250,970 more popular votes than Hayes and Wheeler, the Republican candidates. The election was contested in Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida and Oregon, and an Electoral Commission decided, 8 to 7, in favor of Hayes and Wheeler. Tammany, the name given to several secret charitable societies organized in different cities of the United States, shortly after the Revolution, and so-called in honor of Tammany, an aged Delaware chief renowned for his many virtues, and popularly styled the patron saint of the new Republic. These societies were formed upon the model of an Indian tribe, and had their sachems, sagamores, warriors, war-paint, tomahawks, and calumets. The society in New York City was organized, May 12, 1789. Early in its history it began to be used as a political engine, and in time became the most effective instrument in the hands of the leaders of the Democratic party of the city and State of New York. Much reproach was brought upon the society by the infamous "Ring," which for years ruled its councils, and which nearly proved its ruin.

42. The Anti-Masonic party, 1827, sought to exclude from office all Free-Masons and their supporters. Wm. Morgan, of Genesee Co., N. Y., disappeared in 1826. It was alleged that the Masons put him to death. for threatening to expose the secrets of Masonry. This led to a party organization. In 1831 they held their first national political Convention in Philadelphia, and nominated William Wirt (Md.), and H. Lee (Mass.).

43. The Nullifiers or Calhoun party, 1831, claimed the right "in behalf of each State to nullify or make void by its sovereign act or decree any act of the general government which it deemed unconstitutional." They endeavored to marshal the slaves against the administrative power, and administrated taxes on home product. They were overawed by President Jackson's proclamation, and war vessels that were sent to Charleston.

44. The Constitutional Union party was an outgrowth of the Slavery agitation. In 1860 nominated John Bell (Tenn.), and Edward Everett (Mass.). 45. The Abolitionists, the Anti-Slavery party, 1833: Liberty party, 1840; Iiberty League, 1845; Free Soil party, 1848.-Opposed the extension of lavery, and circulated anti-slavery documents. It assumed formidable. proportions in 1839, and in the several campaigns put in nomination its candidates for the Presidency. The John Brown raid in Virginia, 1859, and the Border raids in Kansas did much to hasten the Civil War, 1861-5; and the abolition of slavery, 1863, they merged with the Republican party, 1856.

46. The Whig party (modern) were composed of National Republicans, Anti-Masons, most of the Nullifiers and many Democrats disaffected on account of the high-handed measures of President Jackson, regarding the National Bank and deposits, 1834. In the campaign of 1836 they were divided. One nominated Harrison and Granger, and the other Webster and Smith. They won the election in the Log-Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign of 1841 with Harrison and Tyler. With a lapse of four years of Democratic rule they were again in the ascendency with Taylor and Fillmore in 1849; they merged with the Republican party, 1856.

47. The Loco Foco party, a faction of the Democratic party of New York City, organized into an "Equal Rights" party, 1834; the defeated nominating Committee at Tammany Hall extinguished the light. The Equal Rights immediately relighted the Hall by Loco Foco matches and candles. From this date and incident they were designated the Loco Foco party, and for a time it was applied to the whole Democratic party by the opposition.

48. The Native American party, American party, and Know-Nothing party, 1852, sought to exclude foreigners from office, and upheld the Bible in the Public Schools. Its principles were embodied in a speech of Senator Wright: "We do not object to foreigners riding in our carriage, but we propose to hold the reins." Its members, when questioned as to the secrets of their order, replied, "We know nothing." In 1856 they led Fillmore and Donaldson as Presidential candidates. The minority in the nominating Convention seceded, and nominated N. P. Banks and W. F. Johnson under the party name of " North American.”

49. Hunkers and Barnburners, 1843, were names applied to factions of New York State Democrats; the Liberals, called Barnburners, favored Van Buren, and merged with the Democratic party in 1848. The Hunkers favored John L. Dickinson, and merged with the Abolition or Free-Soil party.

50. The Silver Grey party was a faction of the Whig party, growing out of differences on the compromise question of 1850; merged with the American party, 1856.

51. The Anti-Nebraska, Fusion, or People's party, opposed the extension of slavery, and was organized upon the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, 1854; merged with the Republican party, 1856.

52. The Republican party was composed of all opponents of slavery

1

extension; it led Fremont and Dayton in the campaign of 1856; elected Lincoln, 1860, and continued in power during the administrations of Lincoln, Johnson, Grant, Hayes, Garfield and Arthur, 24 years. It opposed Secession by force of arms, repealed the Fugitive Slave Laws, emancipated the slaves by Constitutional amendments, secured suffrage to the colored race, put down the four years Rebellion, reconstructed the South, etc.

53. The Labor Reform party, 1870, was composed chiefly of "Trades Unions." Congress shortened working hours of Government employes. The party favored equality of conditions, and was averse to concentration of capital.

54. The Grangers, or Patrons of Husbandry, 1870, encouraged co-oper ation and economy among farmers, and the improvement of their material and moral condition; primarily non-partisan; politics and designing men led to its abandonment, 1876.

55. The Temperance party, 1872, was a national combination of local temperance organizations, with James Black (Pa.), and A. H. Colquitt (Ga.), as candidates. In 1876 it changed its name to the Prohibition party, and nominated Smith and Stewart. In 1880 it nominated Neal Dow and A. H. Thompson as the National Prohibition Reform party.

56. The National (Greenback) party grew out of the panic of 1873, and favored the increase of paper money, and nominated in 1876, Peter Cooper and S. F. Cary.

57. The Liberal Republican party, 1871, grew out of the dissatisfaction with Grant's administration, and opposed a Presidential third term. In 1872 nominated Greeley and Brown. The Democrats in convention at Cincinnati nominated the same ticket.

58. The National Christian Association opposed Secret Societies, the liquor traffic, Sabbath desecration, etc. In the campaign of 1872 it nominated James Black (Pa.), and John Russell (Mich.). In 1876, J. B. Walker (Ill.), D. K. Patrick (N. Y.); in 1880, J. W. Phelps (Vt.), and S. C. Pomeroy (D. C.).

59. The Straight-our Democrats.-In 1872 opposed the fusion of the Democrats with the Liberal Republicans, and met in Louisville and nominated Chas. O'Connor (N. Y.), and C. F. Adams (Mass.).

1. What is Physical Geography?

2. What is the Nebular Hypothesis?

3. What is the general belief of scientific men regarding the temperature of the earth's interior?

4. What natural phenomena would indicate a heated condition of the interior of the earth?

5. What are Geysers, and where the most celebrated ones?

6. What is proved by Geysers or hot springs?

7. In what regions are Geysers most common?

8. What are volcanoes?

9. Where are most of the volcanoes of the earth situated ?

10. When was the first eruption of a volcano of which we have any record? 11. Of what are the ashes from volcanoes composed?

12. As part of the volcanic phenomena, what are fields of fire, and their cause?

13. What reasons are assigned as the cause of earthquakes?

14. Where is the earth's surface becoming elevated, and where depressed, and why?

15. What is the supposed depth of the crust of the earth?

16. Which continent surpasses all others in the relative magnitude of its indentations and projections?

17. What is the peculiarity of coral islands, in regard to shape?

18. What is a mountain system?

19. What is the longest mountain system on the globe?

20. How were mountain chains produced?

21. What two distinct types of mountain chains are there? 22. Where is the greatest elevation of the land?

23. Where is the lowest land?