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throne of France, and was victorious in the battle of Poictiers, also Cressy, 1346; here he took the crest of the dead king of Bohemia (three ostrich feathers) and the motto "I serve," which have ever since been retained by the Prince of Wales.

60. Grandson of Edward I., and father of the Black Prince; long reign, brilliant for foreign wars, great progress in law and the fine arts.

61. Son of the Black Prince; reign marked by insurrections; banished his cousin Henry Duke of Lancaster, who took advantage of his absence in Ireland, and returned with army; deposed Richard, who was soon afterwards murdered.

62. Usurper, for he was descendant of fourth son of Edward, while Edmund Mortimer, descendant of the third son, was living.

63. Henry V., son of Henry IV.; waged war with France; died 1422. His son Henry VI. continued war with France until conquered by Charles VII., who, with assistance from Joan of Arc, freed the country. Henry VI., Duke of Lancaster, married Margaret of Anjou, by whom he had a son Edward. Richard of York opposed Henry to obtain possession of throne, claiming right of descent from Edward's third son. Battle of

St. Albans; Henry VI. prisoner. Thus began the "Wars of the Roses." (York-White; Lancaster-Red.)

64. Margaret fled to Scotland, raised an army, defeated Richard of York, and regained possession of her husband; Richard killed; Edward, son of Richard, compelled her to retreat, and entering London was proclaimed King Edward IV. Edward V. was eldest son of Edward Duke of York, who on his father's death was proclaimed king, and his uncle Richard Duke of Gloster appointed Protector. The king (twelve years of age) and his young brother were placed in the Tower and murdered, and the Duke of Gloster was proclaimed King Richard III. 1483.

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[the world?

1. What is understood by the term Modern History? 2. Explain the causes of advancement in civilization? 3. With what three discoveries did science aid, advance, and enlighten

BRITAIN.

4. Who delivered England from the power of the usurper Richard III.? 5. Who did Henry VII. marry, and what was his character?

6. What remarkable discovery was made in the reign of Henry VII.? 7. What title was conferred on Henry VIII. by the Pope?

8. Explain the immediate cause of the Reformation in England.

9. During what reign did commerce, arts and learning make great strides? 10. What led to the troubles between Charles I. and his people?

11. Who were the Covenanters, and who the Cavaliers ?

12. How long did Cromwell hold the position of Protector?

13. What was the condition of England in the 17th century?

14. What Act of Parliament in 1701 settled the succession of the throne? 15. Explain how the House of Hanover came in possession of the

crown.

16. Name the principal points of interest in the reigns of the four Georges. 17. What was remarkable in the reign of William IV., brother of George IV.?

18. How did Victoria become Queen of England?

19. How and when was the name Great Britain applied to England?

Who were the following persons? When and why were they ac corded a prominent place in history?

23. Earl of Essex,

20. Thomas Wolsey,

21. Lady Jane Grey,

22. Bloody Queen Mary, 25. The Puritans,

26. Horatio Nelson,

24. Mary, Queen of Scots, 27. Oliver Cromwell, 28. Charles II.,

29. Prince of Orange,
30. Duke of Marlborough,
31. The Young Chevalier,
32. Lord George Gordon,
33. Lord Wellington,
FRANCE.

34. Prince Albert,
35. Wm. E. Gladstone,
36. Sir Garnet Wolseley,
37. Isaac Disraeli,
38. Edmund Burke.

39. What king of France was contemporary with Henry VI. of England? 40. What king of France was imprisoned by his subject, and why? 41. What French king was entitled "the father of his people"?

42. In whose reign was the "Field of the Cloth of Gold," and why so named?

43. What French king married Mary, Queen of Scots?

44. What famous massacre took place in the reign of Charles IX.?

45. What famous commander was the first Bourbon king?

46. What influence did Cardinal Richelieu have on the Protestant cause? 47. What feature in common marked the reign of the Stuarts in England, and the Bourbons of France?

48. What French king reigned 72 years, and what were "Lettres de cachet"?

49. What rulers of England were contemporary with Louis XIV.? 50. What were the chief causes which led to the French Revolution? 51. What was the "Reign of Terror" ?

52. What incident brought Napoleon Bonaparte before the notice of the "Directory," the ruling power of France?

53. What produced a collapse of Napoleon's power, which for 12 years had been the scourge of Europe?

54. What features have marked French History during the 19th century? Who where the following persons? When and why were they ac

corded a prominent place in history?

55. Catharine de Medici,

56. Mazarin,

57. General Paola,

58. Louis XV. and XVI.,

59. Prince of Condé, 60. Marie Antoinette, 61. Duke d'Enghien,

62. Marshal Ney,

63. Lamartine,

64. Napoleon II. and III.,
65. Marshal MacMahon,

66. Grévy,

67. Gambetta,
68. Robespierre.

GERMANY AND POLAND.

69. When and in what country did the Reformation have its birth? 70. Who was the greatest monarch of Germany?

71. How did religious differences bring about a "Thirty Years' War" in Germany?

72. What two kings fought for the "Spanish Succession," for their respective son and grandson?

73. What great Prussian king joined in the war for the "Austrian Succession?"

74. What Empire of over a thousand years was overthrown by Napoleon? 75. What was the German and the North-German Confederation? 76. What was the result to Germany of the Franco-German War? 77. What states compose the German Empire of 1884.

What rendered the following persons famous in Germany and Polish History:

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THE NETHERLANDS, NORWAY, SWEDEN AND DENMARK.

87. What states are known as the Netherlands, and when did their his torical importance commence?

88. What is the present form of government?

89. When were Norway, Sweden and Denmark united in one kingdom, and when did Sweden become a separate power?

90. When did a celebrated contest take place between Peter the Great and Norway and Sweden?

91. What is the present form of government of Norway and Sweden ? 92. How is Denmark governed, and what alliance has been formed with

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99. To what does Russia owe its greatness as a European Power?

100. What privations did Peter undergo to obtain a knowledge of the use

ful arts?

101. What is the meaning of the title Czar?

102. When was the capital of Russia moved from Moscow ?

103 What Russian peasant girl was raised to the throne?

104. What Russian sovereign was styled "Semiramis of the North ? * 105. During whose reign in Russia was the struggle with Napoleon? 106. When did Russia receive the final partition of Poland?

107. What Russian assassination took place in 1881?

108. What is understood by the term Nihilist?

109. How is the succession to the throne of Russia arranged? 110. Who is the present Czar of Russia?

111. Who was Suwarof,

112. Potemker.

SWITZERLAND, ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL

113. Nicholas I.?

114. What may be said of Switzerland as a nation, and what of its army? ?

115. Who is now (1884) at the head of the Italian government?

116. How has Spain declined in power since the 16th century?

117. How long was Portugal in the possession of the Spanish crown? 118. What disasters have overtaken Portugal since 1826?

Who, and for what remarkable, were the following persons-
121. Cæsar Borgia, 123. Machiavelli,
122. Savonarola, 124. Cardinal Ximenes?

119. Zwingli,

120. Garibaldi,

TURKEY AND GREECE.

125. When did modern Turkey attain its greatest power and splendor? 126. What distinguished the reign of the great Sultan Solyman?

127. Explain the origin of the fierce wars between Turkey and Russia. 128. What and where were the most memorable of the defeats of Turkey? 129. What great powers aided Turkey in resisting the encroachments of Russia?

130. What advance has of late been made towards the enlightenment of Turkey?

131. When did Greece attain her independence, and what great poet aided in the cause?

Explain the meaning of the following Orders

132. Knights of St. John.

133. Mamelukes.

134. Janizaries.

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