late President of the United States; including his Speeches, Addresses, Messages, Letters, and Proclamations. 8. New York, 1865.

Smith (E. F.), Commentaries on Statute and Constitutional Law of the United States. 8. Albany, 1848.

Story (J.), Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States. 3 vols. 8. Boston and Cambridge, 1833.

Tocqueville (Alexis C. H. C. de), La Démocratie en Amérique. 4 vols. 8. Paris, 1835-40.

URUGUAY.

Constitution and Government.

The republic of Uruguay, or Banda Oriental del Uruguay, formerly a Brazilian province, on August 25, 1825, declared its independence, which was recognised by the Treaty of Montevideo, signed August 27, 1828. The constitution of the republic was proclaimed July 18, 1831. By the terms of this charter, the legislative power is in the hands of a parliament composed of two houses, the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives, which meet in annual session, extending from February 15 to the end of June. In the interval of the session, a permanent committee of two senators and five members of the Lower House assume the legislative power, as well as the general control of the administration.

The executive is given by the constitution to the President of the Republic, who is elected for the term of four years, and cannot be re-elected till after the lapse of four years. A vice-president, also elected for four years, is at the head of the senate, but has no other political power.

President of the Republic-General Venancio Florez; elected President pro tempore from March 12, 1854, to March 1, 1856; reelected President of the Republic for four years, March 1, 1864.

The president is assisted in his executive functions by a council of ministers divided into four departments, namely, the ministerio de gobierno, or ministry of the interior; the ministerio de relaciones exteriores, or department of foreign affairs; the ministerio de hacienda, or department of finance; and the ministerio de la guerra, or department of army and navy.

Revenue, Army, and Population.

The budget for the eighteen months commencing July 1, 1860, and ending December 31, 1861, estimates the receipts at 3,579,802 dollars, or 715,960l., and the expenditures at the same amount.

The public debt in February 1862 amounted to 20,000,000 dollars, or 4,000,000l., not including a debt to England of 50,000l. sterling. The consolidated debt amounted in 1862 to 4,500,000 dollars, or 900,000l. at 6 per cent. Other claims against Uruguay to the

amount of 6,000,000 dollars acknowledged, but not definitively settled, also exist. The Government issued, in 1863, 2,500,000 dollars additional Government obligations to cover the expenses of the intestine war then raging.

The army of Uruguay was composed as follows in 1864:

Garrison of the capital.
Garrisons in the provinces
National guard

1,300

1,500

20,000

According to newspaper reports the army was considerably increased in the spring of 1865, when Uruguay entered into an alliance with Brazil and the Argentine Republic, and declared war against Paraguay. The army which actually took the field was stated to number 3,500 men.

The area of Uruguay is estimated at 73,538 square miles, with a population, according to the census of 1860, of 240,965, or little more than three inhabitants per square mile. The country is divided into 13 provinces. The capital, Montevideo, had, according to an enumeration of the year 1862, a population of 45,765, of whom about onehalf were foreigners.

Trade and Industry.

The commercial intercourse of Uruguay with the United Kingdom is of some importance. Subjoined is a tabular statement of the value of the imports from Uruguay into the United Kingdom, and of the exports of British and Irish produce and manufactures to Uruguay in each of the five years 1860 to 1864.

The chief articles of import from Uruguay into the United Kingdom are tallow, wool, and hides, the first of an average value of 250,000l. and the last of 300,000l. per annum. The exports from the United Kingdom to Uruguay consist chiefly of manufactured cotton and woollen goods The total foreign trade of the Republic passes through the port of Montevideo.

The subjoined table shows the number and tonnage of British

vessels employed in the direct and indirect trade at the port of Montevideo.

The value of the exports shipped from Montevideo to various countries in each of the years 1861, 1862, 1863, was as follows:

The rearing of cattle and other agricultural pursuits form the sole industry of the inhabitants. Commerce, foreign as well as internal, is chiefly in the hands of foreigners.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Uruguay, and the British equivalents, are:

MONEY.

II. AFRICA.

ALGERIA.

Government, Revenue, and Army.

ALGERIA, the largest and most important of the colonial possessions of France, is entirely under military rule. The supreme administration is in the hands of a Governor-General, under whom are placed the whole of the civil and military authorities. The country is divided into five military districts, Aumale, Dellys, Médéah, Milianah, and Orléansville, which are subdivided into military cercles. The salary of the Governor-General was fixed, by Imperial decree of Sptember 5, 1864, at 125,000 francs, or 5,000%.

The revenue of Algeria, in the year 1864, amounted to 18,734,000 francs, or 749,3601.; and the expenditure to 17,856,013 francs, or 714,2417. But the cost of maintenance of the army, the expenditure for public works, and other large sums disbursed by the Government are not included in this expenditure, being provided out of the French budget. It is calculated that the sum total of French expenditure in Algeria from the time of its conquest in 1830 till towards the end of 1865, amounted to 5,000,000,000 francs, or 200,000,000%. sterling.

The French troops in Algeria consist of one corps d'armée the 7th, numbering about 60,000 men. The troops in Algeria are divided into two classes, namely, French corps, which remain there in garrison for a certain number of years and then return to France, and the so-called native troops, which never quit the colony except for fighting purposes. In these latter corps, however, there are a great number of Europeans. They consist of three regiments of Zouaves, three of Turcos, or 'Tirailleurs Algériens,' three of Chasseurs d'Afrique,' and three of 'Spahis,'-altogether 15,000 infantry and 3,000 horse. Besides these there are the punishment battalions, popularly known as the battalions of 'Zephyrs.'