is liable who has reached his 20th year. In times of peace, the Government undertakes to furnish substitutes, at the average price of 1,200 florins, or 1237. each. The term of service is eight years, after which the soldier is liable to serve two years longer in the army of reserve. During peace, a large proportion of the troops are sent home regularly on furlough. It is part of the military policy of the Government to encourage, by all possible means, the re-enlistment of old soldiers, for which purpose the fund contributed by those who seek substitutes is distributed in the shape of bounties. The pay of the troops, privates as well as officers, is smaller in the Austrian army than that of any other country in Europe, except Russia. A large proportion of the officers are noblemen. In 1861, there were 103 princes, 590 counts, 898 barons, 570 knights, and 2,826 untitled nobles in the army; the largest number proportionately in the cavalry, and the smallest in the artillery and the engineers. The upper hierarchy consisted, in 1864, of 3 fieldmarshals, 14 Feldzeugmeister and generals of cavalry, 77 fieldmarshal-lieutenants, and 125 general-majors, in active service, besides 337 fieldmarshallieutenants and generals on half-pay.

The navy of Austria consisted, in August 1864, of 39 steamers, with 639 guns and 11,730 horse-power, and 20 sailing vessels with 145 guns.

The following is the list of the men-of-war:

In addition to the above there are 20 sailing ships of different classes, carrying a total of 145 guns-viz. frigates-the Bellona, 35, and the Venus (school-ship). Corvettes-the Carolina, 20; the Diana, 20; The Minerva, 10. Brigs-the Hussar, 12; the Montecuccoli, 16. Schooners-the Saida, 8; the Arthemisia, 10; the Arethusa, 10. Transports the Pylades (brig), 4; with four schooners and five trabuccoli. Of ships stationed in the different rivers and lakes in the Austrian possessions, five, with an aggregate of 16 guns and 405 horse-power, are in the Danube, and comprise three paddle-wheel steamers, mounting together 14 guns, and of 160, 120, and 100 horse-power, respectively, with one paddle-wheel and one screw gunboat, eight are stationed in the Lake of Garda, and consist of two paddle-wheel steamers of 3 guns, and 70 and 80 horsepower each, with six gunboats of 90 horse-power, respectively, and a total of 24 guns. The Lake of Mantua is protected by eight guardships (positionschiffe) of 1 gun each. In the lagoons are stationed 61 ships, with an aggregate of 149 guns and 505 horsepower-viz. one iron-clad floating battery, 16 guns; three screw gunboats, with six guns and 150 horse-power (50 each); six paddlewheel gunboats, carrying 12 guns, and of 210 horse-power (35 each); four paddle-wheel steamers, with a total of 4 guns, and 145 horsepower (45, 40, 40, and 20); and 47 guardships, comprising floating batteries, pontoons, gunboats, and smaller vessels, with an aggregate of 111 guns.

The navy of Austria is commanded and manned by 2 vice-admirals, 3 rear-admirals, 1 major-general of the marine, 10 captains of shipsof-the-line, 25 captains of frigates, 84 lieutenants, 315 ensigns and cadets, and 13,991 sailors and marines. The navy is recruited, like the army, by conscription, from among the seafaring population of the empire. A large number, however, is obtained besides by voluntary enlistment, particularly in the province of Dalmatia, which enjoys peculiar privileges in respect to the number of sailors which it has to furnish to the imperial navy. The term of service in the navy is eight years, after which the men are liable to remain two years longer in the navy of reserve. The pay of the navy is higher than that of the army, in respect to officers, as well as to sailors and marines.

Austria has two harbours of war, Pola and Venice, and Trieste serves, in part, as a third. Great efforts have been made, within the last few years, to raise the Imperial navy to a state of high efficiency, by the substitution of steam for sailing vessels, and the gradual formation of an iron-clad fleet of war..

Population.

The Austrian empire is divided into twenty provinces, the area of which, and total population, according to the census of October 31, 1857, is shown in the subjoined table. Deducted from the statement are the Lombard provinces ceded to Italy in 1859.

Included in the above total of the population are 579,989 men, of different provinces, inscribed on the lists as belonging to the military

service.

The subjoined tabular statement shows the area of the Austrian empire at different periods since the death of the Empress Maria Theresa in 1780: