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tinued to maintain its independence as an Achaean town long after the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Dorians. According to the common tradition, which represented the conquest of Peloponnesus as effected in one generation by the descendants of Hercules, Amyclae was given by the Dorians to Philonomus, as a reward for his having betrayed to them his native city Sparta. Philonomus is further said to have peopled the town with colonists from Imbros and Lemnos; but there can be no doubt that the ancient Achaean population maintained themselves in the place independent of Sparta for many generations. It was only shortly before the first Messenian war that the town was conquered by the Spartan king Teleclus. (Strab. p. 364; Conon, 36; Paus. iii. 2. § 6.) The tale ran, that the inhabitants of Amyclae had been so often alarmed by false reports of the approach of the enemy, that they passed a law that no one should mention the subject; and accordingly, when the Spartans at last came, and no one dared to announce their approach, “Amyclae perished through silence:" hence arose the proverb Amyclis ipsis taciturnior. (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. x. 564.) After its capture by the Lacedaemonians Amyclae became a village, and was only memorable by the festival of the Hyacinthia celebrated at the place annually, and by the temple and colossal statue of Apollo, who was hence called Amyclaeus. The throne on which this statue was placed was a cele- | brated work of art, and was constructed by Bathycles of Magnesia. It was crowned by a great number of bas-reliefs, of which an account is given by Pausanias (iii. 18. § 9, seq.; Dict. of Biogr. art. Bathycles).

The site of Amyclae is usually placed at Sklavokhóri, where the name of Amyclae has been found on inscriptions in the walls. But this place is situated nearly 6 miles from Sparta, or more than double the distance mentioned by Polybius. Moreover, there is every probability that Sklavokhóri is a Sclavonian town not more ancient than the 14th century; and becoming a place of importance, some of its buildings were erected with the ruins of Amyclae. Accordingly Leake supposes Amyclae to have been situated between Sklavokhóri and Sparta, on the hill of Aghia Kyriaki, half a mile from the Eurotas. At this place Leake discovered, on an imperfect inscription, the letters AMT following a proper name, and leaving little doubt that the incomplete word was AMTKAAIOT. (Leake, Morea, vol. i. p. 135, seq., Peloponnesiaca, p. 162.)

AMYCLAE, a city on the coast of Campania, between Tarracina and Caieta, which had ceased to exist in the time of Pliny, but had left the name of Sinus Amyclanus to the part of the coast on which it was situated. (Plin. H. N. xiv. 8; Tac. Ann. iv. 59.) Its foundation was ascribed to a band of Laconians who had emigrated from the city of the same name near Sparta; and a strange story is told by Pliny and Servius of the inhabitants having been compelled to abandon it by the swarms of serpents with which they were infested. (Plin. H. N. iii. 5. s. 9, viii. 29. s. 43; Serv. ad Aen. x. 564.) Other writers refer to this city the legend commonly related of the destruction of the Laconian Amyclae, in consequence of the silence of its inhabitants; and the epithet applied to it by Virgil of tacitae Amyclae appears to favour this view. (Virg. Aen. x. 564; Sil. Ital. viii. 530.) The exact site is unknown, but it must have been close to the marshes below Fundi; whence Martial terms it "Amyclae Fundanac" (xiii. |

115). In the immediate neighbourhood, but on a rocky promontory projecting into the sea, was a villa of Tiberius, called SPELUNCAE, from the natural caverns in the rock, in one of which the emperor nearly lost his life by the falling in of the roof, while he was supping there with a party of friends. (Tac. Ann. iv. 59; Suet. Tib. 39; Plin. iii. 5. s. 9.) The ancient name of the locality is retained, with little variation, by the modern village of Sperlonga, about 8 miles W. of Gaeta, where the grottoes in the rock are still visible, with some remains of their ancient architectural decorations. (Craven's Abruzzi, vol. i. p. 73.) [E H.B.]

A'MYDON ('Auvdóv), a town in Macedonia on the Axius, from which Pyraechmes led the Paponians to the assistance of Troy. The place is called Abydon by Suidas and Stephanus B. (Hom. Il. ii. 849; comp. Strab. p. 330; Juv. iii. 69.)

AMYMO'NE. [LERNA.]

