mention of the river Allia occur at a later period of Roman history. (Cluver. Ital. p. 709; Holsten. Adnot. p. 127; Westphal, Römische Kampagne, p. 127; Gell's Top. of Rome, p. 44-48; Nibby, Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. p. 125; Reichard, The saur. Topogr.) [E. H. B.] ALLI FAE (Αλιφαί, Strab., Diod.; Αλλίφα, Ptol., Eth. Allifanus: Alife), a city of Samnium, situated in the valley of the Vulturnus, at the foot of the lofty mountain group now called the Monte Matese. It was close to the frontiers of Campania, and is enumerated among the Campanian cities by Pliny (iii. 5. 9), and by Silius Italicus (viii. 537); | but Strabo expressly calls it a Samnite city (p. 238). That it was so at an earlier period is certain, as we find it repeatedly mentioned in the wars of the Romans with that people. Thus, at the breaking out of the Second Samnite War, in B. C. 326, it was one of the first places which fell into the hands of the Romans: who, however, subsequently lost it, and it was retaken by C. Marcius Rutilus in B. C. 310. Again, in B. C. 307, a decisive victory over the Samnites was gained by the proconsul Fabius beneath its walls. (Liv. viii. 25, ix. 38, 42; Diod. xx. 35.) During the Second Punic War its territory was alternately traversed or occupied by the Romans and by Hannibal (Liv. xxii. 13, 17, 18, xxvi. 9), but no mention is made of the town itself. Strabo speaks of it as one of the few cities of the Samnites which had survived the calamities of the Social War: and we learn from Cicero that it possessed an extensive and fertile territory in the valley of the Vulturnus, which appears to have adjoined that of Venafrum. (Pro Planc. 9, de Leg. Agr. ii. 25.) According to the Liber Coloniarum (p. 231), a colony was established there by the triumvirs, and its colonial rank, though not mentioned by Pliny, is confirmed by the evidence of inscriptions. These also attest that it continued to be a place of importance under the empire: and was adorned with many new public buildings under the reign of Hadrian. (Zumpt, de Coloniis, p. 335; Orell. Inscr. 140, 3887; Romanelli, vol. ii. pp. 451 -456.) It is placed by the Itineraries on the direct road from Rome to Beneventum by the Via Latina, at the distance of 17 miles from Teanum, and 43 from Beneventum; but the latter number is certainly too large. (Itin. Ant. pp. 122, 304.) The modern Alife is a poor and decayed place, though it still retains an episcopal see and the title of a city: it occupies the ancient site, and has preserved great part of its ancient walls and gates, as well as numerous other vestiges of antiquity, including the remains of a theatre and amphitheatre, and considerable ruins of Thermae, which appear to have been constructed on a most extensive and splendid scale. (Romanelli, l. c.; Craven, Abruzzi, vol. i. p. 21.) [E. H. B.] ALLO'BROGES ('Aλλóbpiyes, 'Aλλóbpuyes, and 'Aλλópоyes, as the Greeks write the name), a Gallic people, whose territory lay on the east side of the Rhone, and chiefly between the Rhone and the Isara (Isère). On the west they were bounded by the Segusiani (Caes. B. G. i. 10). In Caesar's time (B. G. i. 6) the Rhodanus, near its outlet from the lake Lemannus, or the lake of Geneva, was the boundary between the Allobroges and the Helvetii; and the furthest town of the Allobroges on the Helvetic border was Geneva, at which place there was a road over the Rhone into the Helvetic territory by bours of the Allobroges, who seem to have had some territory on the north side of the Rhone above the Junction of the Rhone with the Arar (Saone). To the south of the Allobroges were the Vocontii. The limits of their territory may be generally defined in one direction, by a line drawn from Vienna (Vienne) on the Rhone, which was their chief city, to Geneva on the Leman lake. Their land was a wine country. The Allobroges are first mentioned in history as having joined Hannibal B. C. 218 in his invasion of Italy (Liv. xxi. 31). The Aedui who were the first allies of Rome north of the Alps, having complained of the incursions of the Allobroges into their territory, the Allobroges were attacked and defeated near the junction of the Rhone and the Saone by Q. Fabius Maximus (B. c. 121), who from his victory derived the cognomen Allobrogicus. Under Roman dominion they became a more agricultural people, as Strabo describes them (p. 185): most of them lived in small towns or villages, and their chief place was Vienna. The Allobroges were looked on with suspicion by their conquerors, for though conquered they retained their old animosity; and their dislike of Roman dominion will explain the attempt made by the conspirators with Catiline to gain over the Allobroges through some ambassadors of the nation who were then in Rome (B. C. 63). The ambassadors, however, through fear or some other motive, betrayed the conspirators (Sall. Cat. 41). When Caesar was governor of Gallia, the Allobroges north of the Rhone fled to him for protection against the Helvetii, who were then marching through their country, B. c. 58 (B. G. i. 11). The Allobroges had a senate, or some body that in a manner corresponded to the Roman senate (Cic. Cat. iii. 5). In the division of Gallia under Augustus, the Allobroges were included in Narbonensis, the Provincia of Caesar (B. G. i. 10); and in the late division of Gallia, they formed the Vien nensis. [G.L.] ALMA, ALMUS CAλua, Dion Cass. lv. 30 Aurel. Vict. Epitom. 38, Probus; Eutrop. ix. 17. Vopiscus, Probus, 18), a mountain in Lower Pannonia, near Sirmium. The two robber-chieftains Bato made this mountain their stronghold during the Dalmatian insurrection in A. D. 6—7. (Dict. of Biogr. art. Bato.) It was planted with vines by the emperor Probus about A. D. 280-81, the spot being probably recommended to him by its contiguity to his native town of Sirmium. [W. B. D.] Ovid ALMO, a small river flowing into the Tiber on its left bank, just below the walls of Rome. calls it "cursu brevissimus Almo" (Met. xiv. 329), from which it is probable that he regarded the stream that rises from a copious source under an artificial grotto at a spot called La Caffarella as the true Almo. This stream is, however, joined by others that furnish a much larger supply of water, one of the most considerable of which, called the Marrana degli Orti, flows from the source near Marino that was the ancient Aqua Ferentina, another is commonly known as the Acqua Santa. The grotto and source already mentioned were long regarded, but certainly without foundation, as those of Egeria, and the Vallis Egeriae was supposed to be the Valle della Caffarella, through which the Almo flows. The grotto itself appears to have been constructed in imperial times: it contains a marble figure, much mutilated, which is probably that of the tutelary deity of the stream, or the god Almo. might maintain themselves against the Cherusci and Sigambri. It was situated at the point where the Eliso empties itself into the Lupia (Lippe, Dion Cass. liv. 33.) There can be no doubt that the place thus described by Dion Cassius under the name Exlow, is the same as the Aliso mentioned by Velleius (ii. 120) and Tacitus (Ann. ii. 7), and which in A. D. 9, after the defeat of Varus, was taken by the Germans. In A. D. 15 it was reconquered by the Romans; but being, the year after, besieged by the Germans, it was relieved by Germanicus. So long as the Romans were involved in wars with the Germans in their own country, Aliso was a place of the highest importance, and a military road with st.ong fortifications kept up the connection between Aliso and the Rhine. The name of the place was probably taken from the little river Eliso, on whose bank it stood. The "Aλetrov (in Ptolemy ii. 11) is probably only another form of the name of this fortress. Much has been written in modern times upon the site of the ancient Aliso, and different results have been arrived at; but from the accurate description of Dion Cassius, there can be little doubt that the village of Elsen, about two miles from Paderborn, situated at the confluence of the Alme (Eliso) and Lippe (Lupia), is the site of the ancient Aliso. (Ledebur, Das Land u. Volk der Bructerer, p. 209, foll.; W. E. Giefers, De Alisone Castello Commentatio, Crefeld, 1844, 8vo.) were deceived, and they were totally defeated by the dictator Cincinnatus. (Liv. vi. 28; Eutrop. ii. 2.) The situation of this celebrated, but insignificant, stream is marked with unusual precision by Livy: "Aegre (hostibus) ad undecimum lapidem occursum est, qua flumen Allia Crustuminis montibus praealto defluens alveo, haud multum infra viam Tiberino amni miscetur." (v. 37.) The Gauls were advancing upon Rome by the left bank of the Tiber, so that there can be no doubt that the "via" here mentioned is the Via Salaria, and the correctness of the distance is confirmed by Plutarch (Camill.18), who reckons it at 90 stadia, and by Eutropius (i. 20), while Vibius Sequester, who places it at 14 miles from Rome (p. 3), is an authority of no value on such a point. Notwithstanding this accurate description, the identification of the river designated has been the subject of much doubt and discussion, principally arising from the circumstance that there is no stream which actually crosses the Via Salaria at the required distance from Rome. Indeed the only two streams which can in any degree deserve the title of rivers, that flow into this part of the Tiber, are the Rio del Mosso, which crosses the modern road at the Osteria del Grillo about 18 miles from Rome, and the Fosso di Conca, which rises at a place called Conca (near the site of Ficulea), about 13 miles from Rome, but flows in a southerly direction and crosses the Via Salaria at Malpasso, not quite 7 miles from the city. The former of these, though supposed by Cluverius to be the Allia, is not only much too distant from Rome, but does not correspond with the description of Livy, as it flows through a nearly flat country, and its banks are low and defenceless. The Fosso di Conca on the contrary is too near to Rome, where it crosses the road and enters the Tiber; on which account Nibby and Gell have supposed the battle to have been fought higher up its course, above Torre di S. Giovanni. But the expressions of Livy above cited and his whole narrative clearly prove that he conceived the battle to have been fought close to the Tiber, so that the Romans rested their left wing on that river, and their right on the Crustumian hills, protected by the reserve force which was posted on one of those hills, and against which ALLIA or A'LIA* ('Axías, Plut.) a small Brennus directed his first attack. Both these two river which flows into the Tiber, on its left bank, rivers must therefore be rejected; but between them about 11 miles N. of Rome. It was on its banks are two smaller streams which, though little more that the Romans sustained the memorable defeat by than ditches in appearance, flow through deep and the Gauls under Brennus in B. c. 390, which led to narrow ravines, where they issue from the hills; the capture and destruction of the city by the bar- the first of these, which rises not far from the Fosso barians. On this account the day on which the di Conca, crosses the road about a mile beyond battle was fought, the 16th of July (xv. Kal. Sex- La Marcigliana, and rather more than 9 from tiles), called the Dies Alliensis, was ever after re- Rome; the second, called the Scolo del Casale, about garded as disastrous, and it was forbidden to trans-3 miles further on, at a spot named the Fonte act any public business on it. (Liv. vi. 1, 28; Virg. Aen. vii. 717; Tac. Hist. ii. 91; Varr. de L. L. vi. § 32; Lucan. vii. 408; Cic. Ep. ad Att. ix. 5; Kal. Amitern. ap. Orell. Inscr. vol. ii. p. 394.) A few years later, B.C. 377, the Praenestines and their allies, during a war with Rome, took up a position on the Allia, trusting that it would prove of evil omen to their adversaries; but their hopes * According to Niebuhr (vol. ii. p. 533, not.) the correct form is ALIA, but the ordinary form ALLIA is supported by many good MSS., and retained by the most recent editor of Livy. The note of Servius (ad Aen. vii. 717) is certainly founded on a misconception. di Papa, which is just more than 12 miles from Rome. The choice must lie between these two, of which the former has been adopted by Holstenius and Westphal, but the latter has on the whole the best claim to be regarded as the true Allia. It coincides in all respects with Livy's description, except that the distance is a mile too great; but the difference in the other case is greater, and the correspondence in no other respect