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court of directors of the East India Company. Of Sanskrit manuscripts he collected more than four hundred, which are now divided among the libraries of Calcutta, London, and Paris. The portion sent to Paris supplied Eugène Burnouf with the materials for his two epoch-making works, which first placed the knowledge of Northern Buddhism on a scientific foundation. Burnouf's posthumous 'Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi' (Paris, 1852) is dedicated to Hodgson, 'comme au fondateur de la véritable étude du Bouddhisme par les textes et les monuments.'

Hodgson's curiosity was by no means confined to literature and religion. He collected a great mass of documents relating to the history, the administration, the trade, and the people of Nepal, for a work on that country which he was fated never to write. These are now deposited in the library of the India Office. He was one of the pioneers of scientific ethnology, his monograph on "The Koch, Bodo, and Dhimal People' (1847) being always referred to as the model of what such research should be. As a zoologist his name stands equally high. In the Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific Papers' there are no less than 127 entered under his name. From Nepal and the neighbouring regions he added 150 new species to the avi-fauna of India; and he was the first to describe thirty-nine new species of mammalia, one of which (Budorcas taricolor) ranks as a new genus. By means of native collectors and artists whom he trained, he was enabled to present to the British Museum more than 10,000 specimens of birds, mammals, and reptiles, together with 1,800 sheets of drawings, which are now in the rooms of the Zoological Society. He also wrote on the physical geography of the Himalayas, and on the topography of Tibet, with special reference to trade routes.

Hodgson has further left his mark on some Indian questions of practical utility. One of his earliest official reports from Nepal urged the enlistment of Gurkhas in the Indian army, and at the crisis of the mutiny his influence was exercised with Lord Canning at Calcutta to accept Sir Jang Bahadur's offer of military assistance. He planted a tea garden in the residency grounds at Kathmandu, and was among the first to advocate the settlement of European colonists at hill stations. On the subject of education he took a line of his own. At the time when Macaulay's powerful arguments decided the government to prefer English to the classical languages of the east as the

medium for higher instruction, Hodgson issued a series of letters in favour of the claim of the vernaculars. In particular he proposed the establishment of a normal vernacular college for native schoolmasters. To return to the chronological order of Hodgson's life. His resignation of the civil service in 1843 was irrevocable; but after less than a year at home he resolved to return to India in a private capacity in order to continue his scientific researches. He fixed his residence at Darjiling, as near as he could get to his favourite Nepal. Here for thirteen years he lived the life of a recluse, suffering a good deal from weak health, which could not abate his collecting ardour and his devotion to learning. It was during this period that he applied himself chiefly to ethnology. One of the few guests that he entertained was Sir Joseph Hooker, then engaged on a botanical exploration of Sikkim. In 1853 he returned to England for a short visit, in the course of which he met and married his first wife, Anne, daughter of General Henry Alexander Scott. It was her inability to stand the climate that finally co pelled him to leave India in 1858. He settled in Gloucestershire, first at Dursley, and afterwards (1867) at Alderley, under the Cotswold hills. He now altogether abandoned his oriental studies, and adapted himself to the life of a country gentleman, riding to hounds until sixty-eight years of age. From 1883 onwards he wintered on the Riviera, in a villa that he built for himself at Mentone. His first wife died in 1868, and in the second year of his widowerhood he married Susan, daughter of the Rev. Chambré Townshend of Derry, co. Cork, who survived him. By neither marriage were there any children. He died in London, at 48 Dover Street, on 23 May 1894, and was buried in the churchyard of Alderley.