Α'MYRUS ('Αμυρος: Eth. Αμυρεύς), a town in Thessaly, situated on a river of the same name falling into the lake Boebeis. It is mentioned by Hesiod as the "vine-bearing Amyrus." The surrounding country is called the Amyric plain (d 'Auupikdy τédiov) by Polybius. Leake supposes the ruins at Kastri to represent Amyrus. (Hes. ap Strab. p. 442, and Steph. B. s. v.; Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. i. 596; Val. Flacc. ii. 11; Pol. v. 99; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 447.)

AMYSTIS CAμvoris), an Indian river, a tributary of the Ganges, flowing past a city called Catadupae (Arrian. Ind. 4), which Mannert supposes, from its name, to have stood at the falls of the Upper Ganges, on the site of the modern Hurdwar, which would make the Amystis the Patterea (Mannert, vol. v. pt. 1. p. 70). [P.S.]

AMY'ZON ('Auv(v), an inconsiderable town of Caria. (Strab. p. 658.) The ruins of the citadel and walls exist on the east side of Mount Latinus, on the road from Bafi to Tchisme. The place is identified by an inscription. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 238.) [G. L.]

ANABURA, a city of Phrygia (Liv. xxxviii 15) which lay on the route of the consul Cn. Manlius from Synnada to the sources of the Alander [ALANDER]; probably Kirk Hinn (Hamilton). [G. L.] AÑACAEA. [ATTICA.]

ANACTORIUM('Ανακτόριον: Eth. Ανακτόριος), a town in Acarnania, situated on the Ambraciot gulf, and on the promontory, which now bears the name of C. Madonna. On entering the Ambraciot gult from the Ionian sea it was the first town in Acarnania after Actium, from which it was distant 40 stadia, and which was in the territory of Anactorium. This town was for some time one of the most important places in this part of Greece. It was colonized jointly by the Corinthians and Corcyraeans; but in the war between these peoples, in B. C. 432, the Corinthians obtained sole possession of the place by fraud. It remained in the hands of the Corinthians till B. C. 425, when it was taken by the Acarnanians with the assistance of the Athenians, and the Corinthian settlers were expelled. Augustus removed its inhabitants to the town of Nicopolis, which he founded on the opposite coast of Epirus, and Strabo describes it as an emporium of the latte. city. The site of Anactorium has been disputed and depends upon the position assigned to Actium It has however been shown that Actium must be placed at the entrance of the Ambraciot gulf on La Punta, and Anactorium on C. Madonna. [Acrium.]

At the western extremity of the latter promontory are the ruins of a Greek town, about two miles in circumference, which Leake supposes to have been Anactorium. They are situated near a small church of St. Peter, which is the name now given to the place. Other writers place Anactorium at Vonitza, on the E. extremity of the promontory, but with less probability. (Thuc. i. 55, iii. 114, iv. 49, vii. 31; Strab. x. pp. 450-452; Dionys. i. 51; Paus. v. 23. § 3; Plin. iv. 1; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 493.)

COIN OF ANACTORIUM.

ANAEA. [ANNAEA.]

ANA'GNIA (Avayvía: Eth. Anagninus), an ancient city of Latium in the more extended sense of that term, but which in earlier times was the capital or chief city of the Hernicans. It is still called Anagni, and is situated on a hill to the left of the Via Latina, 41 miles from Rome, and 9 from Ferentinum. Virgil calls it "the wealthy Anagnia" (Aen. vii. 684), and it appears to have in early ages enjoyed the same kind of pre-eminence over the other cities of the Hernicans, which Alba did over those of the Latins. Hence as early as the reign of Tullus Hostilius, we find Laevus Cispius of Anagnia leading a force of Hernican auxiliaries to the assistance of the Roman king. (Varro ap. Fest. s. v. Septimontio, p. 351; Niebuhr, vol. ii. p. 86.) At a later period we find C. Marcius Tremulus recorded as triumphing "de Anagninis Hernicisque." (Fast. Capit.) No separate mention of Aragnia occurs on occasion of the league of the Hernicans with Rome in B. c. 486; but it is certain that it was included in that treaty, and when after nearly two centuries of friendship the Hernicans at length became disaffected towards their Roman allies, it was the Anagnians who summoned a general council of the nation to meet in the circus beneath their city. At this congress war was declared against Rome: but they had miscalculated their strength, and were easily subdued by the arms of the consul C. Marcius Tremulus B. C. 306. For the prominent part they had taken on this occasion they were punished by receiving the Roman civitas without the right of suffrage, and were reduced to the condition of a Praefectura. (Liv. ix. 42, 43; Diod. xx. 80; Festus. s. v. Municipium, p. 127, ands.v.Praefectura, p. 233.) The period at which the city obtained the full municipal privileges, which it certainly appears to have enjoyed in the time of Cicero, is uncertain; but from the repeated allusions of the great orator (who had himself a villa in the neighbourhood) it is clear that it still continued to be a populous and flourishing town. Strabo also calls it "a considerable city." (Cic. pro Dom. 30, Philipp. ii. 41, ad Att. xii. 1; Strab. v. p. 238.) Its position on the Via Latina however exposed it to hostile attacks, and its territory was traversed and ravaged both by Py rhus (who according to one account even made hia self master of the city) and by Hannibal, during his sudden advance from Capua upon Rome in B. C. 211. (Appian. Samn. 10. 3; Liv. xxvi. 9.) Under the Roman empire it continued to be a municipal

