23. There is no natural antagonism between capital and labor, but rather the utmost concord and interdependence. When conflicts arise, they come from unnatural selfishness, jealousy, and ignorance.

24. By the combination and division of labor the highest production has been reached; that is, we find how to satisfy the largest range of desires to the greatest extent, at the smallest cost of labor.

25. Division of labor gives rise to the different trades and occupations among men, according to their several tastes and aptitudes.

26. In complicated manufactures the work is divided into a number of processes. The strong, intelligent, and skillful have parts requiring such qualifications, while the weaker and less skillful, through several grades, may all find employment and contribute to the general result.

27. This is illustrated in the manufacture of pins, in which, the work being divided into ten processes and properly distributed, the production is 240 times as great as by individual manufacture.

28. Besides abundance of capital and of labor, freedom, good government, and the good moral character of the community, ensuring quiet by night and Sabbath-day observance, are prime essentials in production.

29. Consumption is the destruction of values. It is immediate, or by a single use, as the food we eat, and the fuel we burn; or gradual, as in the case of the wear of tools, buildings, bridges, aqueducts, and monuments.

30. Voluntary consumption is seen in the grinding of wheat into flour, baking of flour into bread, and cutting cloth into garments; involuntary consumption is the natural decay and wear of objects; accidental consumption is by fires, floods, tornadoes, and earthquakes.

31. It is not easy, in many cases, to tell whether voluntary consumption is productive or not. There is much really unproductive consumption, as the wealth consumed in riotous living, and in fruitless enterprises.

32. Public consumption is expenditure for the public good. It includes the support of government, works for public convenience; as, the lighting of streets, waterworks, and sewerage; expense for the promotion of knowledge and advancing science; for promoting popular education; for the support of the poor and afflicted; and for national defence.

33. Exchange is the mutual and voluntary transfer of one thing or commodity for another.

34. Three things are implied in every exchange: 1st, the existence of the right of property; 2d, that the transfer be mutual; 3d, that it be voluntary.

35. Commerce is a term used for all exchanges between different countries, or distant points of the same country.

36. The demand in one city or country, for commodities produced in other cities or countries.

[merce.

37. The producers and the consumers are the real exchangers in com38. A trader is any one who owns a commodity while it is in transit from the producer to the consumer, and may be wholesale or retail.

39. Supply signifies the quantity of any commodity which is in the market. Demand includes both desire and ability to purchase.

40. Money is that commodity which is generally given and received in exchange for every other commodity.

41. 1st, Precision and stability of value. 2d, Universal acceptance. 3d, Divisibility into parts, without loss of value. [actions.

42. Besides money, credit is very extensively used in business trans43. Some of the forms of credit are: book accounts, promissory notes, bank notes, government notes, bank deposits, checks, drafts, bills of exchange, stocks, and bonds.

44. Banks are institutions which facilitate the business of exchange, and render available the credit of the community.

45. A Protective Tariff is a system of duties, levied by the government of a country, on certain articles produced in other countries, to prevent their coming into competition with domestic manufactures, in a way to cripple or destroy them.

46. Free Trade means the removal of all duties designed to protect industries, and the entire freedom and equality of foreign and domestic productions.

47. Distribution, in economies, embraces those principles on which the proceeds of industry are divided among the parties employed in their production. The problem is a complicated one, and is exciting much attention.

48. The main channels of distribution are: 1st, Wages, or the compensation of labor; 2d, Profits, or the compensation of the employer; 3d, Interest, or compensation for capital; 4th, Rent, or the compensation for buildings, land, etc.; 5th, Taxes, or compensation to the government for protection.

49. Wages, or cost of labor, should be estimated, not by the time occupied, nor by the rate of wages paid, but by the efficiency of the laborer, or the amount accomplished. One man may do twice as much as another in a given time, and his remuneration should be according to his work.

50. The great disparity seen in the efficiency of workers is mainly due to one or more of these causes, namely: race, diet, habits, intelligence, technical training, and moral qualities.

51. The leading considerations in determining the rate of wages are: 1st, The cost of living; 2d, The value of the products. The first indicates the minimum the laborer should receive; the second, the maximum the employer should pay.

52. Competition is, beyond all others, the controlling consideration in determining wages.

53. Competition is the endeavor of two or more parties to gain the same thing at the same time.

54. Combinations to resist competition are often formed both by capitalists and by workmen.

55. Combinations of employees take two forms, which are known as Strikes and Trade-Unions.

56. A Strike is a mutual agreement of a number of workmen to demand of their employers certain terms, and to stop work until the demand is granted.

57. Laborers base their action, in a strike, upon the sacred and unquestioned right to do what they choose with themselves, their time, strength, and skill. At the same time strikes may be very unreasonable.

58. In the attempt to make a strike successful many outrages, more or less violent, upon the rights of others have been committed.

59. Trade-Unions are combinations of laborers of particular trades, in permanent organizations, to promote the general interests of their respective fraternities.

60. Trade-Unions have some features which can be heartily commended; as, the relief of the sick and disabled, and measures to promote sociability and mental cultivation.

61. By promoting and sustaining strikes; restricting apprenticeship; and insisting upon uniformity of wages regardless of varying ability or efficiency. Trade-Unions often come in conflict with employers, and seriously interfere with the true interests of labor.

62. In all business relations the Golden Rule of Christ can be safely followed, viz.: "Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them."

TARIFF ADJUSTMENT OF 1773. 342 chests of tea broken and thrown overboard at Griffin's Wharf,

Dec. 16, known as "The Boston Tea Party." The first overt act of the Colonists against British rule.

SOCIAL HOURS

PHYSIOLOGY.

GIVE IT UPL

HOME GULTURE

TEST EXERCISES.

1. What is Physiology?

2. What is meant by the term Biology?

3. What is Bioplasm, or Protoplasm?

4. Of how many bones does the human body consist?

5. Name the longest bone in the body.

6. What bone forms the "key stone" of the skull ?

7. What is the technical or anatomical term for the "Crazy bone?"

8. What bone in the human frame is shaped like the letter U?

9. What are the ligaments?

10. Why are fractures most frequent among elderly persons?

11. Why should we sit or stand erect?

12. What is the number of permanent, also temporary teeth? 13. What is the Pericardium?

14. What artery may be felt at the wrist?

15. What artery below the angle of the jaw?

16. What artery in front of the ears?

17. Give a general description of the veins.

18. How does medicine get into the blood?

19. What is the difference between the right and left lung?

20. In a healthy adult, what are the average number of respirations per minute?

21. What produces animal heat?

22. What are the pores, of the human body, and their uses?

23. What is the cause of "Gray Hair?"

24. What should be done when an artery is injured?

25. What is the size and weight of the average brain?

26. What is the occasion and benefit of yawning?

27. What are the functions of the cerebellum? 28. Of the cerebrum?