THE STATES OF THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION,

IN THE ORDER OF THEIR PLACES IN THE DIET.

I. AUSTRIAN STATES.

See 'Austria,' pp. 1-23.

II. PRUSSIAN STATES.

See 'Prussia,'

III. BAVARIA.

Reigning Sovereign and Family.

Ludwig II., King of Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine, born August 25, 1845, the son of King Maximilian II. and his consort, Queen Maria, daughter of the late Prince William of Prussia; succeeded to the throne at the death of his father, March 10, 1864.

Brother of the King.-Prince Otho, born April 27, 1848.

Mother of the King.-Maria, Queen of Bavaria, born October 15, 1825, second daughter of the late Prince William of Prussia, uncle of King William I.

Uncles and Aunts of the King.-1. Prince Otho, born June 1, 1815; elected King of Greece, October 5, 1832; deposed by decree of the Greek National Assembly, February 4, 1863; married November 22, 1836, to Princess Amalia of Oldenburg, born December 21, 1818. 2. Prince Luitpold, born March 12, 1821, General in the Bavarian army; married April 15, 1844, to Archduchess Augusta of Austria, born April 1, 1825. Offspring of the union are three sons: Ludwig, born January 7, 1845; Leopold, born February 9, 1846; and Arnulph, born July 6, 1852: and one daughter, Theresa, born November 12, 1850. 3. Princess Adelgunda, born March 19, 1823; married March 30, 1842, to the Archduke of Austria-Este, late reigning Duke of Modena, Francis V. 5. Princess Alexandra, born August 26, 1826. 6. Prince Adelbert, born July 19, 1828, MajorGeneral in the Bavarian army; married August 25, 1856, to Princess Amalia, Infanta of Spain, born October 12, 1834. Issue of the marriage are two sons and one daughter, namely, Ludwig Fer

dinand, born at Madrid, October 22, 1859; Alfonso, born January 24, 1862; and Isabella, born August 31, 1863.

Grandfather of the King.-King Ludwig, born August 25, 1786; succeeded his father, King Maximilian Joseph, October 13, 1825; abdicated the throne in favour of his eldest son, Maximilian, March 21, 1848; married, in 1810, to Princess Therese of Saxe-Altenburg, who died in 1854. Author of a volume of poems, 'Gedichte,' 4 vols., Munich, 1829; third edition, 1839; and of a work in prose, 'Walhalla's Genossen,' ib. 1843.

Great-Uncles and Great-Aunts of the King.-1. Empress Charlotte, born February 8, 1792, widow of the late Emperor Francis I. of Austria. 2. Prince Charles, born July 7, 1795, field-marshal in the Bavarian service; married, in 1808, to Mdlle. Bolley, who died in 1858; married, in second nuptials, May 11, 1859, to Mdlle. Henrietta von Frankenburg. 3. Queen Elizabeth, born November 13, 1801, widow of the late King Frederick William of Prussia. The Queen is twin-sister of 4. Queen Amalia, born November 13, 1801; married November 21, 1822, to King Johann of Saxony. 5. Princess Sophia, born January 27, 1805; married November 4, 1824, to Archduke Francis Charles of Austria. The princess is twin-sister of 6. Queen Maria, born January 27, 1805, widow of the late King Frederick Augustus of Saxony. 7. Princess Ludovica, born August 30, 1808; married, September 9, 1828, to Duke Maximilian in Bavaria.

United with the Royal Family of Bavaria is the branch line of the Dukes in Bavaria, formerly Palatine princes of Deux-PontsBirkenfeld. The head of this house is

Maximilian, Duke in Bavaria, born December 4, 1808, General of cavalry in the Bavarian service; married September 9, 1828, to Princess Ludovica of Bavaria. Issue of the marriage are three sons and five daughters, namely, 1. Prince Ludwig, born June 21, 1831. 2. Princess Helena, born April 4, 1834, married August 24, 1858, to Prince Maximilian of Thurn-und-Taxis. 3. Empress Elizabeth, born December 24, 1837, married April 24, 1854, to Francis Joseph I., Emperor of Austria. 4. Prince Theodore, born August 9, 1839. 5. Princess Maria, born October 4, 1841, married February 3, 1859, to the then King of the Two Sicilies, Francis of Bourbon. 6. Princess Mathilde, born September 30, 1843, married June 5, 1861, to Louis of Bourbon, Count di Trani. 7. Princess Charlotte, born February 22, 1847. 8. Prince Maximilian, born December 7, 1849.

The members of the royal house of Bavaria are descendants, in the female line, of the ancient Counts of Wittelsbach, who flourished in the twelfth century. Duke Maximilian I. of Bavaria was elevated to the rank of Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, in the Thirty

Years' War, in recompense for his opposition to Protestantism; and Elector Maximilian Joseph was raised to the rank of King by Napoleon I. in 1805. The latter title was acknowledged by all the European Powers in 1815, at the Congress of Vienna.

