of the army, including the 'provinciales' or provincial militia, and the 'guardia civil' or national guard, as follows:

On the proposition of the Minister of War, a bill was passed in the Cortes, April 4, 1865, fixing the number of regular troops in the army at 100,000.

The general staff of the Spanish army comprises five captaingenerals besides the King and three Infantes of Spain, 64 lieutenantgenerals, 156 marshals, and 316 brigadier-generals.

The navy consisted, according to official returns, of the following vessels, at the commencement of 1863 :

Sailing vessels

2 ships of the line, each of 84 guns

5 frigates, of from 32 to 50 guns

4 corvettes, of from 16 to 30 guns

9 brigantines, of from 12 to 16 guns

15 smaller vessels, of from 1 to 7 guns

35 sailing vessels, with

Steamers

1 screw steamer of the line, with 100 guns, and of 1,000 horse-power

A large number of vessels included in this list are not in a very good state, and probably not seaworthy. According to a bill which passed the Cortes on April 10, 1860, the fleet of war is to be gradually increased, so as to comprise the following new vessels :-Two sailing vessels of 172 guns; a frigate of 42 guns; three corvettes, carrying 76 guns; two brigantines, carrying 32 guns; two first-class sloops, 4 guns; eleven second-class ditto, 11 guns; 70 schooners; three launches and three transports of 1,823 tons burthen. The ironclads will consist of three frigates, of 104 guns and 3,000 horse-power; four screw steam frigates, of 186 guns and 2,360 horse-power; twelve schooners, carrying 29 guns, of

6

1,400 horse-power; three transports, of 2,600 tons and 370 horsepower; eight paddle steamers, of 40 guns and 1,760 horse-power; and a transport of 960 tons and 500-horse-power. The first ironclad frigate of Spain, the Arapiles,' was built at Blackwall, and launched October 17, 1864. The 'Arapiles,' built after French models, is of wood, covered wtth plates 44 inches thick, and carries 34 guns in broadside battery, with engines of 800 horse-power.

The progress made by Spain within the last seven years towards the construction of an effective navy, may be appreciated from the following official statement, which gives a detailed account of the strength of the Spanish 'armada' in the year 1859: *

It will be seen by comparing the above table with the previous statement that Spain, too, is making efforts for converting her old sailing navy into a new steam-propelled fleet of war.

The

The navy of Spain was manned, in 1864, by 1,121 officers, 12,986 sailors, and 7,980 marines. The navy, the same as the army, is recruited by conscription, naval districts for this purpose being formed along the coast, among the seafaring population. number of men inscribed on these naval conscription lists in the year 1863 amounted to 62,783. The navy has two captain-generals, seven lieutenant-generals, thirteen commodores, and fifty brigadiergenerals.

*

Textually from the Anuario estadistico de Espana, 1860.

Population.

The last general census, taken May 21, 1857, stated the area and total population of the kingdom as follows:

The kingdom, inclusive of the adjacent islands, is divided into forty-nine provinces, the area and population of which, and of the twelve ancient divisions, is as follows:

It has been calculated that about the time of Julius, Cæsar Spain must have contained 78,000,000 inhabitants, and yet in 1688 it did not possess more than 8,000,000. But from that time forward there was a temporary increase; in 1768 the population had risen to 9,307,800 souls; in 1789 to 10,061,480; and in 1797 it exceeded 12,000,000 souls. In 1820 it had fallen to 11,000,000, or thereabouts; but in 1823 it had again risen to 12,000,000, and in

1828 to 13,698,029. Nevertheless, the official return of 1837 only registered 12,222,872 souls, and a new tendency to decrease commenced. In 1842 the population was not found to exceed 12,054,000 souls. It rose again, as shown in the preceding table, to 12,168,774 in 1846, and to 16,301,850 in 1857, giving a density of population, at the latter period, of 90 per English square mile, or considerably less than half that of Italy, and less than one-third that of the Netherlands.

According to the census of 1857, out of 3,803,991 able-bodied men, 125,000 belonged to the clergy, 241,335 to the army, navy, and military functionaries, and 478,716 to the nobility. The remainder comprised 47,312 students, 5,673 advocates, 9,351 writers, 27,922 belonging to the customs, and 206,090 servants; forming a total of 1,221,799 men living apart from all manufacturing or agricultural labour.

Nearly 46 per cent. of the whole surface of the kingdom is still uncultivated. The soil is subdivided among a very large number of proprietors. Of the 3,426,083 assessments of the property-tax, there are 624,920 properties which pay from 1 to 10 reales; 511,666 from 10 to 20 reales; 642,377 from 20 to 40 reales; 788,184 from 40 to 100 reales; 416,546 from 100 to 200 reales; 165,202 from 200 to 500 reales; the rest, still sufficiently numerous (279,188), are charged from 500 to 10,000 reales and upwards. This subdivision is partly the work of recent years, for in 1800, the number of farms amounted only to 677,520, in the hands of 273,760 proprietors and 403,760 farmers.

In 1859 there were 198 suicides in Spain; 141 men and 57 women. In 1860 there were 235; 165 men and 70 women. Out of these 235, the motives of 74 were unknown; of the rest, 39 cases were attributed to poverty, 16 to debts, 42 to insanity, and the others to various motives. There were, in 1859, only 30 attempts at suicide, 17 of men and 13 of women; and in 1860 there were 52, of which 42 of men and 10 of women.

It con

The titled nobility of the kingdom is very numerous. sisted in 1863 of 82 dukes, all grandees of Spain; 722 marquises, of whom 54 grandees; 558 counts, of whom 59 grandees; 74 viscounts; and 67 barons. There are about half a million persons belonging to the untitled nobility.

Trade and Industry.

The commercial intercourse between Spain and the United Kingdom is shown in the subjoined tabular statement, which gives the total value of the imports of Spain into the United Kingdom, and of the exports of British and Irish produce, in each of the five years 1860 to 1864:—