more satisfactory. If it be objected that the little brook at Fonte di Papa is too trifling a stream to have earned such an immortal name, it may be observed that the very particular manner in which Livy describes the locality, sufficiently shows that it was not one necessarily familiar to his readers, nor does any mention of the river Allia occur at a later period bours of the Allobroges, who seem to have had some of Roman history. (Cluver. Ital. p. 709; Holsten. territory on the north side of the Rhone above the Adnot. p. 127; Westphal, Römische Kampagne, Junction of the Rhone with the Arar (Saone). To p. 127; Gell's Top. of Rome, p. 44-48; Nibby, the south of the Allobroges were the Vocontii. The Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. p. 125; Reichard, The limits of their territory may be generally defined in saur. Topogr.) [E. H. B.] one direction, by a line drawn from Vienna (Vienne) ALLIFAE (AMλipal, Strab., Diod.; "AXλipa, on the Rhone, which was their chief city, to Geneva Ptol., Eth. Allifanus: Alife), a city of Samnium, on the Leman lake. Their land was a wine country. situated in the valley of the Vulturnus, at the foot of The Allobroges are first mentioned in history as the lofty mountain group now called the Monte having joined Hannibal B. C. 218 in his invasion of Matese. It was close to the frontiers of Campania, Italy (Liv. xxi. 31). The Aedui who were the and is enumerated among the Campanian cities by first allies of Rome north of the Alps, having comPliny (iii. 5. 9), and by Silius Italicus (viii. 537); plained of the incursions of the Allobroges into their but Strabo expressly calls it a Samnite city (p. 238). territory, the Allobroges were attacked and defeated That it was so at an earlier period is certain, as we near the junction of the Rhone and the Saone by find it repeatedly mentioned in the wars of the Ro-Q. Fabius Maximus (B. C. 121), who from his vicmans with that people. Thus, at the breaking out tory derived the cognomen Allobrogicus. Under of the Second Samnite War, in B. C. 326, it was one Roman dominion they became a more agricultural of the first places which fell into the hands of the people, as Strabo describes them (p. 185): most of Romans: who, however, subsequently lost it, and it them lived in small towns or villages, and their was retaken by C. Marcius Rutilus in B. C. 310. chief place was Vienna. The Allobroges were Again, in B. c. 307, a decisive victory over the looked on with suspicion by their conquerors, for Samnites was gained by the proconsul Fabius be- though conquered they retained their old animosity; neath its walls. (Liv. viii. 25, ix. 38, 42; Diod. and their dislike of Roman dominion will explain xx. 35.) During the Second Punic War its terri- the attempt made by the conspirators with Catiline tory was alternately traversed or occupied by the to gain over the Allobroges through some ambasRomans and by Hannibal (Liv. xxii. 13, 17, 18, sadors of the nation who were then in Rome (B. C. xxvi. 9), but no mention is made of the town itself. 63). The ambassadors, however, through fear or Strabo speaks of it as one of the few cities of the some other motive, betrayed the conspirators (Sall. Samnites which had survived the calamities of the Cat. 41). When Caesar was governor of Gallia, Social War: and we learn from Cicero that it pos- the Allobroges north of the Rhone fled to him for sessed an extensive and fertile territory in the valley protection against the Helvetii, who were then of the Vulturnus, which appears to have adjoined marching through their country, B. c. 58 (B. G. i. that of Venafrum. (Pro Planc. 9, de Leg. Agr. 11). The Allobroges had a senate, or some body ii. 25.) According to the Liber Coloniarum that in a manner corresponded to the Roman senate (p. 231), a colony was established there by the (Cic. Cat. iii. 5). In the division of Gallia under triumvirs, and its colonial rank, though not men- Augustus, the Allobroges were included in Narbotioned by Pliny, is confirmed by the evidence of nensis, the Provincia of Caesar (B. G. i. 10); and inscriptions. These also attest that it continued to in the late division of Gallia, they formed the Vien be a place of importance under the empire: and was nensis. [G.L.] adorned with many new public buildings under the reign of Hadrian. (Zumpt, de Coloniis, p. 335; Orell. Inser. 140, 3887; Romanelli, vol. ii. pp. 451 -456.) It is placed by the Itineraries on the direct road from Rome to Beneventum by the Via Latina, at the distance of 17 miles from Teanum, and 43 from Beneventum; but the latter number is certainly too large. (Itin. Ant. pp. 122, 304.) The modern Alife is a poor and decayed place, though it still retains an episcopal see and the title of a city: it occupies the ancient site, and has preserved great part of its ancient walls and gates, as well as numerous other vestiges of antiquity, including the remains of a theatre and amphitheatre, and considerable ruins of Thermae, which appear to have been constructed on a most extensive and splendid scale. (Romanelli, I. c.; Craven, Abruzzi, vol. i. p. 21.) [E. H. B.] ALLO'BROGES ('Aλλóépiyes, 'Aλλóspuyes, and 'Aλλóspores, as the Greeks write the name), a Gallic people, whose territory lay on the east side of the Rhone, and chiefly between the Rhone and the Isara (Isère). On the west they were bounded by the Segusiani (Caes. B. G. i. 10). In Caesar's time (B. G. i. 6) the Rhodanus, near its outlet from the lake Lemannus, or the lake of Geneva, was the boundary between the Allobroges and the Helvetii; and the furthest town of the Allobroges on the Helvetic border was Geneva, at which place there was a road over the Rhone into the Helvetic territory by ALMA, ALMUS CAλua, Dion Cass. lv. 30, Aurel. Vict. Epitom. 38, Probus; Eutrop. ix. 17. Vopiscus, Probus, 18), a mountain in Lower Pannonia, near Sirmium. The two robber-chieftains Bato made this mountain their stronghold during the Dalmatian insurrection in A. D. 6-7. (Dict. of Biogr. art. Bato.) It was planted with vines by the emperor Probus about A. D. 280-81, the spot being probably recommended to him by its contiguity to his native town of Sirmium. [W. B. D.] ALMO, a small river flowing into the Tiber on its left bank, just below the walls of Rome. Ovid calls it "cursu brevissimus Almo" (Met. xiv. 329), from which it is probable that he regarded the stream that rises from a copious source under an artificial grotto at a spot called La Caffarella as the true Almo. This stream is, however, joined by others that furnish a much larger supply of water, one of the most considerable of which, called the Marrana degli Orti, flows from the source near Marino that was the ancient Aqua Ferentina, another is commonly known as the Acqua Santa. The grotto and source already mentioned were long regarded, but certainly without foundation, as those of Egeria, and the Vallis Egeriae was supposed to be the Valle della Caffarella, through which the Almo flows. The grotto itself appears to have been constructed in imperial times: it contains a marble figure, much mutilated, which is probably that of the tutelary deity of the stream, or the god Almo. Nibby's notes; Nibby, Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. p. 130; Gell, Top. of Rome, p. 48; Burgess, Antiquities of Rome, vol. i. p. 107.) From this spot, which is about half a mile from the church of S. Sebastiano, and two miles from the gates of Rome, the Almo has a course of between 3 and 4 miles to its confluence with the Tiber, crossing on the way both the Via Appia and the Via Ostiensis. It was at the spot where it joins the Tiber that the celebrated statue of Cybele was landed, when was brought from Pessinus in Phrygia to Rome in B. C. 204; and in memory of this circumstance the singular ceremony was observed of washing the image of the goddess herself, as well as her sacred implements, in the waters of the Almo, on a certain day (6 Kal. Apr., or the 27th of March) in every year: a superstition which subsisted down to the final extinction of paganism. (Ov. Fast. iv. 337-340; Lucan. i. 600; Martial. iii. 47. 2; Stat. Silv. v. 1. 222; Sil. Ital. viii. 365; Amm. Marc. xxiii. 