The large income of the sovereigns of Bavaria, from private domains, and other sources, has been extensively curtailed of late, under the constitutional government. The civil list of the King and the other members of the royal family amounts at present to 249,6337., and strict supervision is exercised by the Chamber of Representatives that this amount be not exceeded. In 1849, it was discovered that exKing Ludwig had taken sums amounting to 1,529,000 florins, or 127,400l., from the public exchequer without accounting for them; whereupon the Chamber demanded the restitution of the money, which His Majesty was forced to give from his private purse. Some details of distribution of the civil list are given under the particulars of the budget of the kingdom.

Constitution and Government.

The present Constitution of Bavaria dates from May 25, 1818; but various modifications were introduced in 1848-9. The crown is hereditary in the male line. To the King belongs the sole executive power; but his ministers are responsible for all his acts. The legislative functions are exercised jointly by the King and Parliament, the latter consisting of an Upper and a Lower House. The Upper House-Chamber of Reichsräthe, or councillors of the realm -is formed of the princes of the royal family, the crown dignitaries, the archbishops, and the heads of certain old noble families, all these being hereditary members; to which are added a Roman Catholic bishop and a Protestant clergyman nominated by the King, and an unlimited number of other members appointed by the Crown. The Lower House, or Chamber of Representatives, consists of deputies of towns and universities, and various religious corporations. To be a deputy, it is necessary to be past thirty, and to be in possession of an assured income, from funds, a trade, or profession; to be on the electoral lists, it is required to be twenty-five years of age, and to be rated at a minimum of ten florins, or 16s. 8d. per annum. representation of the country is calculated at the rate of one deputy to 7,000 families, or about 35,000 souls, of the whole population.

The

The executive is carried on, in the name of the King, by a Staatsrath, or Council of State, consisting of seven members, besides three princes of the blood-royal; and the Ministry of State, divided into seven departments, namely:

1. The Ministry of the Royal House and of Foreign Affairs.Charles, Baron von Schrenk, appointed May 1, 1859.

2. The Ministry of Justice.-Charles, Freiherr von Mulzer, appointed May 1, 1859.

3. The Ministry of the Interior.-Max von Neumayr, appointed May 1, 1859.

4. The Ministry of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs.-Theodore von Zwehl, appointed December 1, 1852.

5. The Ministry of Finance.-Benno von Pfeufer, appointed July 1, 1859.

6. The Ministry of Commerce and Public Works.-Charles, Baron von Schrenk, ad interim.

7. The War Department. - Colonel Edward Luz, appointed August 12, 1863.

Church and Education.

*

Rather more than two-thirds of the population of Bavaria are Roman Catholics. In the census of 1861, as well as the preceding one of 1858, the religious persuasion of the inhabitants is not stated; and in the last in which this has been the case, that of 1852, the numbers stand as follows:-Catholics, 3,176,333; Protestants, 1,233,894-subdivided into Lutherans, 906,386; Calvinists, 2,431; and Unitarians, 325,077-Mennonites and Greek Catholics, 5,560; and Jews, 56,033. The kingdom is divided into 2 Roman Catholic archbishoprics, those of Munich and Bamberg; 6 bishoprics; 171 deaneries; and 2,756 parishes. The administration of the Protestant Church is under a General Consistory-Ober-consistorium—and four provincial consistories. Of the three universities of the kingdom, two, at Munich and Würzburg, are Roman Catholic, and one, at Erlangen, Protestant. Among the Roman Catholics there is one clergyman to 464 souls; among the Protestants, one to 1,013. The Roman Catholic Church is richly endowed, possessing, according to semiofficial statements, property amounting to above 100 millions of florins, or 8,500,0007. A large proportion of this wealth consists of landed estates, which are annually increasing in value. Thus, the property was stated to be worth 79 millions of florins in 1838, and 92 millions in 1851. The State, besides, pays 1,562,000 florins, or 130,000l., annually to the clergy. The Archbishop of Munich has a Government salary of 20,000 florins, or 1,667, and the Archbishop of Würzburg, 15,000 florins, or 1,250l. Three of the bishops have an allowance of 10,000 florins, and the other three of 8,000, exclusive of episcopal residences. The Constitution guarantees complete religious liberty to all inhabitants of the State, and Protestants as well as other dissenters enjoy unrestricted freedom of worship, and are eligible to all civil offices and military appoint

ments.

* Mennonites are the peaceable and well-to-do descendants of the once fie ce Anabaptists.

In the year 1861 there were in the kingdom 7,126 schools, with 8,205 teachers. Elementary schools-Volks-schulen-exist in all parishes, and attendance on them is compulsory for all children till the age of fourteen.

Revenue and Expenditure.

The budget of the kingdom is calculated for the lengthened term of six years, which counts as a financial period. The annual revenue, as stated in the budgets for each of the two periods, 185660, and 1861-67, was as follows:

The annual expenditure for the same two periods is given in the subjoined statement:—