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It is remarkable that Hodgson never received any mark of reward from his own government for either his official or his scientific services. In 1838 he was created a chevalier of the legion of honour, and was awarded a gold medal by the Société Asiatique. In 1844 he was elected a corresponding member of the Institut de France. Many learned societies, on the continent as well as in England, made him an honorary member. In 1877 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society; and in 1889 the university of Oxford conferred upon him the honorary degree of D.C.L. When he first left India (in 1843) the Asiatic Society of Bengal had a bust made of him by T. E. Thornycroft, a duplicate of which is in the rooms of the Royal Asiatic Society in London. Repro

ductions of this bust and of other portraits at various ages are to be found in his biography. The most important of his numerous papers were collected in three volumes: 1.Essays on the Languages, Literature, and Religion of Nepal and Tibet, together with Papers on the Geography, Ethnology, and Commerce of those Countries' (1874); and 2. Miscellaneous Essays relating to Indian Subjects,' 2 vols. (1880).

[Life of Brian Houghton Hodgson, by Sir William Wilson Hunter, London, 1896.]

J. S. C.

HODGSON, JOHN EVAN (18311895), painter, the elder son of John Hodgson, a member of an influential Newcastle family and a Russia merchant, was born in London on 1 March 1831. At the age of four he was taken to St. Petersburg, but was sent to England eight years later for his education. He entered Rugby school in February 1846, and on leaving school returned to St. Petersburg and entered his father's counting-house. The study of the old masters in the Hermitage collection and of Ruskin's Modern Painters' induced him to abandon commerce for an artist's career. In 1853 he came to London and entered as a student at the Royal Academy. He exhibited his first picture, The Notice of Ejectment,' in 1855. This was followed by other scenes of domestic life, such as 'The Arrest' (1857), Elector and Candidate' (1858), and The German Patriot's Wife' (1859). A little later he took to historical subjects, and exhibited 'Sir Thomas More and his Daughters in Holbein's Studio' (1861), 'The Return of Drake from Cadiz, 1587' (1862), 'The First Sight of the Armada' (1863), 'Queen Elizabeth at Purfleet' (1864), Taking Home the Bride, 1612' (1865), A Jew's Daughter accused of Witchcraft in the Middle Ages' (1866), 'Evensong' (1867), 'Off the Downs in the Days of the Caesars,' and two domestic subjects (1868). Since 1859 Hodgson had been living at 5 Hill Road, Abbey Road, and he became a member of the group known a little later as the St. John's Wood set,' of which Philip Calderon [q. v. Suppl.] was the leader. A journey to the north of Africa in 1868 led to a change of subjects, and the first of his oriental pictures, An Arab Storyteller,' was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1869. This was followed by a long series of pictures of life in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis, such as 'An Arab Patriarch' (1871), 'The Snake Charmer' (1872), 'A Tunisian Bird-seller' (1873), The Temple of Diana at Zaghouan' (1876), 'An Eastern Question' and 'The Pasha' (1878), 'Gehazi' and

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The French Naturalist in Algiers' (1879). Hodgson was elected an associate of the Royal Academy on 28 Jan. 1873, and an academician on 18 Dec. 1879. About this time he painted marine subjects, such as Homeward Bound' (1880), Bound for the Black Sea' and 'A Shipwrecked Sailor waiting for a Sail,' his diploma work, exhibited in 1881. He was more versatile in his later years, when he exhibited, among other works, Painter and Critic,' 'Hobbema's Country,' and 'In the Low Countries' (1882), Robert Burns at the Plough' (1887), and landscapes such as 'Rural England' and Coleshill Common.' He exhibited, in all, ninety pictures at the Royal Academy and about half that number at other galleries.

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Hodgson, who was a good scholar and linguist, was appointed librarian to the Royal Academy in 1882 in succession to Solomon Alexander Hart [q.v.], and professor of painting later in the same year in succession to Edward Armitage [q. v. Suppl.] He discharged the duties of both offices with zeal and efficiency during the remainder of his life, and was also of much service in organising the winter exhibitions of old masters. He contributed, jointly with Mr. Frederick Eaton, a series of articles on the history of the Academy in the eighteenth century to the 'Art Journal' in 1889. He also published Academy Lectures' in 1884, and 'Fifty Years of British Art' on the occasion of the Manchester exhibition in 1887. He was a contributor to the Architect' and other periodicals and journals.