town of some consideration; but hough we are told that it received a Roman colony by the command of Drusus Caesar its colonial rank is not recognised either by Pliny or by extant inscriptions. (Lib. Colon. p. 230; Zumpt de Colon. p. 361; Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; Orell. Inscr. 120; Gruter. p. 464. 2, 3.) Its territory was remarkably fertile (Sil. Ital. viii. 393), and the city itself abounded in ancient temples and sanctuaries, which, as well as the sacred rites cor.nected with them, were preserved unaltered in the time of M. Aurelius, and are described by that en1peror in a letter to Fronto. (Front. Epp. iv. 4) It was the birthplace of Valens, the general of Vitellius. (Tac. Hist. iii. 62.)

Anagni continued throughout the middle ages to be a city of importance, and is still an episcopal see, with a population of above 6000 inhabitants.

It is remarkable that notwithstanding the prominent position held by Anagnia in early times it presents no trace of those massive ancient walls, for which all the other important cities of the Hernicans are so conspicuous: the only remains extant there are of Roman date, and of but little interest. (Dionigi, Viaggio nel Lazio, pp. 22, 23; Hoare's Classical Tour, vol. i. p. 320, &c.) It is clear from the statements both of Cicero and M. Aurelius that the ancient city occupied the same site as the modern one, about a mile from the Via Latina on a hill of considerable elevation: the station on that road called the COMPITUM ANAGNINUM, which is placed by the Itineraries at 8 miles from Ferentinum, must have been near the site of the modern Osteria, where the road still turns off to Anagni. We learn from Livy that there was a grove of Diana there. No traces remain of the circus beneath the city, mentioned by the same author, which was known by the singular epithet of " Maritimus." (Liv. ix. 42, xxvii. 4; Itin. Ant. pp. 302, 305, 306; Tab. Peut.) [E. H. B.]

ANAGYRU'S ('. ναγυρούς, -οῦντος: Εth. Ανα yupáσios), a demus of Attica belonging to the tribe Erechtheis, situated S. of Athens, near the promontory Zoster. Pausanias mentions at this place a temple of the mother of the gods. The ruins of Anagyrus have been found near Vari. (Strah p. 398; Paus. i. 31. § 1; Harpocrat., Suid., Steph. B.; Leake, Demi of Attica, p. 56.)

ANAITICA or ANAITIS. [ARMENIA.]
ANAMARI. [ANANES.]

ANAMIS ("Avaμis), a river of Carmania, which is called Andanis by Pliny (vi. 25). It was one of the rivers at the mouth of which the fleet of Nearchus anchored on the voyage from the Indus to the head of the Persian Gulf. The place where the fleet stopped at the mouth of the river was called Harmozeia. (Arrian, Indic. c. 33.) The outlet of the Anamis was on the east side of the Persian Gulf, near 27° N. lat., and near the small island after. wards called Ormuz or Hormuz. The Anamis is the Ibrahim Rud or River. [G. L.]

