The subjoined table gives a general statement of the actual and estimated sources of the revenue of India for five years, from 1861 to 1866. It will be seen that the receipts from land are by far the most important, forming nearly one-half of the total income. The other half is made up from miscellaneous sources, opium standing at the head of the list.

Land

Forest

Abkaree

Assessed taxes

Customs

Salt

Opium

19,684,670 19,570,147 20,303,423 20,094,800 20,268,190 460,728 520,580 304,443 356,130 383,000 1,786,157 1,951,080 2,060,270 2,272,950 2,235,320 2,054,696 1,882,212 1,483,622 1,236,490 551,140 2,876,139 2,464,366 2,384,061 2,255,470 2,191,280| 4,563,081 5,244,150 5,035,696 5,624,250 5,782,880 6,359,269 8,055,476 6,831,999 7,514,120 7,723,600 1,693,217 1,489,638 1,735,216 1,912,140 2,058,500

Stamps
Mint

380,735

371,116

369,759

414,800

461,640

Total

50,628

1,200,000

344,143

43,880,100 45,143,752 44,613,032 46,628,249 47,688,760

The amount of the various branches of public expenditure of India, in each of the years-ending April 30-1862 to 1866, is shown in the subjoined table :

Actual

Actual Actual Calculated Budget Branches of Expenditure expenditure expenditure expenditure expenditure estimate, 1861-62 1863-64 1864-65 1865-66

2,030,489 2,076,970 2,384,412 2,601,300 2,740.640

121,043 72,676 45,116 40,370 19,390

and temporary

Army

Marine charges

Public works, including 1 per cent. in

come-tax fund, and loss by exchange on

1,449,465 1,856,278 2,306,493 2,707,840 1,954,800

68,268 98,097

103,393

97,100 102,340

106,688 180,723

162,182

138,340 133,480

481,328 481,196 502,671

416,310 431,490

385,000 441,150

358,223 352,689 321,856

1,640,466 1,735,663 1,721,335 1,712,900 1,682,900

599,682

20,742 26,581

568,046

585,089

629,940 343,860

26,625

13,681,900 12,764,325 12,697,069 13,327,760 13,754,560 686,193 744,590 567,555 532,410 538,200

railway transactions 4,742,183 4,400,632 5,375,523 5,685,817 5,888,640 Salaries and expenses

1,106,749 1,091,936 1,157,451 1,171,220 1,231,560 1,951,217 2,074,146 2,120,636 2,306,890 2,500,060 2,163,163 2,141,269 2,300,482 2,347,240 2,442,590

3,134,897 3,351,680 3,093,250 3,130,500 3,201,820

Expenditure in India 37,245,756 36,800,805 38,087,772 40,349,797 40,469,540

Net expenditure in

England

Guaranteed interest on
railway capital less
net traffic receipts.

Total expenditure
Surplus, inc. railways

5,203,264 4,943,428 4,777,630 4,890,036 5,483,390

1,425,080 1,572,174 1,669,283 1,388,416 1,234,000

43,316,407 44,534,685 46,628,249 47,186,930 1,827,345 78,347

The subjoined tables show the total amount of the public debt of British India, distinguishing the debt in England. In the following first table, the various description of that part of the debt contracted in India are given, for each of the years 1860, 1861, and 1862.

Subjoined is the account of the debt of India in England, as well as the total debt of India, for each of the years 1860, 1861, and 1862.

A return issued by the Secretary of State for India, in September 1864, states the debt of India at 116,721,1227.; but this includes 2,031,9707. capital of railway companies remaining in the Home Treasury. On the other hand, it does not include the charge for the dividend on the 6,000,000l. capital stock of the East India Company, which is subject to redemption by Parliament under the Act of 1833.

Population.

The total area and population of India are as follows, according to the latest returns :

The above numbers of the population are but the result of estimates, as an accurate enumeration has never been made—and, probably, cannot be made owing to religious prejudices, and the peculiar mode of life of the natives of India. Some authorities estimate the population of the empire at close upon 200 millions.

The English population in India amounted, according to the returns made by the several governments, to only 125,945 persons in 1861. Of these 125,945 people, 84,083 went to compose the British officers and men of the Indian army; while 22,556 consisted of men and boys in civil life, including the civilians in the public service; the remaining 19,306 being females, of whom 9,773 were over 20 years of age. When the census was taken, the number of females of English origin in India above the age of 15 was 11,636, including 8,356 wives and 1,146 widows. Of the officers and men of the Royal army 93 per cent. of all ages were unmarried, while the proportion of civilians above the age of 20 unmarried amounted to 50 per cent.

According to returns published in 1863, the actual strength of the army, including both royal and local troops, was as follows on April 30, 1862.

Every regiment of Europeans in India represents a regiment of the line despatched to India in its turn of duty. Cavalry regiments take this duty for twelve years together; infantry regiments for ten; and besides these arms of the service a very strong force of artillery is kept in India.

The great bulk of the population are Hindus, calculated to number above 100 millions. Of adherents of minor Christian sects, there are 70,000 Syrians, 200,000 ‘Jacobites' in Malabar and Travancore, several thousand Armenians, and a small number of Abyssinians. In the seventeenth century, the Reformed religion was introduced, but with little success, by the Dutch. In 1793, the Baptist Missionary Society sent out its first agents, and several other societies rapidly augmented the number of missionaries all over the country. Towards the close of 1860, 22 missionary societies had established 260 stations, employing 403 preachers, and 551 native catechists. They had founded 309 native churches, having a communion roll

of 7,356; besides numerous male and female schools, tract societies, and printing-presses, and had distributed 200,000 copies of the Scriptures, in thirteen different languages, in 1860. In the same year, the total cost of the missionary operations amounted to 187,0007. The number of Roman Catholics in India is estimated at close upon a million, and of Protestants at about a quarter of a million.

Trade and Commerce.

The commercial intercourse between India-exclusive of Singapore and Ceylon-and the United Kingdom is shown in the subjoined tabular statement, which gives the total value of the imports from India into the United Kingdom, and of the exports of British and Irish produce and manufactures to India in each of the five years 1860 to 1864:

:

The value of the principal articles imported from India into the United Kingdom, in each of the years 1861, 1862, and 1863, are shown in the subjoined table :