according to an enumeration of July 15, 1857-attended by 40,493 male and 40,652 female pupils. A fuller education than these impart 63 additional 'Latin schools,' with 1,802 pupils. Above them are the three universities of Leyden, Groningen, and Utrecht, with 1,327 students. The ecclesiastical training schools comprise six Roman Catholic and two Protestant seminaries. There are also three military, one naval, and one veterinary school. The proportion of attendance in the public schools is one in eight of the entire population.

Revenue and Expenditure.

The revenue and expenditure of the kingdom, as shown in the budgets, were as follows in each of the four years 1860 to 1863:—

The budget for the year 1864-5 estimated the public income and expenditure of the kingdom of the Netherlands as follows:

The following is the expenditure sanctioned by the StatesGeneral:

Of this surplus, the sum of 5,250,000 guilders, or 437,500l., is to be added to the sinking fund for the extinction of the national debt. The actual produce of the ordinary branches of the public revenue of the Netherlands for the two years, 1861 and 1862, is represented in the following table :

The total receipts of 60,025,082 florins 51 cents, equal to 5,002,0907. for 1862, as shown in the above table, exceed those of 1861 by 210,930 florins 69 cents, or 17,5787., and the estimate by 1,778,483 florins 51 cents, or 148,2077. The revenue derived from articles of consumption has, however, it will be observed, fallen below that of the preceding year.

The sums voted for the payment of interest on the national debt of the Netherlands are as follow:

On a capital of 687,078,770 guilders, bearing interest at 2 per cent.

On 104,966,011 guilders 95 cents at 3 per cent.
Half-year's interest on 16,330,000 guilders, and half-

year's interest on 16,030,000 guilders, at 3 per cent.
On 202,159,700 guilders, at 4 per cent.
Colonial debentures, capital 12,484,500 guilders, at 4
per cent.

Interests on deposits and life annuities

Rent and other payments charged on the national do

main

Total charge for the national debt

The rest of the sum of 39,976,977 guilders, or 3,331,415l., set down in the budget as expenditure for the national debt, goes towards a sinking fund for the same. The operation of this fund has brought about a great decrease in the annual charge for the debt within the last ten years, as will be seen from the following statement, which gives the amount of interest paid during the ten years 1855-64:

According to a statement of the Minister of Finance, made when laying the budget of 1864 before the States-General, the reduction of the national debt, from 1848 to 1864, amounted to 185,000,000 guilders, or 15,416,6671. The total debt, on Dec. 31, 1863, was 1,023,018,982 guilders, or 85,251,5817.

Army and Navy.

The army of the Netherlands is formed partly by conscription and partly by enlistment, in such a manner that the volunteers form the stock, as well as the majority of the troops. The men drawn by conscription at the age of twenty have to serve, nominally, five years; but practically, all that is required of them is to drill for a few months, and, returning home on furlough, meet for a fortnight annually for practice, during a period of four years. Besides the regular army, there exists a militia-schutters'-divided into two classes. To the first, the 'active militia,' belong all men from the twenty-fifth to the thirty-fifth year of age; and to the second, the 'resting (rustende) militia,' all persons from thirty-five to fifty-five. The first class, numbering 26,109 men in the year 1862, is again