ANANES ("Avaves), a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls, who,-according to Polybius (ii. 17), the only author who mentions them,-dwelt between the Padus and the Apennines, to the west of the Boians, and must consequently have been the westernmost of the Cispadane Gauls, immediately adjoining the Ligurians. It has been conjectured, with much plausibility, that the ANAMARI of the same author (ii. 32), a name equally unknown, but whom he places opposite to the Insubres, must have been the same people. (Schweigh. ad l. c.; Cluver. Ital. p. 265.) If so, they occupied the territory on which the colony of Pla

F

centia was shortly after founded; and probably extended from the Trebia to the Tarus. [E.H.B.]

ANAO PORTUS. [NICAEA.] A'NAPHE ('Avápn: Eth. 'Avapaîos: Anaphe, Namfi or Namfio), one of the Sporades, a small island in the south of the Grecian Archipelago, E. of Thera. It is said to have been originally called Membliarus from the son of Cadmus of this name, who came to the island in search of Europa. It was celebrated for the temple of Apollo Aegletes, the foundation of which was ascribed to the Argonauts, because Apollo had showed them the island as a place of refuge when they were overtaken by a storm. (Orpheus, Argon. 1363, seq.; Apollod. i. 9. § 26; Apoll. Rhod. iv. 1706, seq.; Conon, 49; Strab. p. 484; Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. ii. 87, iv. 12; Ov. Met. vii. 461.) There are still considerable remains of this temple on the eastern side of the island, and also of the ancient city, which was situated nearly in the centre of Anaphe on the summit of a hill. Several important inscriptions have been discovered in this place, of which an account is given by Ross, in the work cited below. The island is mountainous, of little fertility, and still worse cultivated. It contains a vast number of partridges, with which it abounded in antiquity also. Athenaeus relates (p. 400) that a native of Astypalaea let loose a brace of these birds upon Anaphe, where they multiplied so rapidly that the inhabitants were almost obliged to abandon the island in consequence. (Tournefort, Voyage, &c., vol. i. p. 212, seq.; Ross, Ueber Anaphe und Anaphäische Inschriften, in the Transactions of the Munich Academy for 1838, p. 401, seq.; Ross, Reisen auf den Griechischen Inseln, vol. i. p. 401, seq.; Bückh, Corp. Inscr. No. 2477, seq.)

ANAPHLYSTUS ('Avápλvotos: Eth. 'AvapλúσTIOS: Anȧvyso), a demus of Attica, belonging to the tribe Antiochis, on the W. coast of Attica, opposite the island of Eleussa, and a little N. of the promontory of Sunium. It was a place of some importance. Xenophon recommended the erection of a fortress here for the protection of the mines of Sunium. (Herod. iv. 99; Scylax, p. 21; Xen. de Vectig. 4. § 43; Strab. p. 398; Leake, Demi, p. 59.) AÑA'PUS (Avaños). 1, (Anapo), one of the most celebrated and considerable rivers of Sicily, which rises about a mile from the modern town of Buscemi, not far from the site of Acrae; and flows into the great harbour of Syracuse. About three quarters of a mile from its mouth, and just at the foot of the hill on which stood the Olympieium, it receives the waters of the Cyane. Its banks for a considerable distance from its mouth are bordered by marshes, which rendered them at all times unhealthy; and the fevers and pestilence thus generated were among the chief causes of disaster to the Athenians, and still more to the Carthaginians, during the several sieges of Syracuse. But above these marshes the valley through which it flows is one of great beauty, and the waters of the Anapus itself are extremely limpid and clear, and of great depth. Like many rivers in a limestone country it rises all at once with a considerable volume of water, which is, however, nearly doubled by the accession of the Cyane. The tutclary divinity of the stream was worshipped by the Syracusans under the form of a young man (Ael. V. H. ii. 33), who was regarded as the husband of the nymph Cyane. (Ovid. Met. v. 416.) The river is now commonly known as the Alfeo, evidently from a misconception of the story of Alpheus and Arethusa; but is also called and marked

on all maps as the Anapo. (Thuc. vi. 96, vii. 78; Theocr. i. 68; Plut. Dion. 27, Timol. 21; Liv. xxiv. 36; Ovid. Ex Pont. ii. 26; Vib. Seq. p. 4; Oberlin, ad loc.; Fazell. iv. 1, p. 196.)

