CHAPTER VII.

EXERCISES IN CONDENSING INTO EFFECTS.

In the following exercises, leave out unnecessary words, use shorter expressions if they will convey the meaning clearly, and state effects without explaining them if, by the ordinary power of inference, the causes may be seen.

1. THE WISE RAVEN.

A thirsty raven once found a pitcher containing some water. He tried to reach it, but could not as his bill was too short. He tried to break the pitcher, but found it was too thick. Then he concluded to turn it over, but he did not have the strength to do it. Finally it occurred to him that he could drop some stones into the pitcher and in that way could make the water rise. He put in stone after stone until the water rose high enough for him to drink all he wanted.

(a) Leave out unnecessary words. (b) In which sentences do you make effects by the change? (c) Put in simpler words in place of the more unusual ones where you can.

2.-THE FOX AND THE GRAPES.

A fox, in the fall when the grapes were ripe, stole into a vineyard. The ripe, sunny grapes hung high above him on the poles which held the grapevines up. He longed to have a bunch. He made many a spring and many a jump, but they were too high, and after a time he had to give it up. As he went away he growled, "I don't care. They are sour anyhow."

(a) Condense as before. (b) Find effects if there are any.

3.-THE FARMER AND THE STORK.

A farmer had sown his fields with grain. He was greatly annoyed by cranes, which came and picked up all his seed before

it had time to grow. He determined to get rid of them, and placed a number of nets about the fields to catch them. He thus caught the cranes and among them he caught a stork. The farmer first killed the cranes, and then when he was about to kill the stork, the stork begged him not to do so because he was not a crane. He said to the farmer, "Just look at my feathers and you will see that I am not one of those thieving cranes." The farmer said to him, "If you are not a crane you should not be in their flock." Then he killed the stork too.

(a) Condense as before. (b) Find effects, if there

are any.

-THE LITTLE MATCH GIRL.

4.

It was very cold; it snowed, and it was beginning to grow dark, and it was the last night of the year too-" New Year's eve." In the cold and darkness a poor little girl was wandering about the streets with bare head and bare feet. She had a pair of slippers on when she left home, but what was the good of them? They were very large old slippers of her mother's— so large that they fell off the little girl's feet as she ran across the street to get out of the way of two carriages that came rushing along at a great rate. One slipper was not to be found, and a boy ran off with the other.

(a) Condense as before. (b) Do you make any of it into effects?

5. THE KIND OLD OAK.

It was almost time for winter to come. The little birds had all gone far away. There was no green grass in the fields, and there were no flowers in the gardens. Many of the trees had dropped all their leaves. Cold winter with its snow and ice was coming. At the foot of an old oak tree some sweet little violets were still in blossom. "Dear Old Oak," said they, "winter is coming; we are afraid we shall die of the cold." "Do not be afraid, little ones," said the oak, "close your yellow eyes in sleep and trust to me. You have made me glad many a time with your sweetness. Now I will take care that the winter shall do you no harm." So the violets closed their pretty eyes and went to sleep; they knew that they could trust the kind old oak. And the great tree softly dropped red leaf after red leaf upon them, until they were covered all over.

The cold winter came, with its snow and ice, but it could not harm the little violets. Safe under the friendly leaves of the old oak, they slept and dreamed happy dreams until the warm rains of spring came and waked them again.

(a) Condense so as to make effects wherever you

can.

CHAPTER VIII.

EFFECTS (continued).

1. THE PHARISEE AND THE PUBLICAN.

Two men went up into the temple to pray; the one a Pharisee, and the other a publican.

The Pharisee stood and prayed thus with himself: God, I thank thee that I am not as other men are, extortioners, unjust, adulterers, or even as this publican. I fast twice in the week, I give tithes of all I possess.

And the publican standing afar off, would not lift up so much as his eyes unto heaven, but smote upon his breast, saying, God, be merciful unto me a sinner.

I tell you, this man went down to his house justified rather than the other, for everyone that exalteth himself shall be abased, and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted.-Luke, xviii.-10-14.

STUDIES.

I. Define closely, (a) Pharisee, (b) publican. 2. What effects in "went up into the temple to pray"? 3. What effect in "with himself"? 4. What effects in "I thank thee"? 5. In "not as other men are"? 6. In "even as this publican"? 6. In "I fast twice in the week"? 7. In "I give tithes "? What were tithes at that time? 8. In "of all that I possess"? 9. What kind of man would this be in his home? 10. In business? II. II. As a friend? 12. What effects in "standing afar off"? What was the inside construction or arrangement of the temple? Where was the Pharisee standing? 13. What effects in "would not lift up so much as his eyes unto heaven"? How was the Phari

see standing? 14. What effects in "smote upon his breast"? 15. In "be merciful"? 16. In "me a sinner"? 17. What kind of man would this be (a) in his home; (b) in business; (c) as a friend? 18. In the last sentence what effects concerning Christ's teaching? 19. Studying the Pharisee, how does Christ's idea of rereligion differ from the Pharisee's?

II. STUDIES ON "HE WANTS A BITE."

1. What things in the picture tell where the boy is? 2. What shows what his business is? 3. What was the artist's purpose in scattering brushes and blacking? 4. What effects or hints in the boy's clothing? 5. What effects in the attitude of his right hand, together with his eyes to the front and his lips parted. Is the boy talking to the dog? 6. What effect in placing the dog on the box? 7. In his nearness to the boy, and in the attitude of his ears and the expression of his eyes? 8. What effects of incident are given with reference to the boy? 9. What effects of mood? 10. As you study his face, can you see any effects of character? Bring in pictures that have striking effects?

II.

Write a description of the picture, using effects as far as possible. If necessary to explain an effect in the picture, do so, but only in case of necessity.

Observe the following laws concerning description as applied to a picture:

I.
1. Select the principal objects in the picture.

2. In this group include all that is necessary to the meaning which the picture is intended to convey. What are all these objects?

3. Describe the objects in such order as will give the clearest conception of the picture. Do not “run all about." Finish each object before leaving it. What will you tell about first? What next?