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Hodgson died on 19 June 1895 at The Larches, Coleshill, near Amersham, Buckinghamshire, where he had resided for about ten years.

[Men of the Time; Times, 22 June 1895; Athenæum, 29 June 1885; Illustrated London News, 29 June 1895; Newcastle Chronicle, 24 June 1895; Black and White, 29 June 1895 (portrait).] C. D.

HOGG, JABEZ (1817-1899), ophthalmic surgeon, the youngest son of James Hogg and Martha, his wife, was born at Chatham, where his father was employed in the royal dockyard, on 4 April 1817. He was educated at Rochester grammar school, and in 1832 was apprenticed for five years to a medical practitioner. In 1843 he published a 'Manual of Photography,' which brought him to the notice of the proprietors of the Illustrated London News.' He joined the staff of this periodical, and from 1850 to 1866 he acted as editor of a series of illustrated educational works published by Mr. Herbert Ingram. In 1846 he was sub-editor of the Illuminated Magazine,' to which Hablot K. Browne and

John Leech both contributed, and he edited edited the 'Journal of British Ophthalmothe 'Illustrated London Almanack' for fifty-logy,' 1864, 8vo.

one years.

[Lancet, 1899, i. 1263; Times, 26 April, 1899; Men and Women of the Time, 1891, 13th edit.; additional information kindly given by Mr. T. Beattie Campbell, secretary to the Royal Westminster Ophthalmic Hospital.] D'A. P.

HOGHTON, DANIEL (1770-1811), major-general, born 28 Aug. 1770, was second son of Sir Henry Hoghton, sixth baronet, of Hoghton Tower and Waltonhall, Lancashire, M.P. for Preston, by his second

Hogg entered as a student at the Hunterian School of Medicine and at Charing Cross Hospital in 1845, though he was not admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England until 1850. By the advice of George James Guthrie [q. v.] he devoted himself more particularly to the study of diseases of the eye, and he soon became proficient in the use of the ophthalmoscope, then newly introduced. On 1 Feb. 1855 he was appointed at the Royal West-wife Fanny, eldest daughter of Daniel Booth, minster Ophthalmic Hospital as personal assistant to Guthrie, the founder of the hospital, and here he was elected to the office of surgeon on 2 Feb. 1871, a position he resigned under an age limit on 7 June 1877. He was also ophthalmic surgeon to the Hospital for Women and Children in the Waterloo Bridge Road and to the masonic charities.

He was a vice-president of the Medical Society of London in 1851-2, and was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1866. He served as honorary secretary of the Royal Microscopical Society from 1867 to 1872, and he was first president of the Medical Microscopical Society. He was a prominent freemason, both in the craft and arch degrees. He died on 23 April 1899, and is buried in Kensal Green cemetery. He married, in 1841, Mary Ann, a daughter of Captain Davis of the Indian navy, and in 1859 the youngest daughter of Captain James Read.

Hogg's works were: 1. 'The Domestic Medical and Surgical Guide, . . . to which is appended Advice on the Preservation of Health at Sea,' London, 1853, 8vo; 5th edit. 1860. 2. Elements of Experimental and Natural Philosophy,' London, 1853, 8vo; new edit. 1861; also issued in Bohn's 'Scientific Library.' 3. The Microscope, its History, Construction, and Applications,' London, 1854, 8vo; 15th edit. 1898. 4. A Practical Manual of Photography,' 5th edit. London, 1856, 12mo. 5. The Ophthalmoscope, its Mode of Application explained,' London, 1858; 2nd edit. 1858. 6. A Manual of Ophthalmoscopic Surgery,' 3rd edit. London, 1863, 8vo. 7. Cataract and its Treatment, Medical and Surgical,' London, 1869, 8vo. 8. 'Skin Diseases,' London, 1873, 8vo; 2nd edit., under the title A Parasitic or Germ Theory of Disease,' London, 1873, 8vo. 9. Impairment and Loss of Vision from Spinal Concussion,' London, 1876, 8vo. 10. The Cure of Cataract and other Eye Affections,' London, 8vo; 1878, 12mo; 3rd edit. London, 1882, 8vo. He also

