisk is prefixed to names of living persons:-

[blocks in formation]
[blocks in formation]

*Scheutz, George

Scheutz, Edward

Schlosser, Friedrich Christoph
Schnorr, Von Karolsfeld, Julius
Scholefield, Rev. James, M. A.

Scholz, Johann Matthias August
Schomburgk, Sir R. H.
Schönlein, Johann Luk
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowo
*Schouw, Joachim Friedrich
Schubert, Franz

*Schubert, Gotthilf Heinrich von
*Schultz, Karl Heinrich

Schumacher, Heinrich Christian
Schumann, Robert

Schwanthaler, Ludwig Michael
Scoresby, William

Scoresby, Rev. William, D.D., F.R.S.
Scott, David

*Scott, George Gilbert, A. R.A.
Scribe, Augustin-Eugène
Sébastiani, Horace-François, Count
*Sedgwick, Rev. Adam, F. R.S.
*Sellon, Priscilla Lydia

Seppings, Sir Robert, F.R.S.
*Shaftesbury, Earl of

Shakhovsky, Prince

Sharpe, Daniel, F.R.S.

*Sharpey, William, M.D.

Shee, Sir Martin Archer, P.R.A.

Sheepshanks, Rev. Richard, F.R.S.
Sheepshanks, John

Sheil, Richard Lalor

Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft

Shishkov, Alexander Semenovich
*Siam, Kings of

Sigourney, Mrs. Lydia H.
*Simon, John, F.R.C.S.
*Simrock, Karl

Sinclair, Miss Catherine
Sjögren, Andreas Johann
*Skarbek, Fredrik Florian, Count
Sleeman, Sir William Henry, K.C.B.
*Smee, Alfred, F. R.S., M. R.C.S.
Smirke, Sir Robert, R.A.
*Smirke, Sydney, A.R.A.
Smith, Albert

*Smith, Lieut. -Col. C. H.

Smith, Sir H. G. W., Bart.
Smith, James

Smith, James and Horace
Smith, John Pye, D.D., LL.D.
Smith, Joseph

Smith, Thomas Southwood, M.D.
"Smith, William, LL.D.

Smyth, William

*Sollogub, Court Vladimir
Sniadecki, Jan

Sniadecki, Andrzej
*Somerville, Mrs. Mary

*Sorby, Henry Clifton, F.R.S.
Soulié, Melchior Frédéric

Soult, Maréchal, Duc de Dalmatie
South, Sir James, F.R.S.
Southey, Caroline Anne
Souvestre, Emile
Sparks, Jared

*Speckter, Otto

Spence, William, F.R.8.

Spindler, Karl

Spohr, Ludwig

Spontini, Gaspard

*Spruner, Karl von

Stanfield, Clarkson, R. A.

*Stanhope, Earl

[blocks in formation]

Stanley, Rev. Edward, D.D., Bishop Tennent, Sir James Emerson, Knt.,

[blocks in formation]
« السابقةمتابعة »