It is probable that the PALUS LYSIMELEIA ( λíμvn ǹ Avouéλeia kaλovμévn) mentioned by Thu cydides (vii. 53), was a part of the marshes formed by the Anapus near its mouth. A marshy or stagnant pool of some extent still exists between the site of the Neapolis of Syracuse and the mouth of the river, to which the name may with some probability be assigned.

2. A river falling into the Achelous, 80 stadia S of Stratus. [ACHELOUS.] [E.H.B.] ANA'REI MONTES (7à 'Avάpea õpn), a range of mountains in "Scythia intra Imaum," is one of the western branches of the Altai, not far from the sources of the Ob or Irtish. Ptolemy places in their neighbourhood a people called Anarei. (Ptol. vi. 14. §§ 8, 12, 13.)

ANARI'ACAE (Avapiákaι, Strab.; Anariaci, Plin.; in Ptol. vi. 2. § 5, erroneously 'Apapiákai), a people on the southern side of the Caspian Sea, neighbours of the Mardi or Amardi. Their city was called Anariaca (Avapiákn), and possessed an oracle, which communicated the divine will to persons who slept in the temple. (Strab. xi. pp. 508, 514; Plin. vi. 16. s. 18; Solin. 51; Steph. B. s. v.)

ANARTES (Caes. B. G. vi. 25), ANARTI (Avapro, Ptol. iii. 8. § 5), a people of Dacia, on the N. side of the Tibiscus (Theiss). Caesar defines the extent of the Hercynia Silva to the E. as ad fines Dacorum et Anartium. [P. S.]

ANAS (8 Avas: Guadiana, i. e. Wadi-Ana, river Anas, Arab.), an important river of Hispania, described by Strabo (iii. pp. 139, foll.) as rising in the eastern part of the peninsula, like the Tagus and the Baetis (Guadalquivir), between which it flows, all three having the same general direction, from E. to W., inclining to the S.; the Anas is the smallest of the three (comp. p. 162). It divided the country inhabited by the Celts and Lusitanians, who had been removed by the Romans to the S. side of the Tagus, and higher up by the Carpetani, Oretani, and Vettones, from the rich lands of Baetica or Turdetania. It fell into the Atlantic by two mouths, both navigable, between Gades (Cadiz), and the Sacred Promontory (C. St. Vincent). It was only navigable a short way up, and that for small vessels (p. 142). Strabo further quotes Polybins as placing the sources of the Anas and the Baetis in Celtiberia (p. 148). Pliny (iii. 1. s. 2) gives a more exact description of the origin and peculiar character of the Anas. It rises in the territory of Laminium; and, at one time diffused into marshes, at another retiring into a narrow channel, or entirely hid in a subterraneous course, and exulting in being born again and again, it falls into the Atlantic Ocean, after forming, in its lower course, the boundary between Lusitania and Baetica. (Comp. iv. 21. s. 35; Mela, ii. 1. § 3, iii. 1. § 3). The Antonine Itinerary (p. 446) places the source of the Anas (caput fluminis Anae) 7 M. P. from Laminium, on the road to Caesaraugusta. The source is close to the village of Osa la Montiel, in La Mancha, at the foot of one of the northern spurs of the Sierra Morena, in about 39° N. lat. and 2° 45′ W. long. The river originates in a marsh, from a series of small lakes called Lagunas de Ruydera. After a course of about 7 miles, it disappears and runs underground for 12 miles, bursting

was in former days, and supplies the neighbourhood and remoter parts.

Arrian (Anab. i. 29) describes, under the name of Ascania, a salt lake which Alexander passed on his march from Pisidia to Celaenae; and the description corresponds to that of Lake Chardak so far as its saline properties. Leake (Asia Minor, p. 146) takes the Ascania of Arrian to be the lake Burdur or Buldur, which is some distance SE. of Chardak. There is nothing in Arrian to determine this question. Leake (p. 150) finds a discrepancy between Arrian and Strabo as to the distance between Sagalassus and Celaenae (Apameia). Strabo (p. 569) makes it one day's journey, "whereas Arrian relates that Alexander was five days in marching from Sagalassus to Celaenae, passing by the lake Ascania."