3. § 7.) The little stream appears to have retained the name of Almo as late as the seventh century: it is now commonly called the Acquataccia, a name which is supposed by some to be a corruption of Acqua d'Appia, from its crossing the Via Appia. The spot where it is traversed by that road was about 11⁄2 mile from the ancient Porta Capena; but the first region of the city, according to the arrangement of Augustus, was extended to the very bank of the Almo. (Preller, Die Regionen Roms, p. 2.) [E. H. B.] ALMO'PIA ("Aλuería), a district in Macedonia inhabited by the ALMOPES ('Aures), is said to have been one of the early conquests of the Argive colony of the Temenidae. Leake supposes it to be the same country now called Móglena, which bordered upon the ancient Edessa to the NE. Ptolemy assigns to the Almopes three towns, Horma ("Opua), Europus (Eupamos), and Apsalus (Avalos). (Thuc. ii. 99; Steph. B. s. v.; Lycophr. 1238; Ptol. iii. 13. §24; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p.444.) ALONTA (AλÓvтa: Terek), one of the chief rivers of Sarmatia Asiatica, flowing into the W. side of the Caspian, S. of the Udon (Ovdwv, Kouma), which is S. of the Rha (Volga). This order, given by Ptolemy (v. 9. § 12), seems sufficient to identify the rivers; as the Rha is certainly the Volga, and the Kouma and Terek are the only large rivers that can answer to the other two. The Terek rises in M. Elbrouz, the highest summit of the Caucasus, and after a rapid course nearly due E. for 350 miles, falls into the Caspian by several mouths near 44° N. lat. [P.S.] ΑΠΟΡΕ (Αλόπη: Εth. ̓Αλοπίτης, Αλοπεύς). 1. A town of Phthiotis in Thessaly, placed by Stephanus between Larissa Cremaste and Echinus. There was a dispute among the ancient critics whether this town was the same as the Alope in Homer (Il. ii. 682; Strab. pp. 427,432; Steph. B.s.v.). 2. A town of the Opuntian Locrians on the coast between Daphnus and Cynus. Its ruins have been discovered by Gell on an insulated hill near the shore. (Thuc. ii. 26; Strab. p. 426; Scyl. p. 23; Gell, Itiner. p. 233.) 3. A town of the Ozolian Locrians of uncertain site. (Strab. p. 427.) ALO PECE. [ATTICA.] ALOPECONNE’SUS ('AXWπEKóvvnσos), a town on the western coast of the Thracian Chersonesus. It was an Acolian colony, and was believed to have derived its name from the fact that the settlers were directed by an oracle to establish the colony, where they should first meet a fox with its cub. (Steph. B. s. v.; Scymnus, 29; Liv. xxxi. 16; Pomp. Mela, ii. 2.) In the time of the Macedonian ascendancy, it was allied with, and under the protection of Athens. (Dem. de Coron. p. 256, c. Aristocr. p. 675.) [L. S.] ALO'RUS (Aλ@pos: Eth. 'Aλwpirns), a town of Macedonia in the district Bottiaea, is placed by Stephanus in the innermost recess of the Thermaic gulf. According to Scylax it was situated between the Haliacmon and Lydias. Leake supposes it to have occupied the site of Paleá-khora, near Kapsokhóri. The town is chiefly known on account of its being the birthplace of Ptolemy, who usurped the Macedonian throne after the murder of Alexander II., son of Amyntas, and who is usually called Ptolemaeus Alorites. (Scyl. p. 26; Steph. B. s. v.; Strab. p. 330; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 435, seq.; Dict. of Biogr. vol. iii. p. 568.) ALPENI ('Αλπηνοί, Herod. vii. 176; Αλπηνὸς Tóλis, Herod. vii. 216 Eth. 'Aλπŋvós), a town of the Epicnemidii Locri at the E. entrance of the pass of Thermopylae. For details, see THERMOPYLAE. ALPES (ai "AXπes; sometimes also, but rarely à 'Aλπeivà õpη and тà ́Aλñía opm), was the name given in ancient as well as modern times to the great chain of mountains-the most extensive and loftiest in Europe, which forms the northern boundary of Italy, separating that country from Gaul and Germany. They extend without interruption from the coast of the Mediterranean between Massilia and Genua, to that of the Adriatic near Trieste, but their boundaries are imperfectly defined, it being almost impossible to fix on any point of demarcation between the Alps and the Apennines, while at the opposite extremity, the eastern ridges of the Alps, which separate the Adriatic from the vallies of the Save and the Drave, are closely connected with the Illyrian ranges of mountains, which continue almost without interruption to the Black Sea. Hence Pliny speaks of the ridges of the Alps as softening as they descend into Illyricum (“" mitescentia Alpium juga per medium