and intelligence-Boos, Lindel, Gosner, and others; but he was distinguished not only by a degree of mental power superior to any of them, but also by a prudence and caution in which some of them were very deficient. It is not therefore wonderful that the movement should be identified more peculiarly with his name. Those in favour of it are now generally styled Disciples of Sailer;' and the King of Bavaria, it is obvious, has no objection to share the designation. But they have received another title from the many bystanders who sympathize little either with them or their antagonists. They are called Jesus worshippers,' the others Mary worshippers' (Mariadiensten); and these sobriquets clearly indicate another great practical abuse of the papacy, as to which the two parties have already come into open collision. We say practical-for, however clearly educated Romanists may see the demarcation between douleia and latreia-however sincerely they may protest against injustice when charged with giving to a dead woman the honour and worship due only to God-the fact is entirely undeniable that in Roman Catholic countries thousands and tens of thousands live and die in habitual reliance on the intercession and mediation, not of the Saviour, but of the Virgin and other Saints departed.

Those worthy men who are labouring at the reformation and purifying of the Roman Catholic Church will be opposed by the rulers at Rome-for any acknowledgment of error would be a confession that they have not been infallibly right in all they have said and done on every occasion, in every age. They will also be opposed by the radical party in Rome, because they are not seeking to overthrow the state, or revolutionize, or even dismember it, as O'Connell is doing. Their only chance of not being speedily crushed is from the increasing disunion in the papal councils. The doctrines of Lamennais have made great progress; and Padre Ventura, who was silenced because of the countenance which he gave the French abbé when at Rome, is again in favour, and preached the Quadresimal sermons this year. Hence the O'Connellite faction in Rome, which has always been opposed by Father Routham, the general of the Jesuits, as being against all government alike in church and state, whilst assuming the mask of attacking only the supremacy of an heretical Church, has gained much support. That O'Connellite faction, we grieve to say, has been taken up by all the English Roman Catholics resident in Rome; and the admirers of Lamennais are talking more composedly, and with less alarm, of the possibility of their throwing off all connexion with governments everywhere, and placing themselves at the head of the revolutionists throughout Europe. Some such desperate plunge seems, indeed, the natural

death

death of a system so mighty, and with so much vitality, as the papal system still possesses: it cannot die the way of all flesh, and expire like a candle burnt down into the socket, with a bright, perhaps, but momentary glare; it must die in a convulsion, and in such a convulsion as will shake all Europe to its very foundation.* The great respectability of the bishops in France and Germany has alone kept the thing together for a long time past. In the former country several were soldiers under Napoleon, and a few also have been military men in the latter; but all are men of a certain age, well educated, and have seen much of the world. In Germany also the Pope has always been obliged to be more measured in his dealings than in other countries, for the old northern spirit has ever brooked but ill a submission to an Italian Cæsar, be he imperial or ecclesiastical.

Having said so much upon the real grounds of the movement in Bavaria, we must add our extreme disappointment at the inadequacy of the arms which are wielded in the conflict. The advocates for filth, sin, superstition, and worship of dead men and women, have long been supported by a very powerful Journalone fully equal in ability to the Dublin Review.' It does not hesitate to denounce the followers of Sailer as Aftermystische;' and it must be confessed that the tendency of part of their system is to produce religious twaddle, and to generate a race of Madame Guions, as the school of Fenelon did in France. The first numbers of the WAHRHEITSFREUND,' a Journal undertaken by the friends of right principle, are full of instances of this kind. Their enemies, however, have done one piece of service by occupying the ground before them: they have taken from the court of Rome the power to apply for the suppression of this Journal, on the ground that it is contrary to the discipline of the Church for anything to be published by an ecclesiastic without the express authority and sanction of his bishop; and it has received the approbation of the bishop. They must, however, give their Journal a very different cast and tone. It is idle for them to waste their time by appeals to the fathers and councils; such a proceeding will only make a logomachia, and multiply quibbles upon quibbles. Let them appeal to principles which all acknowledge, and to morals which all pretend to respect. Let them publish fully and truly the result of the trials in the ecclesiastical courts; and they may rest assured that they must be successful in

* The press, too, is becoming more ingenious in disseminating its productions. A pestilent tragedy, lately printed at Florence in defiance of the authorities, entitled Arnaldo da Brescia,' by Nicolini, a tolerably good poet, is sought after with avidity, and circulates largely, though everywhere prohibited. It has a life of that reformer, with many historical documents appended; and the whole volume is full of bold expressions against priestcraft and arbitrary rule, stated with much power of language.

urging every right-minded man to join with them against the sin denounced in Scripture, of 'forbidding to marry.'

The speech of the King of Bavaria, which has been the occasion of the pamphlet whose title is placed at the head of this article, is most important. His majesty not only mentions Sailer with praise, but recommends his example as a model to be followed-Sailer the friend of Stolberg, Haller, and SchlegelSailer the despised of the despised by the Ultramontane party. The king no doubt feels that, in labouring at the civilization of his people, his chief endeavour must be to deliver the clergy from the vices of heathenism. Let him stand resolutely by those whom he has here recommended to follow Sailer, and the followers of Sailer will soon cleanse that Augean stable which the secular arm alone can never do. The priests are too crafty for any layman, even for a king. The common saying at Rome is, that they -the priests have the promise of God for their support, even to the end of the world, which no kings have a position into which we shall not now enter further than to observe how characteristic the sentiment is of that grand usurper of whom it is written that she says, 'I sit as a queen, and shall see no sorrow.'