VOL. II.-SUP.

a director of the Bank of England. Without passing through the lower grades he obtained a majority in the 97th (Strathspey highlanders) on its formation, 8 Feb. 1794. After serving as a regiment of marines in the channel fleet, it was disbanded in 1795, and he was transferred to the 67th foot on 12 Aug. 1795. The 67th went to St. Domingo in 1796, and thence to Jamaica in 1798. On 31 Jan. 1799 Hoghton was transferred to the 88th (Connaught rangers), and joined it in India. The regiment formed part of the expedition sent to Egypt under Baird in 1801, but Hoghton seems to have remained in India, and to have been sent home with despatches from Lord Wellesley in the spring of 1804.

He had become lieutenant-colonel in the army on 3 May 1796, and on 22 Nov. 1804 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the newly raised second battalion of the 8th foot. On 1 Jan. 1805 he was promoted colonel in the army. He remained at home with his battalion till April 1810, when he was appointed to the staff of the British force at Cadiz as brigadier. He was promoted majorgeneral on 25 July, and in September he left Cadiz to join Wellington's army in Portugal. He was given the command of the third brigade of the second division under Stewart [see STEWART, SIR WILLIAM], with whom he had served at Cadiz, and who had been his lieutenant-colonel in the 67th.

In the battle of Albuera (16 May 1811), when the Spaniards gave way on the right, Stewart's division was hurried up to take their place. Its leading brigade (Colborne's) was nearly destroyed by a flank attack of cavalry, and Hoghton's brigade was deployed and moved up to the crest of the hill, which had become the key of the position. There it maintained itself for some hours against the 5th French corps, eleven thousand strong, its three regiments (29th, 57th, and first battalion 48th) losing three-fourths of their men. Hoghton himself was killed as he led forward the 29th. Wellington wrote to Lord Wel

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Hohenlohe-Langenburg 434

lesley: I understand that it was impossible
for anybody to behave better than he did
throughout the terrible scene, to him novel,
in which he was an actor. He was not only
cool and collected, as he ought to have been
throughout the action, but animated and
anxious to a degree beyond what could have
been expected from his former habits, and
the indifference with which he always ap-
peared to perform the ordinary duties of his
profession; and he actually fell waving his
hat and cheering his brigade on to the charge',
(Suppl. Desp. vii. 134). A public monument
was voted to him by parliament, and was
placed in the north transept of St. Paul's.
[Gent. Mag. 1811,i. 679; Betham's Baronetage,
1801, i. 39; Records of the 8th Regiment (2nd
edition), p. 280; Wellington Despatches (sup-
plementary), iv. 383, vi. 574; Annals of the
Peninsular Campaigns, iii. 87; Everard's His-
tory of the 29th Regiment.]