Illyricum,” iii. 25. s. 28), and Mela goes so far as to assert that the Alps extend into Thrace (Mela, ii. 4). But though there is much plausibility in this view considered as a question of geographical theory, it is not probable that the term was ever familiarly employed in so extensive a sense. On the other hand Strabo seems to consider the Jura and even the mountains of the Black Forest in Swabia, in which the Danube takes its rise, as mere offsets of the Alps (p. 207). The name is probably derived from a Celtic word Alb or Alp, signifying a height:" though others derive it from an adjective Alb "white," which is connected with the Latin Albus, and is the root of the name of Albion. (Strab. p. 202; and see Armstrong's Gaelic Dictionary.) 66 It was not till a late period that the Greeks appear to have obtained any distinct knowledge of the Alps, which were probably in early times regarded as a part of the Rhipaean mountains, a general appellation for the great mountain chain, which formed the extreme limit of their geographical knowledge to the north. Lycophron is the earliest extant author who has mentioned their name, which he however erroneously writes Záλwia (Alex. 1361): and the account given by Apollonius Rhodius (iv. 630, fol.), of the sources of the Rhodanus and the Eridanus proves his entire ignorance of the geography of these regions. The conquest of Cisalpine Gaul by the Romans, and still more the passage of Hannibal over the Alps, first drew general attention to the mountains in question, and Polybius, who had himself visited the portion of the Alpine chain between Italy and Gaul, was the first to give an accurate description of them. Still his geographical knowledge of their course and extent was very imperfect: he justly describes them as extending from the neighbourhood of Massilia to the head of the Adriatic gulf, but places the sources of the Rhone in the neighbourhood of the latter, and considers the Alps and that river as running parallel with each other from NE. to SW. (Polyb. ii. 14, 15, iii. 47.) Strabo more correctly describes the Alps as forming a great curve like a bow, the concave side of which was turned towards the plains of Italy; the apex of the curve being the territory of the Salassi, while both extremities make a bend round, the one to the Ligurian shore near Genoa, the other to the head of the Adriatic. (Strab. pp. 128, 210.) He justly adds that throughout this whole extent they formed a continuous chain or ridge, so that they might be almost regarded as one mountain: but that to the east and north they sent out various offshoots and minor ranges in different directions. (Id. iv. p. 207.) Already previous to the time of Strabo the complete subjugation of the Alpine tribes by Augustus, and the construction of several high roads across the principal passes of the chain, as well as the increased commercial intercourse with the nations on the other side, had begun to render the Alps comparatively familiar to the Romans. But Strabo himself remarks (p. 71) that their geographical position was still imperfectly known, and the errors of detail of which he is guilty in describing them fully confirm the statement. Ptolemy, though writing at a later period, seems to have been still more imperfectly acquainted with them, as he represents the Mons Adula (the St. Gothard or Splügen) as the point where the chain takes its great bend from a northern to an easterly direction, while Strabo correctly assigns the territory of the Salassi as the point where this change takes place. As the Romans became better acquainted with the Alps, they began to distinguish the different portions of the chain by various appellations, which continued in use under the empire, and are still generally adopted by geographers. These distinctive epithets are as follows: names have been preserved to us are the MONS CEMA, in which the Varus had its source (Plin. iii. 4. s. 5), now called la Caillole; and the MONS VESULUS, now Monte Viso, from which the Padus takes its rise. (Plin. iii. 16. s. 20; Mela, ii. 4; Serv. ad Aen. x. 708.) Pliny calls this the most lofty summit of the Alps, which is far from being correct, but its isolated character, and proximity to the plains of Italy, combined with its really great elevation of 11,200 feet above the sea, would readily convey this impression to an unscientific observer. At a later period of the empire we find the Alpes Maritimae constituting a separate province, with its own Procurator (Orell. Inscr. 