The movement in Bavaria has already created much stir throughout Germany; and the Austrian government, concluding that all who feel disgusted at popish abuses must verge towards Protestantism, has lately issued a proclamation, reminding its subjects of an old law which punishes with banishment any Roman Catholic who turns Protestant. It is possible, indeed, that the Protestants in Hungary may be generally more opposed to the Austrian maxims of government than the Roman Catholics; but it is certain that the leaders in the Diet are of ancient Roman Catholic families, and Roman Catholics themselves. Into the Hungarian part of the question, however, we shall not at this time enter.

ART. VII.-1. Monumens des Arts du Dessin chez les Peuples tant Anciens que Modernes. Recueillis par Vivant Denon, pour servir à l'histoire des Arts; décrits et expliqués par Amaury Duval. Paris, 1829. Folio. 4 vols.

2. Illuminated Ornaments, drawn from Ancient Manuscripts. By Henry Shaw; with Descriptions by Sir Frederick Madden. London, 1833. Quarto.

3. Catalogue of the Arundel Manuscripts in the British Museum (with plates engraved and coloured by Henry Shaw). London, 1834.

Folio.

4. Carteggio inedito d'Artisti dei Secoli XIV., XV., XVI. Publicato

Publicato ed illustrato con documenti pure inediti dal D. Gio. Gaye. Firenze, 1839. 8vo. 3 vols.

5. The Pictorial Bible; being the Old and New Testaments... Illustrated with many hundred Woodcuts. London, 1839. Quarto. 4 vols.

6. Paléographie Universelle: Collection de fac-similes d'Ecritures de tous les peuples et de tous les temps, tirés des plus authentiques documents de l'art graphique, chartes, et manuscrits.... publiée d'après les modèles écrits, dessinés et peints sur les lieux mêmes, par M. Silvestre, et accompagnés d'explications historiques et descriptives par MM. Champollion-Figeac et Aimé Champollion fils. Paris, 1840-1842. Folio. 4 vols.

7. The Abbotsford Edition of the Waverley Novels. Edinburgh and London, 1842-1844. Royal 8vo. Nos. 1-56.

8. Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages from the Seventh to the Seventeenth Centuries. By Henry Shaw, F.S.A. London, 1842-3. Imperial 8vo. Parts 1-16.

9. The Keepsake. 1843. 8vo.

10. The Illustrated London News. 11. The Pictorial Times.

Folio.

Folio. 1843.

1843.

12. London: by Charles Knight. 6 vols. Royal 8vo. London, 1843.

AMONGST the characteristics of the literature of the present

age there is one which, if neither the most striking from its novelty nor the most important in its tendency, is certainly the most familiar to us all, and silently exercises no little influence upon society; we allude to the rage for ornamented, or as they are now termed, Illustrated' or Pictorial' editions of books. Be the books what they may, sacred or profane, old or new; good, bad, or indifferent-destined to remain as monuments to their authors, more durable than brass, or to pass away and be forgotten like the last year's Annuals—still all must be adorned with whatever the arts of engraving and fine printing can supply, to form what our Gallic neighbours call Editions de luxe -or else, for the most part, be condemned to small type, and, perhaps, double columns, as Editions for the people. Nearly forty years since, when Illustrated' books were of comparatively rare occurrence, Professor Christian* querulously remarked, we do not grow wiser than our forefathers; the fury for prints proves the frivolity of the times, and our books, I fear, will shrink from a comparison with those of the age of Queen Anne, which were not adorned with such superfluous and meretricious decorations.' How would the professor lament over the Illustrations' of the present day!

* Vindication of the Right of the Universities of Great Britain to a Copy of every New Publication.'

The

The skill of the engraver has indeed been singularly assisted by modern discoveries in science and in art: the Formschneiders and the Intagliatori of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries would start with surprise at the stereotyped woodcuts and the electrotyped engravings of the present day. Maso Finiguerra and Albert Durer, Melchior Pfintzing, and Raimondi (Marc Antonio) would, perhaps, be less astonished at the steam-engine and its wonders, than at the reproduction ad infinitum of their most laboured and most finished efforts; their own handiwork remaining the while unsoiled by ink, uninjured by the press, and serving only to produce metallic copies for the printers' use.

Five lustres since and a few hundreds only of impressions could be taken from a copper-plate engraving without its delicacy being materially injured; a retouching '-almost amounting to a re-engraving-was necessary to produce some few copies of inferior beauty and debased value. Now the Art Union' can supply its twelve thousand subscribers with impressions from an engraving, of which the last shall be scarcely, if at all, inferior to the first, and could do the same were its numbers tenfold what they are. Five lustres since, and a few small woodcuts, mostly of very questionable design and execution-the works of Bewick and two or three others being the alone exceptions-were with difficulty 'inked' with balls' and 'worked' by hand: the price of any book being materially enhanced by the pains and labour necessarily incurred in the printing of its woodcut embellishments '-for such was then the term. In Johnson's Typographia,' published in 1824, is a detailed account of the difficulties experienced in finding either a printing-press of sufficient power, or proper ink, or the requisite skill to print a few copies of the very elaborate and most extraordinary engraving on wood, executed by Mr. William Harvey, of the Assassination of L. S. Dentatus, from a celebrated painting by Mr. B. R. Haydon.' This engraving was composed of eleven pieces of wood, through which passed four strong iron bolts with nuts at each end,' and measured fifteen inches by eleven and a half inches. We may now smile at this difficulty, but the worthy typographer might then boast of his success in achieving such a task with the means at his command. A few months ago the Illustrated London News' circulated to its twenty or thirty or forty thousand subscribers a well-executed and well-printed view of London measuring four feet by two feet, having a superficies about six and a half times that of the Haydonian Dentatus; and, more lately, the Pictorial Times' put forth a wood-cut of Wilkie's Blind Fiddler,' of the same size with Burnet's line-engraving!

To produce great numbers of large engravings in cameo, whe

ther