Of the Prussian railways, six lines-the most important that from Frankfort-on-the-Oder to Königsberg and the Russian frontier, 101 German miles long-are state property; seven others are under government control, having been partly constructed by state loans or subventions; and the rest—about two-thirds of the whole—in the hands of private companies. The state railways form an important source of public revenue. In the financial estimates for the year 1865, the general receipts of the State railways were stated at 14,197,000 thalers, and the expenditure at 7,386,300 thalers, showing a surplus of 6,360,700 thalers, of which latter the sum of 467,700 thalers was derived from the Lower Silesian Railway; 4,000 thalers from the Berlin Junction; 566,600 thalers from the Eastern; 294,500 thalers from the Westphalian; and 256,700 thalers from the Saarbruck. From the above surplus of 6,360,700 thalers the sum of 4,889,257 thalers was deducted to pay off loans and debts contracted for railway purposes, leaving a nett balance of 1,471,443 thalers towards defraying the general expenses of the State.

For further details on the trade and industry of Prussia, see GERMANY.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Prussia, and the British equivalents, are:

Königlich Preussischer Staats-Kalender für 1865. 8. Berlin, 1865. Preussische Statistik, herausgegeben vom Statistischen Bureau in Berlin. Vols. I. VIII. fol. Berlin, 1865.

Jahrbuch für die amtliche Statistik des Preussischen Staates. Herausgegeben vom Königl. Statistischen Bureau. 8. Berlin, 1865.

Staatshaushalts-Etat für das Jahr. 1865. 4. Berlin, 1865.

Allgemeiner Bericht über den Entwurf zum Staatshaushalt-Etat pro 1865. Haus der Abgeordneten. No. 80. Berlin, 1865.

Die Preussische Handels-Marine, im Anfange des J. 1864. Zusammengestellt von den Experten der Stettiner See-Assecuradeurs. Stettin, 1865.

Uebersicht des Flächenraums und der Einwohnerzahl des Preussischen Staats, und alphabetisches Verzeichniss der Städte in demselben, mit Angabe der CivilEinwohnerzahl am Schlusse des J. 1861. 8. Berlin, 1862.

Die Berliner Volkszählung, vom 3. December, 1861. Bericht der städtischen Central-Commission für die Volkszählung über die Mitwirkung der Commune an der Zählungs-Ausführung und deren Resultate. 2 vols. Fol. Berlin, 1862.

Statistische Nachrichten von den Preussischen Eisenbahnen. Bearbeitet von dem Technischen Bureau des Königl. Ministerium für Handel. 4. Berlin, 1865. Das Höhere Schulwesen in Preussen. Historisch-statistische Darstellung, im Auftrage des Ministers der Geistlichen, Unterrichts- und Medicinal-Angelegenheiten. Berlin, 1864.

Report by Mr. Lowther, H. M.'s Secretary of Embassy, on Trade and Finance, dated July 15, 1863, and Jan. 27, 1865; in 'Reports of H. M.'s Secretaries of Embassy.' No. VII. London, 1864.

Report by Mr. Lowther, H. M.'s Secretary of Embassy, on Trade and Commerce, dated July 28, 1864; in 'Reports of H. M.'s Secretaries of Embassy.' No. VIII. London, 1865.

Report by Mr. Consul Blackwall, on Trade and Commerce; in 'Commercial Reports received at the Foreign Office.' London, 1865.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Banning (Emile), Rapport sur l'Organisation et l'Enseignement de l'Université de Berlin, présenté à M. le Ministre de l'Intérieur, le 26 Oct. 1861. 8. Bruxelles, 1862.

Böckh (Rich.), Die geschichtliche Entwickelung der amtlichen Statistik des Preussischen Staates. 4. Berlin, 1864,

Dieterici (C. T. W.), Handbuch der Statistik des Preussischen Staats. Parts I.-IX. 8. Berlin, 1858-63.

Engel (Dr. Ernst), Land und Leute des Preussischen Staats und seiner Provinzen nach den statistischen Aufnahmen Ende 1861 und Anfang 1862. 8. Berlin, 1863.

Engel (Dr. Ernst), Zeitschrift des Königlich Preussischen Statistischen Bureau. 4. Berlin, 1860-65.

Frantz (Adolf), Der Preussische Staat: Handbuch der Statistik, Verfassung, und Gesetzgebung Preussens. 2 vols. 8. Quedlinburg, 1855.

Jacobson (H. T.), Der Preussische Staat. 8. Leipzig, 1854.

Keller (Fr. El.), Der Preussische Staat. Ein Handbuch der Vaterlandskunde. 2 vols. 8. Minden, 1864.

Kraatz (L.), Topographisch-statistisches Handbuch des Preussischen Staats. 4. Berlin, 1856.

Meyer (B. G. A.), Archiv für Landeskunde für das Königreich Preussen. 8. Berlin, 1865.

Rönne (L. von), Das Staatsrecht der Preussischen Monarchie. 2 vols. 8. Leipzig, 1857-60.

Töppen (Dr. M.), Historisch-comparative Geographie von Preussen. 8. Gotha, 1865.