HOHENLOHE

Holden

by which he was best known are 'Foliorum Silvula : Selections for Translation into Latin and Greek Verse, chiefly from the University and College Examination Papers,' Cambridge, 1852 (four parts: pt. i. 2nd ed. 1888; pt. ii. 4th ed. 1890; pt. iii. 3rd ed. 1864); Foliorum Centuria,' 1852 (10th ed. 1888), a similar collection of pieces for translation into Latin and Greek prose, and Folia Silvulæ, sive Ecloga Poetarum Anglicorum in Latinum et Græcum conversæ (Cambridge, vol. i. 1865; vol. ii. 1870), containing select translations, by various hands, of pieces from the preceding volumes. All these were edited for the syndics of the Cambridge University Press. For the same body he edited Cicero's 'De Officiis' (1869; 6th ed. 1886; revised edition, 1898), and Pro Gnæo Plancio Oratio ad Judices' (1881); Xenophon's 'Cyropædeia' (3 vols. 1887-90); Plutarch's Lives of the Gracchi' (1885), Lucius Cornelius Sulla' (1885), GLEICHEN,Demosthenes' (1893); the 'Octavius' of Nicias' (1887), 'Timoleon' (1889), and Minucius Felix: the text newly revised from the original manuscript (1853); Thucydides, book vii.' (1891); the comedies of Aristophanes' (1848). He published, in collaboration with Richard Dacre Archer Hind, Sabrina Corolla in Hortulis Regiæ Scholæ Salopiensis continuerunt tres Viri Floribus Legendis' (1850; 4th ed. 1890), a collection of poetical extracts with translations into Latin or Greek. Holden edited also the following works for Macmillan's Classical Series: Plutarch's 'Lives' of Pericles (1894) and Themistocles (1881; 3rd ed. enlarged, 1892); Xenophon's Hieron' (1883; 3rd ed. 1888) and Economicus' (1884; 4th ed. 1889); and Cicero's Pro Publio Sestio' (1883; 3rd ed. 1889).

E. M. L.
LANGENBURG,

PRINCE VICTOR OF, COUNT 1833-1891. [See VICTOR.]

HOLDEN, HUBERT ASHTON (18221896), classical scholar, born in 1822, was a member of an old Staffordshire family. He was educated at King Edward's College, Birmingham, under Francis Jeune [q. v.] (afterwards bishop of Peterborough), and subsequently under James Prince Lee [q. v.] (afterwards bishop of Manchester). He proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge, and in his first year of residence, 1842, gained the first Bell university scholarship. He graduated B.A. in 1845, being senior classic, and junior optime in the mathematical tripos, and was fellow of Trinity College from 1847 to 1854; he was LL.D. in 1863. In 1848 he was ordained deacon, and took priest's orders in 1859. He discharged the duties of assistant tutor and classical lecturer of his college from 1848 until 1853, when he was appointed vice-principal of Cheltenham College, and continued in that post until 1858. From 1858 to 1883 he was head-master of Queen Elizabeth's School, Ipswich. In 1890 he was appointed by the crown to a fellowship of the university of London, in which he had been classical examiner from 1869 till 1874, and examiner in Greek from 1886 till 1890. In 1892 the degree of Litt.D. was conferred on him by Dublin University. He died on 1 Dec. 1896, at 20 Redcliffe Square, London, in his seventy-fifth year, and was buried on 5 Dec. at Highgate cemetery.

Holden, who was a classical scholar of fine taste and full knowledge, edited a number of classical works for students. Those

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HOLDEN, SIR ISAAC, bart. (18071897), inventor, born at Hurlet, near Paisley, on 7 May 1807, was the son of Isaac Holden, who was sprung from a race of yeomen in Allandale, Cumberland, but who migrated to Glasgow in 1801, and became headsman at the Wellington coal pit at Nitshill, between Paisley and Glasgow. His mother, Alice Holden, belonged to a Scots family named Forrest. His parents were very badly off, and Isaac began to earn at ten as 'draw-boy' to two weavers in the district. He next entered a cotton mill, where he laboured fourteen hours a day, and then maintained a regular attendance at the night school. When Isaac was fourteen his