forth again, near Daymiel, in the small lakes called Los Ojos de Guadiana (the eyes of the Guadiana). After receiving the considerable river Giguela from the N., it runs westward through La Mancha and Estremadura, as far as Badajoz, where it turns to the S., and falls at last into the Atlantic by Ayamonte, the other mouth mentioned by Strabo, and which appears to have been at Lepe, being long since closed. The valley of the Guadiana forms the S. part of the great central table-land of Spain, and is bounded on the N. by the Mountains of Toledo, and the rest of that chain, and on the S. by the Sierra Morena. Its whole course is above 450 miles, of which not much above 30 are navigable, and that only by small flatbottomed barges. Its scarcity of water is easily accounted for by the little rain that falls on the table-But this is a mistake. Arrian does not say that Land. Its numerous tributaries (flowing chiefly from the Sierra Morena) are inconsiderable streams; the only one of them mentioned by ancient authors is the Adrus (Albaragena), which falls into it opposite Badajoz. Some derive the name Anas from the Semitic verb (Hanas, Punic; Hanasa, Arab.) signifying to appear and disappear, referring to its subterraneous course; which may or may not be right. (Ford, Handbook of Spain, p. 83.)

[P.S.]

ANATHO ('Avabú: Anah), as the name appears in Isidorus of Charax. It is Anathan in Ammianus Marcellinus (xxiv. 1), and Bethauna (Bébavva, perhaps Beth Ana) in Ptolemy (v. 18. §6). D'Anville (L'Euphrate, p. 62) observes that the place which Zosimus (iii. 14) calls Phathusae, in his account of Julian's Persian campaign (A. D. 363), and fixes about the position of Anah, is nowhere else mentioned. It seems, however, to be the same place as Anah, or near it.

Anah is on the Euphrates, north of Hit, in a part where there are eight successive islands (about 344° N.L.). Anah itself occupies a "fringe of soil on the right bank of the river, between a low ridge of rock and the swift-flowing waters." (London Geog. Journ. vol. vii. p. 427.) This place was an important position for commerce in ancient times, and probably on the line of a caravan route. When Julian was encamped before Anatho, one of the hurricanes that sometimes occur in these parts threw down his tents. The emperor took and burnt Anatho.

Tavernier (Travels in Turkey and Persia, iii. 6) describes the country around Anah as well cultivated; and the place as being on both sides of the river, which has an island in the middle. It is a pleasant and fertile spot, in the midst of a desert. Rauwolf, whose travels were published in 1582, 1583, speaks of the olive, citron, orange, and other fruits growing there. The island of Anah is covered with ruins, which also extend for two miles further along the left bank of the river. The place is about 313 miles below Bir, and 440 above Hillah, the site of Babylon, following the course of the river. (London Geog. Journ. vol. iii. p. 232.) Tavernier makes it four days' journey from Bagdad to Anah. [G. L.] ANATIS. [ASAMA.]

ANAUA (Avava), a salt lake in the southern part of Phrygia, which Xerxes passed on his march from Celaenae to Colossae. (Herod. vii. 30.) There was a town also called Anaua on or near the lake. This is the lake of Chardak, or Hadji Tous Ghhieul, as it is sometimes called. This lake is nearly dry in summer, at which season there is an incrustation of salt on the mud. The salt is collected now, as it

he was five days in marching from Sagalassus to Celaenae. However, he does make Alexander pass by a lake from which the inhabitants collect salt, and Buldur has been supposed to be the lake, because it lies on the direct road from Sagalassus to Celaenae. But this difficulty is removed by observing that Arrian does not say that Alexander marched from Sagalassus to Celaenae, but from the country of the Pisidians; and so he may have passed by Anaua. Hamilton observes (Researches, &c. vol. i. p. 496), that Buldur is only slightly brackish, whereas Chardak exactly corresponds to Arrian's description (p. 504). P. Lucas (Voyage, &c. i. book iv. 2) describes Lake Bondur, as he calls it, as having water too bitter for fish to live in, and as abounding in wild-fowl.

In justification of the opinions here expressed, it may be remarked, that the "five days" of Alexander from Sagalassus to Celaenae have been repeated and adopted by several writers, and thus the question has not been truly stated. [G. L.]

ANAURUS (Avaupos), a small river in Magnesia, in Thessaly, flowing past Iolcos into the Pagasaean gulf, in which Jason is said to have lost one of his sandals. (Apoll. Rhod. i. 8; Simond. ap. Athen. iv. p. 172, e; Apollod. i. 9. § 16; Strab. ix. p. 436; Lucan, vi. 370; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 381.)

