part, the supplies; otherwise its functions are consultative. The Prince governs through one irresponsible minister, under whom are six presidents of departments.

The budget for the year 1862 consisted of a revenue of 221,745 thalers, or 33,1527., and an expenditure of very nearly the same amount. The public debt, in 1862, was about half a million thalers.

Lippe-Detmold has to contribute 1,202 men to the army of the Confederation, including 240 troops of the reserve. The men are raised by conscription, and have to serve four years, of which, generally, two are spent on furlough.

The population, by the census of 1861, amounted to 108,513 souls, living on an area of 445 English square miles. The surface is partly covered by the Teutoburger-Wald, where Hermann, or Arminius, exterminated the Romans under Varus.

XVI. 7.-HESSE-HOMBURG.

Reigning Sovereign and Family.

Ferdinand I., Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, born April 26, 1783, the son of Landgrave Frederick Louis and Princess Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt; succeeded his brother, Landgrave Gustavus, Sept. 8, 1848.

Nieces of the Landgrave.-1. Princess Caroline, born March 19, married, Oct. 1, 1839, to Prince Henry XX. of Reuss-Greiz; widow, Nov. 8, 1859. 2. Princess Elizabeth, born Sept. 30, 1823.

The line of Hesse-Homburg was founded in 1596 by Prince George I. of Hesse-Darmstadt, who separated the territory from the other possessions of the family in favour of a younger son. At the establishment of the Napoleonic Rheinbund, in 1806, the small country was placed under the sovereignty of Hesse-Darmstadt; but the Congress of Vienna reinstated the Landgrave among the reigning sovereigns of Europe, under the protest of the leading German princes. It was only in June, 1817, that Landgrave Frederick Louis was acknowledged by the Germanic Diet. The present

sovereign having no heirs, the territory, at his decease, will fall back to Hesse-Darmstadt. Landgrave Ferdinand I. has an annual income of 150,000 florins, or 12,500l., in great part derived from the sale of mineral waters and the gaming-tables at Homburg.

Constitution, Revenue, and Population.

The whole legislative and executive authority is centred in the Landgrave, who governs through a ministry, divided into five departments, including a secretary for war. The budget for 1862 amounted to 539,507 florins, or 44,9597. income, and 519,687 florins,

or 43,3077. expenditure. On Feb. 1, 1862, there existed a public debt of 978,507 florins, or 81,5427.

To the army of the Confederation, Hesse-Homburg has to contribute 333 men. They are raised by conscription, with permitted substitution, and have to serve six years.

The population, at the census of 1861, amounted to 26,817 souls, living on an area of 106 English square miles.

XVII. 1.—LÜBECK.

Constitution, Revenue, and Population.

The free city and state of Lübeck is governed according to the constitution of Dec. 29, 1851. The main features of this charter are two representative bodies, the Senate, exercising the executive, and the Bürgerschaft, or House of Burgesses, exercising the legislative authority. The Senate is composed of fourteen members, elected for life, and presided over by two burgomasters, who hold office for two years each, and retire in rotation. There are 120 members in the House of Burgesses, chosen by all citizens who are members of any of the twelve colleges, or guilds of the town. A committee of thirty burgesses, presided over by a chairman elected for two years, has the duty of representing the legislative assembly in the intervals of the ordinary sessions, and of carrying on all active business. The House of Burgesses has the initiative in all measures relative to the public expenditure, foreign treaties, and general legislation; while the Senate, entrusted chiefly with the executive government, has also to give its sanction to the passing of every new law.

The high court of appeal for the four Free Cities of Germanyremnant of the old Hanseatic League-is established at Lübeck. It is composed of a President, nominated by the Houses of Senators of the four cities, and six councillors chosen by the four Houses of Burgesses; the first four by each city in rotation; the fifth alternately by Frankfort and Bremen; and the sixth twice by Hamburg and once by Lübeck.

The budgets of Lübeck were as follows, for each of the six years 1858 to 1863.

