is necessary to remember the audience, to think of the person for whom you are defining, to consider what he probably knows and what he probably does not know, and to aim at simplifying matters and at making hard things easy.

The logical definition is most useful when it is accompanied by plenty of explanation and illustration. It is the final step in a process of thinking, involving many trials, partial definitions, selections and rejections, and tests of accuracy.

108. Assignments in Supplying or Narrowing the Genus.

In the following the genus is missing or else is too large to be of service. Supply it if it is missing; find a smaller genus, if it is too large; and perfect the definition.

1. A dog is an animal that eats flesh.

2. A coward is an individual who runs away.

3. A bicycle is a machine with two wheels.

4. A fly has two wings.

5. A novel is written in prose.

6. A pipe organ is played by the use of air currents.

7. A friend is an associate that can be trusted.

8. Clearness is an essential of discourse.

9. Physiography is all about the earth.

109. Assignments in Supplying or Completing the Differentia.

In the following the differentia is missing or else is not sufficiently specific, that is, fails to give a detail that is distinctive, characteristic, peculiar, and exclusive. Perfect each definition.

110. Assignments in Abstracting Definitions.

Abstract a logical definition from the following passages; that is, pick out from each passage the genus and the differentia for the word italicized in each. You may have to infer the genus or part of the differentia.

1. "Prophecy" has, for about a century, narrowed itself, in common parlance, to the sense of "prediction"; and there are many readers of the Bible to whom the term suggests nothing more than the foretelling of the future. It is, of course, true that the Hebrew prophets dealt with the future, as they dealt with the present and the past. But the reference to future time is not the sole, nor even the chief, function of prophecy. The pro- in prophecy is not the pro- that

means 'before' but the pro- that means 'forth.' Prophecy

2. In seeking for reliable principles on which just criticism may be based, we must, if possible, find those which are broad enough to include all art. Otherwise we should suspect them of not being fundamental principles. For literature is, in fact, one of the fine arts. Not everything that is written, of course, belongs to literature proper; but when a written product becomes a part of what has well enough been called belles-lettres, as a poem, for example, in contradistinction. from a patent office report, - it belongs to the art of literature, and is closely allied to the other fine arts; giving us, like them, that immediate and direct satisfaction of a high order which we call æsthetic pleasure, or delight. Literature, as we shall see, gives us much more than this, but this it gives us in common with the other arts. Literature is

3. What is to be a gentleman? Is it to have lofty aims; to lead a pure life; to keep your honor virgin; to have the esteem of your fellow-citizens and the love of your fireside; to bear good fortune meekly; to suffer evil with constancy; and through evil or good to maintain truth always? Show me the happy man whose life exhibits these qualities, and him we will salute as gentleman, whatever his rank may be. -THACKERAY: The Four Georges.

4. Side by side with biology arose about this time the modest and almost unnoticed science of the earth, then generally called physical geography, but now known as geology. This was a small seed sown in the eighteenth century, to grow into a large tree only in our time; yet it was a great step when Scilla insisted that fossils were the remains of living beings, and that the rocks containing them were formed gradually under lakes or seas. And when Werner taught men to study the earth's crust, and Hutton forced them to

see that nature is, and has always been, building up our present world out of the ruins of the past, the foundations were laid for the real study of the earth and its formation. Meanwhile William Smith toiled over England, mapping out the position of each rock as he saw it, and thus led the way to a long series of careful observations, by which the whole geology of England has been worked out.

-BUCKLEY: History of Natural Science, p. 281.

111. Assignments in Correcting Faulty Definitions.

The following definitions are faulty either (1) because they repeat some form of the word to be defined and call for synonymous expressions, or (2) because they fail to simplify matters. Correct

them.

(a) Citizenship is the state, condition, privilege, or duty of being a citizen.

(b) A natural right is a right conferred by nature.

(c) Walking is the precipitation of the body forward by means of the lower extremities, without loss of equilibrium or of upright posture.

(d) Graduation is the act of being graduated.

(e) Passing a course means getting above a certain mark.
(f) Preparing for college is going over the studies required.
(g) An education is the training you receive in schools.
(h) Foreign missions are missions to foreigners.

(i) R.S.V.P. means répondez s'il vous plaît.
(j) P.P.C. means pour prendre congé.

(k) verb. sap. means verbum sat sapienti.

112. Assignments in Definition with Explanations. A. Select one of the following questions. Talk with other people about it. Then try to answer it. Write down the first answer that occurs to you and as you continue to think about it, write every thought just as it comes, asking yourself at each step,

- is this true? does it need qualification? are there exceptions to it? can I make a more accurate statement in other words? If you will do this, you will approximate more and more closely to a logical definition as you proceed. At the end set down your final definition in logical form. You may revise this theme for the English,- for clearness, coherence, accuracy, but in the revision, do not omit any of the steps in your thinking.

1. What is it to study?

2. What is meant by curiosity?

3. What is a gentleman?

4. What is a true sport?

5. What is meant by "the square deal"?

6. What is meant by " special privileges" in political discussion? 7. What is meant by "the interests" in political discussion?

8. What is meant by "the laboring man"?

9. What is meant by "the average student”? 10. What is meant by "the home girl"? 11. What is meant by "the modern girl"? 12. What is meant by "the old-fashioned girl"? 13. What is meant by "the practical politician"? 14. What is meant by "business methods"? 15. What is meant by "a purely academic view"? 16. What is meant by "Americanism"?

17. What is meant by " public opinion"?

18. What is meant by "law honest”?

B. What definitions do you infer from the following?

In each generation there have been men of fashion who have mistaken themselves for gentlemen. They are uninteresting enough while in the flesh, but after a generation or two they become very quaint and curious, when considered as specimens. Each generation imagines that it has discovered a new variety, and invents a name for it. The dude, the swell, the dandy, the fop, the spark, the macaroni, the blade,