ANAZARBUS or -A ('Ανάζαρβος, Ανάξαρβα : Eth. 'AvaÇapseús, Anazarbenus), a city of Cilicia, so called, according to Stephanus, either from an adjacent mountain of the same name, or from the founder, Anazarbus. It was situated on the Pyramus, and 11 miles from Mopsuestia, according to the Peutinger Table. Suidas (s. v. Kúïvda) says that the original name of the place was Cyinda or Quinda; that it was next called Diocaesarea; and (s.v. 'Avá(ap6os) that having been destroyed by an earthquake, the emperor Nerva sent thither one Aazarbus, a man of senatorial rank, who rebuilt the city, and gave to it his own name. All this cannot be true, as Valesius (Amm. Marc. xiv. 8) remarks, for it was called Anazarbus in Pliny's time (v. 27). Dioscorides is called a native of Anazarbus; but the period of Dioscorides is not certain.

Its later name was Caesarea ad Anazarbum, and there are many medals of the place in which it is both named Anazarbus and Caesarea at or under Anazarbus. On the division of Cilicia it became the chief place of Cilicia Secunda, with the title of Metropolis. It suffered dreadfully from an earthquake both in the time of Justinian, and, still more, in the reign of his successor Justin.

The site of Anazarbus, which is said to be named

centia was shortly after founded; and probably extended from the Trebia to the Tarus. [E.H.B.]

ANAO PORTUS. [NICAEA.] A'NAPHE ('Avápn: Eth. 'Avapaîos: Anaphe, Namfi or Namfio), one of the Sporades, a small island in the south of the Grecian Archipelago, E. of Thera. It is said to have been originally called Membliarus from the son of Cadmus of this name, who came to the island in search of Europa. It was celebrated for the temple of Apollo Aegletes, the foundation of which was ascribed to the Argonauts, because Apollo had showed them the island as a place of refuge when they were overtaken by a storm. (Orpheus, Argon. 1363, seq.; Apollod. i. 9. § 26; Apoll. Rhod. iv. 1706, seq.; Conon, 49; Strab. p. 484; Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. ii. 87, iv. 12; Ov. Met. vii 461.) There are still considerable remains of this temple on the eastern side of the island, and also of the ancient city, which was situated nearly in the centre of Anaphe on the summit of a hill. Several important inscriptions have been discovered in this place, of which an account is given by Ross, in the work cited below. The island is mountainous, of little fertility, and still worse cultivated. It contains a vast number of partridges, with which it abounded in antiquity also. Athenaeus relates (p. 400) that a native of Astypalaea let loose a brace of these birds upon Anaphe, where they multiplied so rapidly that the inhabitants were almost obliged to abandon the island in consequence. (Tournefort, Voyage, &c., vol. i. p. 212, seq.; Ross, Ueber Anaphe und Anaphäische Inschriften, in the Transactions of the Munich Academy for 1838, p. 401, seq.; Ross, Reisen auf den Griechischen Inseln, vol. i. p. 401, seq.; Böckh, Corp. Inscr. No. 2477, seq.)

ANAPHLYSTUS ('Avápλvotos: Eth. 'Avapλvorios: Anȧvyso), a demus of Attica, belonging to the tribe Antiochis, on the W. coast of Attica, opposite the island of Eleussa, and a little N. of the promontory of Sunium. It was a place of some importance. Xenophon recommended the erection of a fortress here for the protection of the mines of Sunium. (Herod. iv. 99; Scylax, p. 21; Xen. de Vectig. 4. § 43; Strab. p. 398; Leake, Demi, p. 59.) AÑA'PUS (Avaños). 1, (Anapo), one of the most celebrated and considerable rivers of Sicily, which rises about a mile from the modern town of Buscemi, not far from the site of Acrae; and flows into the great harbour of Syracuse. About three quarters of a mile from its mouth, and just at the foot of the hill on which stood the Olympieium, it receives the waters of the Cyane. Its banks for a considerable distance from its mouth are bordered by marshes, which rendered them at all times unhealthy; and the fevers and pestilence thus generated were among the chief causes of disaster to the Athenians, and still more to the Carthaginians, during the several sieges of Syracuse. But above these marshes the valley through which it flows is one of great beauty, and the waters of the Anapus itself are extremely limpid and clear, and of great depth. Like many rivers in a limestone country it rises all at once with a considerable volume of water, which is, however, nearly doubled by the accession of the Cyane. The tutclary divinity of the stream was worshipped by the Syracusans under the form of a young man (Ael. V. H. ii. 33), who was regarded as the husband of the nymph Cyane. (Ovid. Met. v. 416.) The river is now commonly known as the Alfeo, evidently from a misconception of the story of Alpheus and Arethusa; but is also called and marked

