Here I reposed; but scarce well set, Of stately height, whose branches met I enter'd, and once in, -Amazed to see't Found all was changed, and a new Spring Only a little fountain lent Some use for ears, And on the dumb shades' language spent The waterfall, that feature which above all lends life by its flash and its music to mountain lands, he has painted with peculiar loving care With what deep murmurs, through Time's silent stealth, Here flowing fall, And chide1 and call, 2 As if his liquid, loose retinue 2 stay'd Lingering, and were of this steep place afraid. And then the moral intervenes The common pass, Not to an end, But quicken'd by this deep and rocky grave, And so again As this loud brook's incessant fall 3 In streaming rings restagnates 3 all, 2 The moving gauzy body of water. 1 Chirp musically. 3 Calms down to a level. Vaughan had a deep imaginative sympathy with tree and blossom, animal and bird: he goes into his garden in winter to search for some summer flower now withered down to the earth Then taking up what I could nearest spy, That place where I had seen him to grow out; I saw the warm recluse alone to lie, He lived of us unseen. He questions the Recluse, who Did there repair Such losses as befel him in this air, Come forth most fair and young. This past, I threw the clothes quite o'er his head; Of my own frailty, dropt down many a tear Then sighing whisper'd, "Happy are the dead! "Rock him asleep below!" So with the life of the bird he had the same inner interest -how refined, how fond! Hither thou com'st: the busy wind all night Blew through thy lodging, where thy own warm wing -For which coarse man seems much the fitter born- And harmless head. And now as fresh and cheerful as the light Thy little heart in early hymns doth sing Unto that Providence, Whose unseen arm Curb'd them, and clothed thee well and warm. Dante has a sympathetic treatment of bird-life somewhat like this, which has been already quoted. With that exception I know of nothing similar in literature till we reach Wordsworth. When Vaughan describes his Bible, he first dwells upon the paper, how it grew as grass; he speculates who wore it as linen when it had been woven; how the tree forming the cover had once flourished As if it never should be dead and even the leather sheepskin binding has its life to this most imaginative poet Thou knew'st this paper when it was Before 'twas drest or spun, and when Made linen, who did wear it then : What were their lives, their thoughts and deeds, Whether good corn, or fruitless weeds. Thou knew'st this tree, when a green shade Cover'd it, since a cover made, And where it flourish'd, grew, and spread, Thou knew'st this harmless beast, when he On each green thing; then slept well fed- From these lesser points, vivified by Vaughan's intensity of feeling and of insight, I pass to his wider world-landscape, wherein, however, it is probable that the Old Testament rather than the scenery of Wales was what most influenced him-O, he cries, that man would hear The world read to him : All things here show him heaven; waters that fall, Quit their first beds and mount; trees, herbs, flowers, all Strive upwards still, and point him the way home. Or again To heighten thy devotions, and keep low All mutinous thoughts, what business e'er thou hast, Birds sing, beasts feed, fish leap, and the Earth stands fast; Vast circling azure, giddy clouds, days, nights. When Seasons change, then lay before thine eyes Thou canst not miss His praise; each tree, herb, flower Vaughan's special gifts in poetry, unique in his age, would anyhow have deserved a full notice. But he has been dwelt on here, because this unconscious prophet of our later subtler landscape, as I have said, is hardly more known now than in his own day. Habent sua fata libelli. Yet the hope (perhaps idle) may be expressed, that some of my readers may turn to a writer of so much originality, power, and feeling.1 1 Mr. Lyte, to whom we owe the beautiful Abide with me, issued (1847) an elegant edition of Vaughan's main religious poems, the book named Silex Scintillans, lately corrected and republished by Messrs. Bell. I have here taken some phrases from a fuller account of Vaughan, which I published in the Welsh Review, Y Cymmrodor, vol. xi, part ii, 1892. CHAPTER XIII LANDSCAPE POETRY TO THE CLOSE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY It We now reach that well-known period, covering about seventy years after the Restoration, when a style of poetry, admirably clear, yet in regard to Nature and often to Man, superficial or restricted, supplanted earlier truth and simplicity, and the true landscape wellnigh vanished from English verse. Upon the several causes of this change or decline it will be here enough to touch slightly. They will be partly found in the English politics of the day, which brought French writers, in their exactness of style, lucidity, and common sense forwardpartly in the degeneracy to which the Elizabethan style had fallen. The French Renaissance, in fact, had now its moment with us; for the time the Italian impulse was exhausted. was a critical age; and, as such, essentially antagonistic to an imaginative-an age, broadly speaking, of light without warmth. Poetry now mainly addressed the wealthy, the well-born, and cultivated classes. Man and his works were the chief subject of Dryden's powerful Muse, and although he looked back to Chaucer, his tales were so modernised by Dryden that the old poet becomes almost unrecognisable. The wonderful genius of Pope, who saw what his readers required, narrowing Dryden's range, largely took for the object of his strenuous labour court life and the artificialities of society. Country life as such was to him intolerable dullness; and thus, in an exquisitely finished and humorous letter of condolence to a young lady compelled to quit London, her only pleasure is |