Nearly one-third of the revenues are derived from public domains, chiefly forests; another third from excise duties, and the rest mostly from direct taxation. Of the expenditure, one-half goes for the interest and reduction of the public debt, the latter amounting to about four millions and a half marks, or 264,700l. The greater part of this debt dates from the period of the French occupation, in 1806 and following years.

To the army of the Confederation Lübeck has to contribute 679 men, namely 536 infantry, 85 cavalry, and 58 artillery. By a military convention with Oldenburg, of Feb. 26, 1861, the latter country furnishes the artillery against an annual subsidy. The troops are raised partly by conscription and partly by enlistment, substitution being allowed in all cases. The time of service is two years, with eighteen months' additional inscription among the troops of the reserve.

There exists also a militia of burgesses, in which all citizens between the ages of twenty-two and thirty-five are enrolled. The troops thus formed possess, however, but slight military organisation.

According to the census of 1861, the state comprises a territory of 109 square miles, with a population of 44,357. They are all Lutherans, with the exception of about 400 Calvinists, 200 Roman Catholics, and 500 Jews. The State is divided into three districts, namely, first, the city itself; secondly, the suburbs; and thirdly, the rural districts, composed of scattered portions of territory surrounded by Holstein and Mecklenburg. The population of each of these districts was as follows at the enumerations of 1857 and 1861:

The state of Lübeck, as at present constituted, was mapped out by the Congress of Vienna, in 1815, after having formed part of the French department called Bouches de l'Elbe.

Trade and Commerce.

The total value of imports, inclusive specie, into Lübeck, from various countries, in each of the years 1862 and 1863, was as

Lübeck possessed, at the commencement of 1862, fifty-seven sea-going vessels, among them thirteen steamers. Particulars of the commerce of the free city with England will be found under the head of Hamburg,' the chief of the Hanse Towns.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights and measures of Lübeck, and the British equivalents, are :—

XVII. 2.-FRANKFORT.

Constitution, Revenue, and Population.

The present constitution of Frankfort-on-the-Main was proclaimed by the Constituent Assembly of the Free City, on December 22, 1854, and accepted by a general vote of the citizens of Feb. 5 and 6, 1855. According to this charter, the government of the commonwealth is exercised by two representative bodies, the Senate, consisting of twenty-one life-members, and the Legislative Assembly, composed of eighty-eight deputies, of which fifty-seven are elected by the burgesses, twenty by the Common Council of the city, and eleven by the inhabitants of the rural districts. Vacancies in the Senate are filled by a ballot-committee of twelve members, six of whom are appointed by the Legislative Assembly, and six by the Senate. A president and vice-president-called Elder Burgomaster and Younger Burgomaster-elected annually, represent the executive authority vested in the Senate. The right of making and altering laws, and that of imposing and distributing financial burthens, belongs solely to the Legislative Assembly. The budget is voted annually.

The budget for the year 1862 comprises an income of 2,576,485 florins, or 214,7077., and an expenditure of 2,224,147 florins, or 185,345l. About one-third of the income is derived from customs duties, and another third from the excise. There is a state-lottery, which produces, on the average, 130,000 florins, or 10,833l., per annum. The cost of government, including army and police, forms more than three-fourths of the whole expenditure; and for educational and ecclesiastical affairs, 118,492 florins, or 9,8741., are set aside. The public debt at the commencement of 1862 amounted to 16,353,000 florins, or 1,362,750l. Very nearly one-half of this debt-exactly 7,868,060 florins-was incurred for the establishment of railways. One million of florins of the capital pays no interest, it having been advanced, under this condition, by the bank of Frankfort, against a permission to issue notes.

The contribution of Frankfort to the German Confederate army is to amount to 1,119 men, nearly all infantry. The whole of this force is raised by enlistment, for periods of four years and two months-formerly six years and two months-under the offer of a bounty of 300 florins, or 25l. The men receive 19 kreuzer, or about 6d. per diem, with increase of pay at the end of ten years' service. It is owing to the position of the Free City, as the seat of the Germanic Diet, that it has to keep a much larger armed force, in comparison with population, than any other State of the Confederation. The city has also a guard of burgesses, the duties of which, however, are of a strictly civil nature.