father managed to give him a little more schooling, the family having removed in the meantime to Kilbarchan and Johnstone, and then back to Paisley, where he learnt Latin under a capable teacher. In 1823, after a year's experience at shawl weaving, which proved too much for his strength, Isaac joined the school of James Kennedy at Paisley, where he soon became an assistant teacher. In 1826 his father died, and he found his mother and a younger brother dependent upon him. Leaving Kennedy's school in January 1828 he became mathematical teacher successively at Leeds, Huddersfield, and Reading. There, in October 1829, the idea of applying sulphur to the explosive material that was necessary to produce instantaneous light first occurred to him. The idea was circulated by him with out any reserve, and shortly afterwards friction matches or lucifers came into common use. Many years later Holden claimed the invention, but he did so with modesty and reserve, and it cannot be said that his claim has been established. In February 1894 he virtually abandoned his claim to priority in favour of John Walker (1781 ?-1859) [q. v.] of Stockton-on-Tees, though he still claimed complete independence for his invention (made two years and six months after the first record of the sale of friction lights' in Walker's day-book). In June 1830 Holden returned from Reading to Glasgow, and he seems for a time to have cherished the idea of entering the Wesleyan ministry, but an accident determined his career in another direction. In November 1830 he was strongly recommended by some friends for the post of bookkeeper in the old-established firm of Townend Brothers, worsted manufacturers of Cullingworth, near Bingley, in Yorkshire. Holden promptly sold the goodwill of the school he was about to set up, abandoned the idea of the ministry, and set out for his new post, devoting himself for over sixteen years with the utmost energy to the interests of the Townends, in whose service his inventive faculties had full play. He was rapidly moved from the counting-house to the mill; his application to the work was intense, and he was soon meditating the application of machine power to the various operations of wool-combing. The Townends, however, were averse from acquiring exclusive rights, and they were unwilling to aid him in patenting his square-motion woolcomber, which was his most important invention. When they took up the same attitude with regard to his new process for manufacturing genappe yarns in 1846, Holden left them, and became associated with

another inventor, Samuel Cunliffe Lister, afterwards first baron Masham. In conjunction with him, having obtained a patent for a new method of carding and combing and preparing genappe yarns (Patent 11896, 7 Oct. 1847), and having brought the new machinery as near perfection as possible, Holden opened a large fabrique at St. Denis, near Paris, in 1848. In 1864 Holden concentrated his business at Bradford, and it rapidly became the largest wool-combing concern in the world, counting over thirty millions of fleeces yearly, branching out at Croix, near Roubaix, and at Rheims, and employing over four thousand persons. The foreign establishments were managed in the main by his son and son-in-law, Isaac Holden Crothers; but Holden relaxed none of his industry, and amassed an enormous fortune, becoming widely known as a model employer and a munificent patron. He remained a devout Wesleyan, and in 1865 he entered parliament for Knaresborough as a supporter of Gladstone. He lost his seat in 1868, but sat for the Keighley division from 1882 until his retirement from politics in 1895. He was created a baronet by Gladstone on 1 July 1893. As he grew older Holden became a valetudinarian, and studied longevity as an art with all his old assiduity. The essential things he regarded to be fresh air, fruit, and exercise. In order to enable his wife to take walking exercise in bad weather, he erected an enormous winter garden at a cost of 120,000l. at Oakworth House, near Keighley, where he also fitted up a Turkish bath. In regard to diet he was extremely punctilious. Like Wesley, whose Natural Philosophy' he studied as a boy, he saw in farinaceous food a thing to be avoided by the elderly. 'I take for breakfast,' he said, 'one baked apple, one orange, twenty grapes, and a biscuit made from bananas. My midday meal consists of about three ounces of beef, mutton, or fish, with now and again a half cupful of soup. For supper I repeat my breakfast menu.' The orange was his favourite fruit. Wine he eschewed; but on returning from the House of Commons to Queen Anne Mansions he had a tumbler of hot whisky and water. He took no drink with his food, which obliged him to masticate well. He smoked two or three cigars a day, a practice which he claimed to be beneficial. But for the whisky and cigars he was regarded by enthusiasts of self-help as a model which not even Dr. Smiles could have improved upon. Sir Isaac retained his health and his faculties to the very last, dying in his ninety-first year, at his seat of Oakworth, on 13 Aug. 1897.

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