on all maps as the Anapo. (Thuc. vi. 96, vii. 78; Theocr. i. 68; Plut. Dion. 27, Timol. 21; Liv. xxiv. 36; Ovid. Ex Pont. ii. 26; Vib. Seq. p. 4; Oberlin, ad loc.; Fazell. iv. 1, p. 196.)

It is probable that the PALUS LYSIMELEIA ( λíμvn Avoquéλeia kaλovμévn) mentioned by Thucydides (vii. 53), was a part of the marshes formed by the Anapus near its mouth. A marshy or stagnant pool of some extent still exists between the site of the Neapolis of Syracuse and the mouth of the river, to which the name may with some probability be assigned.

2. A river falling into the Achelous, 80 stadia S of Stratus. [ACHELOUS.] [E.H.B.] ANA'REI MONTES (τà 'Avάpea õpn), a range of mountains in "Scythia intra Imaum," is one of the western branches of the Altai, not far from the sources of the Ob or Irtish. Ptolemy places in their neighbourhood a people called Anarei. (Ptol. vi. 14. §§ 8, 12, 13.)

ANARI'ACAE (Avapiákai, Strab.; Anariaci, Plin.; in Ptol. vi. 2. § 5, erroneously 'Auapiakai), a people on the southern side of the Caspian Sea, neighbours of the Mardi or Amardi. Their city was called Anariaca ('Avаpiákn), and possessed an oracle, which communicated the divine will to persons who slept in the temple. (Strab. xi. pp. 508, 514; Plin. vi. 16. s. 18; Solin. 51; Steph. B. s. v.)

ANARTES (Caes. B. G. vi. 25), ANARTI (Avapro, Ptol. iii. 8. § 5), a people of Dacia, on the N. side of the Tibiscus (Theiss). Caesar defines the extent of the Hercynia Silva to the E. as ad fines Dacorum et Anartium. [P. S.]

ANAS (8 "Avas: Guadiana, i. e. Wadi-Ana, river Anas, Arab.), an important river of Hispania, described by Strabo (iii. pp. 139, foll.) as rising in the eastern part of the peninsula, like the Tagus and the Baetis (Guadalquivir), between which it flows, all three having the same general direction, from E. to W., inclining to the S.; the Anas is the smallest of the three (comp. p. 162). It divided the country inhabited by the Celts and Lusitanians, who had been removed by the Romans to the S. side of the Tagus, and higher up by the Carpetani, Oretani, and Vettones, from the rich lands of Baetica or Turdetania. It fell into the Atlantic by two mouths, both navigable, between Gades (Cadiz), and the Sacred Promontory (C. St. Vincent). It was only navigable a short way up, and that for small vessels (p. 142). Strabo further quotes Polybins as placing the sources of the Anas and the Baetis in Celtiberia (p. 148). Pliny (iii. 1. s. 2) gives a more exact description of the origin and peculiar character of the Anas. It rises in the territory of Laminium; and, at one time diffused into marshes, at another retiring into a narrow channel, or entirely hid in a subterraneous course, and exulting in being born again and again, it falls into the Atlantic Ocean, after forming, in its lower course, the boundary between Lusitania and Baetica. (Comp. iv. 21. s. 35; Mela, ii. 1. § 3, iii. 1. § 3). The Antonine Itinerary (p. 446) places the source of the Anas (caput fluminis Anae) 7 M. P. from Laminium, on the road to Caesaraugusta. The source is close to the village of Osa la Montiel, in La Mancha, at the foot of one of the northern spurs of the Sierra Morena, in about 39° N. lat. and 2° 45′ W. long. The river originates in a rarsh, from a series of small lakes called Lagunas de Ruydera. After a course of about 7 miles, it disappears and runs underground for 12 miles, bursting

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