Ungewitter (T. H.), Die Preussische Monarchie, geographisch-statistisch und historisch dargestellt. 8. Berlin, 1861.

Viebahn (G. von), Statistik des Zollvereinten und Nördlichen Deutschlands. 8. Berlin, 1860.

RUSSIA.

Reigning Sovereign and Family.

Alexander II., Emperor of Russia, born April 17 (April 29 new style), 1818, the eldest son of Emperor Nicholas I. and of Princess Charlotte of Prussia; educated, under the supervision of his father, by General Moerder, a learned German, and the Russian poet Joukowski; entered the army, 1831; nominated colonel in the regiment of grenadiers, 1835; chancellor of the university of Helsingfors, Finland, 1837; travelled in Germany, 1840-41; superintendent of the military schools of the empire, 1849; appointed to a command in the Caucasian army, 1850. Succeeded to the throne, at the death of his father, February 18 (March 2), 1855; crowned at Moscow, August 26 (September 7), 1856. Married, April 16 (April 28), 1841, to

Maria, Empress of Russia, born August 8, 1824, the daughter of the late Grand-duke Ludwig II., of Hesse-Darmstadt. Offspring of the union are: -1. Grand-duke Alexander, heir-apparent, born February 26 (March 10), 1845. 2. Grand-duke Vladimir, born April 10 (April 22), 1847. 3. Grand-duke Alexis, born January 2 (January 14), 1850. 4. Grand-duchess Maria, born October 5 (October 17), 1853. 5. Grand-duke Sergius, born April 29 (May 11), 1857. 6. Grand-duke Paul, born September 21 (October 3),

1860.

Brothers and Sisters of the Emperor.-1. Grand-duchess Maria, born August 6 (August 18), 1819; married, July 2 (July 14), 1839, to Duke Maximilian of Leuchtenberg; widow, October 20 (November 1), 1852. 2. Grand-Duchess Olga, born August 30 (September 11), 1822; married July 1 (July 13), 1846, to Prince Charles, heir-apparent of Würtemberg. 3. Grand-duke Constantine, born September 9 (September 21), 1827; high-admiral of the Russian navy; married, August 30 (September 11), 1848, to Princess Alexandra of SaxeAltenburg, of which union there are issue four sons and two daughters, Nicholas, born February 2 (February 14), 1850; Olga, born August 22 (September 3), 1851; Vera, born February 4 (February 16), 1854; Constantine, born August 10 (August 22), 1858; Dimitri, born June 1 (June 13), 1860; and Viatscheslav, born July 1 (July 13), 1862. 4. Grand-Duke Nicholas, born July 27 (August 8),

1831; general in the Russian army; married, January 25 (February 6), 1856, to Princess Alexandra of Oldenburg, of which marriage there is one son, Nicholas, born November 6 (November 18), 1856. 5. Grand-duke Michael, born October 13 (October 25), 1832; married, August 16 (August 28), 1857, to Princess Cecilia of Baden, of which union there are issue three sons and one daughter, namely, Nicholas, born April 14 (April 26), 1859; Anastasia, born July 16 (July 28), 1860; Michael, born October 4 (October 16), 1861; and George, born August 11 (August 23), 1863.

The reigning family of Russia descend, in the female line, from Michael Romanof, elected Tsar in 1613, after the extinction of the House of Rurik; and in the male line from the duke Charles Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, born in 1701, scion of a younger branch of the ducal family of Oldenburg. The union of his daughter Anne with Prince Charles Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp formed part of the great reform projects of Peter I., destined to bring Russia into closer contact with the western states of Europe. Peter I. was succeeded by his second wife, Catherine, the daughter of a Livonian peasant, and she by the grandson of Peter's elder brother, with whom the male line of the Romanofs terminated, in the year 1730. The next three sovereigns of Russia, Anne, Ivan III., and Elizabeth, of the female line of Romanof, formed a transition from the native to the German rulers of the empire, whose reign commenced with the accession of Peter III., of the house of Holstein-Gottorp. All the subsequent emperors allied themselves into German families, thus gradually becoming completely Teutonic, in blood as well as origin. The wife and successor of Peter III., daughter of the Prince of Anhalt Zerbst, general in the Prussian army, left the crown to her only son, Paul, who became the father of three emperors, Alexander I., Constantine, and Nicholas, and the grandfather of a fourth, the present Alexander II. All these sovereigns allied themselves to German princesses. The Emperor Paul gave his hand, first, to a princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, and next to a princess of Würtemberg; his successor, Alexander I., married a princess of Baden; the next emperor-ruler for seven days, December 1 to 8, 1825-Constantine, united himself to a princess of Saxe-Coburg; while Nicholas I. selected a daughter of the King of Prussia. All the matrimonial alliances of the imperial family are exclusively with the Protestant houses of Germany.

The emperor is in possession, de jure and de facto, of the whole revenue of the Crown domains, consisting of more than a million of square miles of cultivated land and forests, and valued at 40,000,000 roubles, or about 5,700,000l. In the budget for the year 1864, the civil list of the emperor is set down to the amount of 1,163,3167. But this sum does not include the revenue of the imperial appanages,