2214, 3331, 5040), but the district thus designated was much more extensive than the limits just stated, as the capital of the province was Ebrodunum (Embrun) in Gaul. (Böcking, ad Notit. Dign. pp. 473, 488.) 2. ALPES COTTIAE, or COTTIANAE, the Cottian Alps, included the next portion of the chain, from the Mons Vesulus northward, extending apparently to the neighbourhood of the Mont Cenis, though their limit is not clearly defined. They derived their name from Cottius an Alpine chieftain, who having conciliated the favour and friendship of Augustus, was left by him in possession of this portion of the Alps, with the title of Praefect. His territory, which comprised twelve petty tribes, appears to have extended from Ebrodunum or Embrun in Gaul, as far as Segusio or Susa in Italy, and included the pass of the Mont Genevre, one of the most frequented and important lines of communication between the two countries. (Strab. pp. 179, 204; Plin. iii. 20. s. 24; Tac. Hist. i. 61, iv. 68; Amm. Marc. xv. 10.) The territory of Cottius was united by Nero to the Roman empire, and constituted a separate province under the name of Alpes Cottiae. But after the time of Constantine this appellation was extended so as to comprise the whole of the province or region of Italy previously known as Liguria. [LIGURIA.] (Orell. Inscr. 2156, 3601; Notit. Dign. ii. p. 66, and Böcking, ad loc.; P. Diac. ii. 17.) The principal rivers which have their sources in this part of the Alps are the DRUENTIA (Durance) on the W and the DURIA (Dora Riparia) on the E., which is confounded by Strabo (p. 203) with the river d the same name (now called Dora Baltea) that flows through the country of the Salassi. 1. ALPES MARITIMAE ("AλTELS аpáλioι, or wαpalaλáσσio), the Maritime Alps, was the name given, 3. ALPES GRAIAE ( Aλweis гpała, Ptol.) called probably from an early period, to that portion of the also MONS GRAIUS (Tac. Hist. iv. 68), was the name range which abuts immediately upon the Tyrrhenian given to the Alps through which lay the pass now Sea, between Marseilles and Genoa. Their limit was known as the Little St. Bernard. The precise exfixed by some writers at the Portus Monoeci or Mo- tent in which the term was employed cannot be fixed, naco, immediately above which rises a lofty headland and probably was never defined by the ancients on which stood the trophy erected by Augustus to themselves; but modern geographers generally regard commemorate the subjugation of the Alpine tribes. it as comprising the portion of the chain which ex[TROPAEUM AUGUSTI.] Strabo however more tends from the Mont Cenis to Mont Blanc. The judiciously regards the whole range along the coast real origin of the appellation is unknown; it is proof Liguria as far as Vada Sabbata (Vado), as be-bably derived from some Celtic word, but the Romans longing to the Maritime Alps: and this appears to have been in accordance with the common usage of later times, as we find both the Intemelii and Ingauni generally reckoned among the Alpine tribes. (Strab. pp. 201, 202; Liv. xxviii. 46; Tac. Hist. ii. 12; Vopisc. Procul. 12.) From this point as far as the river Varus (Var) the mountains descend quite to the sea-shore: but from the mouth of the Varus they trend to the north, and this continues to be the direction of the main chain as far as the commencement of the Pennine Alps. The only moun in later times interpreted it as meaning Grecian, and connected it with the fabulous passage of the Alps by Hercules on his return from Spain. In confirmation of this it appears that some ancient altars (probably Celtic monuments) were regarded as having been erected by him upon this occasion, and the mountains themselves are called by some writers ALPES GRAECAE. (Plin. iii. 20. s. 24; Amm. Marc. xv. 10. § 9; Petron. de B. C. 144–151; Nep. Hann. 3.) Livy appears to apply the name of "Cremonis jugum" to this part of the Alps (xxi.38), a name which |