Catholics, 2 sectarians, and 2 Jews; of the same number 702 speak German, 226 French, 55 Italian, and 17 'Romansch,' a dialect of the Romanic tongue. The German element is ruling in 16 out of the 22 cantons, among them the two leading cantons of the republic, Zurich and Berne.

Trade and Industry.

The federal custom-house returns classify all imports and exports under three chief headings, namely, live stock,' 'ad valorem goods,' and 'goods taxed per quintal.' According to this classification, the import and export trade of the confederation, in the two years 1862 and 1863, was as follows:

:

The direct trade of Switzerland with its four neighbours, France, the states of the Zollverein, Italy, and Austria, was as follows in the year 1863:

The chief exports of Switzerland consist of manufactured goods of various kinds, added to which is a small quantity of agricultural produce, such as cheese.

According to the census of 1860, there are 1,900,000 individuals, or about three-fourths of the population, supported by agriculture, either wholly or in part. The manufactories employ 180,000 persons, the handicrafts 150,000. In the canton of Basle, the manufacture of silk ribbons, to the annual value of 1,400,000l., occupies 6,000 persons; and in the canton of Zurich silk stuffs to the value of 1,600,000l. are made by 12,000 operatives. The manufacture of watches and jewellery in the cantons of Neuchâtel, Geneva, Vaud, Berne, and Soleure occupies 36,000 workmen, who produce annually 500,000 watches-three-sevenths of the quantity of gold and four-sevenths of silver-valued at 1,800,000l. In the cantons of St. Gall and Appenzell, 6,000 workers make 400,000l. of embroidery annually. The printing and dyeing factories of Glaris turn out goods to the value of 6,000l. per annum. The manufacture of cotton goods occupies upwards of 1,000,000 spindles, 4,000 looms, and 20,000 operatives, besides 38,000 hand-loom weavers. plaiting, in the cantons of Argovia, Lucerne, and Basle, employs 30,000 persons, and machine building, principally at Zurich, 6,000. In many of these occupations, agricultural labour is combined with factory work.

Straw

From official returns lately laid before the Swiss Federal Government by the Minister of the Interior, it appears that at the end of 1864 the railways open for public traffic in Switzerland had an aggregate mileage of 1,310 kilometres, or 820 English miles, distributed in the hands of thirteen different managements, as follows:The amalgamated Swiss railways, 270 kilometres; the Swiss North Eastern, 179 kilometres; the Zurich and Lucerne, 62 kilometres;

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the Baden State Railway, 8 kilometres; the Western of France, 3 kilometres; the Swiss Central, 250 kilometres; the Canton of Berne State Railway, 71 kilometres; the Swiss Western, 149 kilometres; the Fribourg Railway, 97 kilometres; the Franco-Swiss Railway, 70 kilometres; the Jura Industrial Company, 37 kilometres; the French Mediterranean Railway Company, 15 kilometres; and the Italian Railway, 64 kilometres. There is one kilometre of railway to 32 square kilometres of superficial area and 1,965 inhabitants, or 509 metres per thousand head of the total population of the country. Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights and measures of Switzerland, with their British equivalents, are as follows:—

Schweizerische Statistik. Herausgegeben vom Statistischen Bureau des Eidgenöss. Departements des Innern. 4. Bern, 1865.

Schweizerische Statistik. Bevölkerung. Eidgenössische Volkszählung vom 10. Dec. 1860. 4. Bern, 1862.

Statistique de la Suisse. Commerce de la France avec la Suisse pendant les onze années 1851-1861. 4. Bern, 1863.

Waarenverkehr der Schweiz mit besonderer Berücksichtigung auf den Zollverein und Oesterreich. 4. Bern, 1865.

Reports by Mr. Burnley, H. M.'s Secretary of Legation, on the Trade, Industry, Agriculture, Finance, and Popular Education of Switzerland, dated June 29, and Dec. 28, 1863, and June 20, 1864; in 'Reports by H. M.'s Secretaries of Embassy.' No. VII. London, 1864.

Report by Mr. Rumbold, H. M.'s Secretary of Legation, on the Penal Laws of Switzerland; dated March, 1865; in Reports by H. M.'s Secretaries of Embassy.' No. IX. London, 1865.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Ganz (Dr. Karl), Bericht über die Ergebnisse der durch die regierungsräthliche Fabrikcommission im J. 1860 vorgenommenen Inspectionen der sämmtlichen Fabriken des Cantons Zürich. 8. Winterthur, 1861.

Hodler (J.), Allgemeine Grundsätze des Natürlichen Staatsrechts mit vergleichender Berücksichtigung der Schweizerischen Bundesverfassung und der Berner Cantonsverfassung. 8. Bern, 1865.

