To the above is to be added the principality of Hohenzollern, comprising 452 English square miles, and the Jahdegebiet' of five square miles, making the total area of the kingdom 107,757 English square miles.

According to the census of 1861, the soil of the kingdom is divided between 2,141,486 landowners-Grundbesitzer- divided very unequally among the various provinces. As a rule, there are very large properties in the eastern provinces, while in the western districts, particularly the Rhine province, the land is greatly subdivided. Altogether, of the 2,141,486 landowners registered by the census, 1,099,161, or rather more than one-half, hold less than 5 Morgen, or about 34 acres.

The inhabitants of Prussia are distributed over 1,000 towns, with 5,625,852 inhabitants, and over 332 districts of the country, with 12,865,368 inhabitants. The number of town and country districts is 345. The increase of the town population in the course of the last half-century has been greater in proportion than that of the population of the whole country. Thus, in 1816, Berlin had 197,717 inhabitants, and was the only city in Prussia that had more than 100,000, while there were but four that were over 50,000— namely, Breslau, 74,000; Königsberg, 61,000; Danzig and Cologne, each about 53,000. There were only 14 towns that had more than 17,000. According to the census of 1861, there were 31 towns with more than 17,000 inhabitants, as shown in the subjoined list :

According to the census of December 3, 1861, there were in the Prussian monarchy 2,480,609 inhabitants, or nearly one-seventh of the whole population, not belonging to the German race, or not making use of the German language in daily and familiar conversation. Disregarding the distinction between Low and High German, there are as many as ten different native languages spoken in Prussia. 15,718,600 Prussians speak German as their native tongue; 1,973,880 speak Polish (in the provinces of Prussia, Posen, and Silesia); 233,341 speak Massuric (near Gumbinnen and Königsberg); 7,652 Kassubic (near Marienwerder, Königsberg, and Cöslin); Lithuanian is spoken by 136,990 persons (in the districts of Gumbinnen and Königsberg, where likewise 414 persons still speak the old Kuric or Kurish language); the Wendish is spoken by 82,232

persons (in the provinces of Prussia and Silesia); Bohemian by 10,317 persons (in Silesia); Moravian by 48,554 persons (in the district of Oppeln). Finally, Walloon is spoken by 10,502 persons, chiefly in the neighbourhood of Aix-la-Chapelle.

The census of 1861 gives the average density of the population at about 156 per English square mile. The variation, however, is considerable the density being highest in the manufacturing district of Düsseldorf, where it is nearly four times the average, and smallest in the district of Cüslin, where it amounts but to three-fifths of the average. The number of families amounts to 3,613,856, and therefore rather more than 20 per cent. of the population, giving nearly five persons to a family. The deaf and dumb numbered 14,223, of which 7,855 were men, 6,368 women; 10,524 were totally blind, 5,496 being men, and 5,028 women. There is therefore, on an average, one deaf and dumb person to every 1,211, and one blind in 1,731 of the population of Prussia.

Divorces are rather numerous in Prussia, owing, in part, to the legal facilities with which they are granted. During the year 1862 the number of divorces were 535 for adultery, 665 for cruel and malicious desertion, besides others on account of criminal convictions and for madness. In the same year the number of petitions sent in to the Superior Ecclesiastical Council by divorced persons for permission to marry again was 1,623, of which 1,168 were granted, 269 refused, and the balance remained still under consideration.

About eight millions and a half of the population are engaged in agriculture, as sole or chief occupation. Of these, 2,070,157 are proprietors of land, possessing from three to.400. acres, and more. The owners of three acres and less number 1,052,126; those of from three to eighteen acres are 598,134; from 18 to 160 acres, 387,741; from 160 to 400 acres, 17,675.; and above 400 acres, 14,481. As a rule, the least populated provinces contain the largest estates. It is stated that land is getting out of the hands of the nobility into those of the middle classes. The number of nobles, in 1861, amounted to 177,525 individuals, united in 7,093 noble houses, or families.

Trade and Industry.

The commercial intercourse of Prussia with the United Kingdom is exhibited in the subjoined tabular statement, showing the value of the imports from Prussia into the United Kingdom, and of the exports of British and Irish produce to Prussia in the five years 1860 to 1864.

The imports from Prussia into the United Kingdom consist almost entirely of agricultural produce. The chief articles are wheat, to the amount of from 3,000,000l. to 4,000,000l. per annum; other kinds of corn to the value of 1,000,000l.; and wood and timber to the average amount of 1,000,000l. per annum. The chief items of British exports to Prussia are iron, wrought and unwrought, to the value of 300,000l.; herrings in barrels, to the average value of 250,000l.; and cotton yarn, to the average value of 240,000l. per

annum.

The number and tonnage of vessels of the Prussian mercantile navy was as follows on the 1st of January 1865, and 1864 :

The average burthen of Prussian vessels, as shown in the above table, is 130 tons. The tonnage of the mercantile navy of Prussia, in 1864, was larger than that of Austria, but only two-thirds that of the Netherlands.

Subjoined is a comparative table of the capital, receipts, and expenditure of railways in Prussia, for each of the years 1861, and