Kolb (G. Fr.), Beiträge zur Statistik der Industrie und des Handels der Schweiz. 8. Zürich, 1859.

Kolb (G. Fr.), Die Schweiz in ihren Bürgerlichen und Politischen Zuständen. 8. Zürich, 1858.

Stifft (A. von), Culturstudien. Kunst- und Reisebriefe aus der Schweiz und Deutschland. 2 vols. 8. Berlin, 1865.

TURKEY AND TRIBUTARY STATES.

Reigning Sovereign and Family.

Abdul-Aziz, Sultan of Turkey, born Feb. 9, 1830, the second son of Sultan Mahmoud II.; succeeded to the throne at the death of his elder brother, Sultan Abdul-Medjid, June 25, 1861.

Children of the Sultan.-1. Yussuf Izzeddin Effendi, born Oct. 9, 1857. 2. Salihe Sultana, born Aug. 10, 1862. 3. Mahmoud Djemil Eddin Effendi, born Nov. 20, 1862.

Nephews and Nieces of the Sultan.-1. Amurath Murad Effendi, Heir Presumptive, born Sept. 21, 1840. 2. Fatimé Sultana, born Nov. 1, 1840; married, Aug. 11, 1854, to Ali-Ghalib Pasha, third son of Reschid Pasha; widow, Oct. 30, 1858; remarried, March 24, 1859, to Mehemed Noury Pasha. 3.. Refigé Sultana, born Feb. 6, 1842; married, July 21, 1857, to Etham Pasha, son of Mehemed Ali Pasha. 4. Abdul-Hamid Effendi, born Sept. 22, 1842. 5. Djemilé Sultana, born Aug. 18, 1843; married, June 3, 1858, to Mahmoud-GelalEddin Pasha, son of Ahmet Feti Pasha. 6. Mohammed-Reschad Effendi, born Nov. 3, 1844. 7. Muniré Sultana, born Dec. 9. 1844; married, June 10, 1858, to Ilhami Pasha, son of Abbas Pasha, Viceroy of Egypt; widow, Sept. 9, 1860; remarried, Jan. 5, 1861, to Ibrahim Pasha, son of Riza Pasha. 8. Ahmet-Kemaleddin Effendi, born Dec. 3, 1847. 9. Béhigé Sultana, born July 16, 1848; married, Oct 11, 1859, to Husni Pasha, son of Mustapha Pasha. 10. Mohammed-Buhran-Uddin Effendi, born May 23, 1849. 11. NurEddin Effendi, born April 14, 1851. Nov. 21, 1851. 13. Fehimé Sultana, Chéhimé Sultana, born March 1, 1855. Jan. 12, 1861.

12. Seniché Sultana, born born Jan. 26, 1855. 14. 15. Solyman Effendi, born

The present sovereign of Turkey is the thirty-second, in male descent, of the house of Othman, the founder of the empire, and the twenty-sixth sultan since the conquest of Constantinople. By the law of succession obeyed by the reigning family, every sovereign has the right to nominate his successor to the throne, within the circle of his own blood relations; but custom has changed this rule, to the effect that not the nearest, but the eldest male heir, may lay claim to the crown. Thus the late Sultan Abdul-Medjid, although he left fourteen children, six sons and eight daughters, was succeeded, not by his eldest son-twenty-one years of age at the date of his death-but by his brother.

The private income of the sultan is variously reported. Official documents, issued by the Minister of Finance, state that the civil list amounts to 240,982 purses, or 1,033,8821.; but this sum evidently represents only a fraction of the resources of the sovereign. Other accounts fix the personal expenditure of the sultan at 9,600,000l., equal to more than three-fourths of the whole revenue of the empire. The private exchequer of the monarch is encumbered with vast liabilities, notwithstanding frequent attempts at retrenchment. To the reigning family belong a great number of crown domains, the income from which, as well as the customary presents of tributary princes and high state functionaries, contribute to the revenue of the imperial house.

The following is a list of the thirty-three sovereigns of Turkey, with date of accession, from the foundation of the empire and of the reigning house.

The average reign of the above thirty-three rulers of the Turkish empire, during a period of more than five centuries and a half, amounted to seventeen years.

Constitution and Government.

The fundamental laws of the empire are based on the precepts of the Koran. The will of the sultan is absolute, in so far as it is not in opposition to the accepted truths of the Mahometan religion, as laid down in the sacred book of the Prophet. Next to the Koran, the laws of the 'Multeka,' a code formed of the supposed sayings and opinions of Mahomet, and the sentences and decisions of his immediate successors, are binding upon the sovereign as well as his